The capacity of photosynthetic organisms to exhibit photo-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals has been known for over ten years. Subcellular units of photosynthetic materials, the quantasomes and the chromatophores, are capable of Hill Reaction activity, and also of exhibiting the light-induced EPR signals. This, coupled with the rapid rise and decay kinetics of these signals, suggests but does not prove that the unpaired electrons are involved in the initial electron transfer processes in the primary quantum conversion act. The identification of the species giving rise to these signals and their connection with processes of primary quantum conversion remains elusive even though such varied approaches as mutant strains, special growth conditions, extreme physical conditions, special metabolic inhibitors, etc. have been applied to this problem. In this communication the authors wish to report another method being used in an attempt to identify the species responsible for the unpaired electrons. Hoffman prepared a water soluble, stable free radical, di-tertiary-butylnitroxide (hereafter called DTBN), which is a 'vigorous free radical scavenger'. It shows a sharp, well resolved, symmetrical, three-line paramagnetic resonance spectrum that is relatively insensitive to the molecular environment. The chemistry of di-tertiary butylnitroxide has not been studied extensively. However, four distinct types …

I have understood my assignment as a review of some of the work done in high-energy physics with polarized proton targets and a description of some of the special problems connected with polarized targets. Most of my report will be based on the polarized target that I am most familiar with--that constructed by Jeffries, Schultz, Shapiro, and myself. This target is no longer unique; in fact, it is now somewhat old-fashioned in some respects. Other polarized proton targets are in operation at CERN, Saclay, the Rutherford Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, the Soviet Union, and there is a target newly in operation at the Brookhaven Laboratory. Other targets are in operation or are in the process of design or construction at a number of other places. Unfortunately, none of these targets consists of pure hydrogen. The target material most often used is made of lanthanum magnesium nitrate, LMN. About a quarter of the weight of this crystal is water; it is the protons within the water molecules that are polarized. Hydrogen constitutes only 3 percent of the weight of the crystal. This means that scattering processes on hydrogen must be distinguished kinematically from scattering processes involving the heavy elements of the …

Paramagnetic ions in glass reside in a distribution of physically different environments. By using a tunable laser source, selected groups of ions within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band are excited and line-narrowed fluorescence is observed. The technique of laser-induced fluorescence line narrowing has been applied to several rare-earth ions in glasses to investigate site-to-site variations in energy levels, probabilities for radiative and non-radiative transitions, homogeneous line broadening, and energy transfer between ions. Results and interpretations of these experiments are reviewed, and possible extensions of these techniques are discussed. 25 references, 3 fig.

Polarized x-radiation is shown to be a superior and practical excitation source for measuring trace elements by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. In this study, polarization was obtained by scattering the primary beam at 90/sup 0/ from boron carbide. The losses inherent in the geometric requirements and the polarizer efficiency can be more than compensated for by using a close-coupled system and a standard, high-power x-ray tube. With the system described here, which uses a molybdenum anode x-ray tube, detection limits for the elements from K to Sr in NBS Standard Orchard Leaves are approximately 2 to 4.5 times lower using polarized excitation as compared to direct excitation, and about 1 to 3 times lower as compared to secondary excitation.

Not all activities associated with nuclear power contribute equally to proliferation potential, but some fuel-cycle activities (i.e., reprocessing) are considered too dangerous to be permitted in non-weapons countries. This paper assesses the feasibility of keeping Pu out of the nuclear fuel cycle. It is pointed out that there is no technical necessity of using Pu as nuclear fuel so long as /sup 235/U is available. Analysis of the economics of recycling spent fuel products in LWRs in the U.S. shows that the net economic benefit of recycle is uncertain and might even be negative; it will have an insignificant effect on the cost of nuclear power. It is argued that reprocessing of spent fuel be deferred until recycle in LWRs can be shown to yield economic benefits sufficiently large to compensate for the risks, or the viability of the breeder as an important commercial source of power has been demonstrated. According to the low estimate of U requirements, the world would have enough U resources well into the 21st century, although if the high estimate is used, the world would exhaust its reserves by the year 2000. Evidence indicates that nuclear power will grow more slowly than the forecasts of …

The laser and fluorescence output of KrCl and ArF were measured and the effect of the gas mixture on the laser output was determined. Possible mechanisms for the effects observed are suggested. (JSR)

A system model of the mirror hybrid reactor has been developed. The major components of the model include (1) the reactor description, (2) a capital cost analysis, (3) various fuel management schemes, and (4) an economic analysis that includes the hybrid plus its associated fission burner reactors. The results presented describe the optimization of the mirror hybrid reactor, the objective being to minimize the cost of electricity from the hybrid fission-burner reactor complex. We have examined hybrid reactors with two types of blankets, one containing natural uranium, the other thorium. The major difference between the two optimized reactors is that the uranium hybrid is a significant net electrical power producer, whereas the thorium hybrid just about breaks even on electrical power. Our projected costs for fissile fuel production are approximately 50 $/g for /sup 239/Pu and approximately 125 $/g for /sup 233/U.

