Letter entitled, "O. Henry’s Pen Name," on the possible origin of his pseudonym.

Object of this paper is to present preliminary results of experiments in Hanford in-reactor loops to determine if exposure to neutrons will increase corrosion rates of Al alloys, Zy-2, and 304 stainless steel. Results were negligible or no corrosion.

It was thought that if a multi-detector device could be developed, the scanning time would be greatly shortened, with such consequent advantages as being able to work with lower dose of radiation, to obtain serial determinations, and to work with shorter-lived isotopes.

The capacity of photosynthetic organisms to exhibit photo-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals has been known for over ten years. Subcellular units of photosynthetic materials, the quantasomes and the chromatophores, are capable of Hill Reaction activity, and also of exhibiting the light-induced EPR signals. This, coupled with the rapid rise and decay kinetics of these signals, suggests but does not prove that the unpaired electrons are involved in the initial electron transfer processes in the primary quantum conversion act. The identification of the species giving rise to these signals and their connection with processes of primary quantum conversion remains elusive even though such varied approaches as mutant strains, special growth conditions, extreme physical conditions, special metabolic inhibitors, etc. have been applied to this problem. In this communication the authors wish to report another method being used in an attempt to identify the species responsible for the unpaired electrons. Hoffman prepared a water soluble, stable free radical, di-tertiary-butylnitroxide (hereafter called DTBN), which is a 'vigorous free radical scavenger'. It shows a sharp, well resolved, symmetrical, three-line paramagnetic resonance spectrum that is relatively insensitive to the molecular environment. The chemistry of di-tertiary butylnitroxide has not been studied extensively. However, four distinct types …

I have understood my assignment as a review of some of the work done in high-energy physics with polarized proton targets and a description of some of the special problems connected with polarized targets. Most of my report will be based on the polarized target that I am most familiar with--that constructed by Jeffries, Schultz, Shapiro, and myself. This target is no longer unique; in fact, it is now somewhat old-fashioned in some respects. Other polarized proton targets are in operation at CERN, Saclay, the Rutherford Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, the Soviet Union, and there is a target newly in operation at the Brookhaven Laboratory. Other targets are in operation or are in the process of design or construction at a number of other places. Unfortunately, none of these targets consists of pure hydrogen. The target material most often used is made of lanthanum magnesium nitrate, LMN. About a quarter of the weight of this crystal is water; it is the protons within the water molecules that are polarized. Hydrogen constitutes only 3 percent of the weight of the crystal. This means that scattering processes on hydrogen must be distinguished kinematically from scattering processes involving the heavy elements of the …

The conference was organized to review the non-electric, multipurpose uses of geothermal energy in Hungary, Iceland, New Zealand, United States and the USSR. The international viewpoint was presented to provide an interchange of information from countries where non-electric use of geothermal energy has reached practical importance.

CYCLOPS was originally built as a single arm Nd-glass laser prototype for larger multiple arm systems. This paper reports on the characteristics of the laser, describes the diagnostics which monitor its performance, and shows how the output pulse is delivered accurately to the target.

Polyethylene foils and parylene disks 5 to 10 ..mu..m thick have been irradiated by CO/sub 2/ laser pulses focused to flux levels in the 10/sup 13/ to 10/sup 14/ W/cm/sup 2/ range. A CO/sub 2/ laser system, ''Valkyrie,'' fabricated from commercially available components was assembled for these experiments. The switched-out nanosecond pulse is next amplified by two cold-cathode electron-beam sustained amplifiers built by Systems, Science, and Software, Inc. After passing through the beam diagnostics tables, the beam is finally focused on the target in the chamber in the foreground. Some results using this system are described. (MOW)

Paramagnetic ions in glass reside in a distribution of physically different environments. By using a tunable laser source, selected groups of ions within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band are excited and line-narrowed fluorescence is observed. The technique of laser-induced fluorescence line narrowing has been applied to several rare-earth ions in glasses to investigate site-to-site variations in energy levels, probabilities for radiative and non-radiative transitions, homogeneous line broadening, and energy transfer between ions. Results and interpretations of these experiments are reviewed, and possible extensions of these techniques are discussed. 25 references, 3 fig.

Polarized x-radiation is shown to be a superior and practical excitation source for measuring trace elements by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. In this study, polarization was obtained by scattering the primary beam at 90/sup 0/ from boron carbide. The losses inherent in the geometric requirements and the polarizer efficiency can be more than compensated for by using a close-coupled system and a standard, high-power x-ray tube. With the system described here, which uses a molybdenum anode x-ray tube, detection limits for the elements from K to Sr in NBS Standard Orchard Leaves are approximately 2 to 4.5 times lower using polarized excitation as compared to direct excitation, and about 1 to 3 times lower as compared to secondary excitation.

Not all activities associated with nuclear power contribute equally to proliferation potential, but some fuel-cycle activities (i.e., reprocessing) are considered too dangerous to be permitted in non-weapons countries. This paper assesses the feasibility of keeping Pu out of the nuclear fuel cycle. It is pointed out that there is no technical necessity of using Pu as nuclear fuel so long as /sup 235/U is available. Analysis of the economics of recycling spent fuel products in LWRs in the U.S. shows that the net economic benefit of recycle is uncertain and might even be negative; it will have an insignificant effect on the cost of nuclear power. It is argued that reprocessing of spent fuel be deferred until recycle in LWRs can be shown to yield economic benefits sufficiently large to compensate for the risks, or the viability of the breeder as an important commercial source of power has been demonstrated. According to the low estimate of U requirements, the world would have enough U resources well into the 21st century, although if the high estimate is used, the world would exhaust its reserves by the year 2000. Evidence indicates that nuclear power will grow more slowly than the forecasts of …

The laser and fluorescence output of KrCl and ArF were measured and the effect of the gas mixture on the laser output was determined. Possible mechanisms for the effects observed are suggested. (JSR)

A system model of the mirror hybrid reactor has been developed. The major components of the model include (1) the reactor description, (2) a capital cost analysis, (3) various fuel management schemes, and (4) an economic analysis that includes the hybrid plus its associated fission burner reactors. The results presented describe the optimization of the mirror hybrid reactor, the objective being to minimize the cost of electricity from the hybrid fission-burner reactor complex. We have examined hybrid reactors with two types of blankets, one containing natural uranium, the other thorium. The major difference between the two optimized reactors is that the uranium hybrid is a significant net electrical power producer, whereas the thorium hybrid just about breaks even on electrical power. Our projected costs for fissile fuel production are approximately 50 $/g for /sup 239/Pu and approximately 125 $/g for /sup 233/U.

The current interest in fast ions has prompted the design of a new time-of-flight ion spectrometer which measures the high energy ions from a laser produced plasma. A magnet was used to separate the ions from the intense background of electrons, x-rays and scattered light. The design of the instrument is wide band so that ions with energies 0.03 to 3000 keV/amu can be measured. Results from target experiments on the LLL ARGUS laser facility will be presented. The fast ion spectrum is dovetailed with the spectrum of the slower ions collected by Faraday cups and thus provides a measurement for the total energy carried by ions. The charge to mass ratio of the ions can be calculated from the spectrometer output.

One studies the dynamical system described by the Hamiltonian H = H/sub 0/ + EPSILON V, where H/sub 0/ = /sup 1///sub 2/ p/sup 2/ - cos x, V = - cos (lambda x - ..cap omega..t). One encounters this system in a number of problems of practical importance. In addition, the system has intrinsic interest for the theory of adiabaticity and stochasticity. The invariant action J of the unperturbed Hamiltonian H/sub 0/ is subject to strong modification or destruction because of the perturbation EPSILON V. Absence of an invariant (i.e., stochasticity) occurs in a phase space region whose size and shape vary with the three parameters EPSILON, lambda, ..cap omega... Previous studies have varied the amplitude of a perturbation (our epsilon); one emphasizes the strong dependences on the space (lambda) and time (..cap omega..) scales of the perturbation. Results show that a perturbation is most effective at causing stochastic motion if its space and time scales are comparable (lambda - 1, ..cap omega.. - 1) to those in the unperturbed Hamiltonian H/sub 0/.

Recommendations of a committee for a new standard to meet needs of new high-energy physics experiments are summarized in a nontechnical manner. Existing standards, including CAMAC, were examined; it was felt that none would meet the future needs of high-energy physics. The original committee gave its recommendations and disbanded. The design committee has begun its work; it anticipates finishing in about two years, in time for application of its recommendations to ISABELLE. (RWR)

This paper describes the present design and future capability of the high-voltage test stand for neutral-beam sources at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The stand's immediate use will be for testing the full-scale sources (120 kV, 65 A) for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. It will then be used to test parts of the sustaining source system (80 kV, 85 A) being designed for the Magnetic Fusion Test Facility. Following that will be an intensive effort to develop beams of up to 200 kV at 20 A by accelerating negative ions. The design of the test stand features a 5-MVA power supply feeding a vacuum tetrode that is used as a switch and regulator. The 500-kW arc supply and the 100-kW filament supply for the neutral-beam source are battery powered, thus eliminating one or two costly isolation transformers.

The power, voltage, energy and other requirements of electron and ion beam fusion targets are reviewed. Single shell, multiple shell and magnetically insulated target designs are discussed. Questions of stability are also considered. In particular, it is shown that ion beam targets are stabilized by an energy spread in the ion beam.

Light-water power reactors use Zircaloy tubing as cladding to contain the UO/sub 2/ fuel pellets. In-service operating conditions impose an external hydrostatic force on the cladding, causing it to creep down into eventual contact with the fuel. Knowledge of the rate of such creepdown is of great importance to modelers of fuel element performance. An experimental system was devised for studying creepdown that meets several severe requirements by providing (1) correct stress state, (2) multiple positions for measuring radial displacement of the cladding surface, (3) high-precision data, and (4) an experimental configuration compact enough to fit in-reactor. A microcomputer-controlled, eddy-current monitoring system was developed for this study and has proven highly successful in measuring cladding deformation with time at temperatures of 371/sup 0/C (700/sup 0/F) and higher, and at pressures as high as 21 MPa (3000 psig).

Standard membrane filtration tests were used to evaluate injection at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Southern California. Results indicate that direct injection into reservoir zones with primary porosity is not feasible unless 1 ..mu..m or larger particulates formed during or after the energy conversion process are removed. (JGB)

The current status of the capability of laser fusion diagnostics is reviewed. Optical and infrared streak cameras provide one time resolution measurement capability of less than 10 ps, while x-ray streak cameras provide 15 ps time resolution in the range of about 1--30 keV presently. Time integrated spatial resolutions of 1 ..mu..m are provided with a variety of optical techniques. Ultraviolet holographic interferometry has measured electron densities above 10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/ with 1 ..mu..m spatial resolution and 15 ps temporal resolution. X-ray microscopes provide 3 ..mu..m time integrated resolution and the x-ray streak pinhole camera has 6 ..mu..m spatial resolution. Development of the framing camera has thus far provided 50 ..mu..m spatial resolution with 125 ps frame duration and the third order reconstruction of zone plate images has provided 3 ..mu..m resolutions for alpha particles. Time integrated measurements of x-rays span the range shown. Finally, the new Shiva neutron spectrometer increases the energy resolution capability of that technique to 25 keV for 14-MeV neutrons. These combined capabilities provide a unique set of diagnostics for the detailed measurement of the interaction of laser light with targets and a subsequent performance of those targets.

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Many human vigilance experiments are summarized and principles are extracted which should be useful in designing and evaluating a nuclear material safeguard system. A human is a poor observer and is not a dependable part of any man-machine system when required to function as an observer. There are a few techniques which improve his performance by providing feedback. A conceptual model is presented which is helpful in design and evaluation of systems. There is some slight experimental support for the model. Finally, some techniques of time study and statistical control charting will be useful as a means of detecting nuclear diversion attempts.

Design and assessment of the material control aspect of nuclear safeguard systems requires consideration of three types of functional elements: (1) material handling or processing, (2) actions of adversaries in their attempt to divert nuclear materials from their normal containment, and (3) components of material control and accounting and physical security systems that detect and respond to stimuli generated by the adversary actions. This paper describes a Material Control System Simulator (MCSS) program that simplifies computer simulation of safeguard systems by providing predefined functional models of these three types of elements. Specification of model systems requires only data pertaining to the performance characterization of these functional elements, so users with no prior computer simulation or programming experience can model and study the dynamic performance of safeguard systems. The paper presents an overview of MCSS and an example diversion attempt simulation that illustrates some of the features of the program.