One studies the dynamical system described by the Hamiltonian H = H/sub 0/ + EPSILON V, where H/sub 0/ = /sup 1///sub 2/ p/sup 2/ - cos x, V = - cos (lambda x - ..cap omega..t). One encounters this system in a number of problems of practical importance. In addition, the system has intrinsic interest for the theory of adiabaticity and stochasticity. The invariant action J of the unperturbed Hamiltonian H/sub 0/ is subject to strong modification or destruction because of the perturbation EPSILON V. Absence of an invariant (i.e., stochasticity) occurs in a phase space region whose size and shape vary with the three parameters EPSILON, lambda, ..cap omega... Previous studies have varied the amplitude of a perturbation (our epsilon); one emphasizes the strong dependences on the space (lambda) and time (..cap omega..) scales of the perturbation. Results show that a perturbation is most effective at causing stochastic motion if its space and time scales are comparable (lambda - 1, ..cap omega.. - 1) to those in the unperturbed Hamiltonian H/sub 0/.

Recommendations of a committee for a new standard to meet needs of new high-energy physics experiments are summarized in a nontechnical manner. Existing standards, including CAMAC, were examined; it was felt that none would meet the future needs of high-energy physics. The original committee gave its recommendations and disbanded. The design committee has begun its work; it anticipates finishing in about two years, in time for application of its recommendations to ISABELLE. (RWR)

The rationale for hybrid fusion-fission reactors is the production of fissile fuel for fission reactors. A new class of reactor, the fission-suppressed hybrid promises unusually good safety features as well as the ability to support 25 light-water reactors of the same nuclear power rating, or even more high-conversion-ratio reactors such as the heavy-water type. One 4000-MW nuclear hybrid can produce 7200 kg of /sup 233/U per year. To obtain good economics, injector efficiency times plasma gain (eta/sub i/Q) should be greater than 2, the wall load should be greater than 1 MW.m/sup -2/, and the hybrid should cost less than 6 times the cost of a light-water reactor. Introduction rates for the fission-suppressed hybrid are usually rapid.

The development of hydrothermal energy for direct heat applications is being aided by twenty-two demonstration projects that are funded on a cost-sharing basis by the US Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy. These projects are designed to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of the direct use of geothermal heat in the United States. Twelve of these projects are administered by the DOE-Idaho Operations Office with technical support from EG and G Idaho, Inc. Engineering and economic data for these projects are summarized in this paper. The data and experience being generated by these projects will be an important basis for future geothermal direct use projects.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) is involved in numerous geothermal research, development, demonstration, and loan guaranty projects in the State of California. These projects often require the preparation of both an Environmental Impact Report (EIR), as required by California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and an Environmental Assessment (EA) or Impact Statement (EIS) as required under NEPA. DOE adoption or utilization of information contained in EIR's to meet that agency's NEPA requirements and thereby reduce duplication of effort is dependent on four critical issues: (1) the scope of the proposed action analyzed, (2) the completeness of treatment of environmental issues, (3) the level of DOE involvement in EIR preparation, and (4) the timing of DOE involvement in EIR preparation. At this time, several constraints prevent the integration of the DOE Loan Guaranty and CEQA environmental review and documentation processes. First, the time required to complete an EIR (up to 2 years in some cases) is not compatible with DOE's goal of processing loan guaranty applications within a 4 month period. Second, the CEQA process is usually initiated and completed prior to DOE's involvement in the project. Therefore, DOE often has no role in document preparation and must verify the content …

Fabrication of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets requires deposition of various types of coatings on microspheres. The mechanical strength, and surface finish of the coatings are of concern in ICF experiments. The tensile strength of coatings can be controlled through grain refinement, selective doping and alloy formation. We have constructed a magnetron co-sputtering system to produce variable density profile coatings with high tensile strength on microspheres.

The objective of the Evaluation of Nuclear Facility Decommissioning Projects (ENFDP) program is to provide the NRC licensing staff with data which will allow an assessment of radiation exposure during decommissioning and the implementation of ALARA techniques. The data will also provide information to determine the funding level necessary to ensure timely and safe decommissioning operations. Actual decommissioning costs, methods and radiation exposures are compared with those estimated by the Battelle-PNL and ORNL NUREGs on decommissioning. Exposure reduction techniques applied to decommissioning activities to meet ALARA objectives are described. The lessons learned concerning various decommissioning methods are evaluated.

An analysis of n + /sup 197/Au reactions has been completed for incident neutron energies between 0.01 and 20 MeV. The analysis involves use of a deformed optical model to calculate neutron transmission coefficients, a giant-dipole-resonance model and experimental data to determine gamma-ray transmission coefficients, and Hauser-Feshbach statistical theory to calculate partial reaction cross sections. Particular emphasis was given to obtaining gamma-ray strength functions that are consistent with spectral measurements of gamma-ray emission between E/sub n/ = 0.2 and 20 MeV by Morgan and Newman, while at the same time requiring agreement with (n,..gamma..) and (n,xn) cross-section data. 16 references.

Energetic hadronic and electromagnetic showers in the keV era of the hot big bang are produced by the decays of long lived particles. These showers initiate a new phase of nucleosynthesis. The abundance ratios of D, /sup 3/He, /sup 6/Li and /sup 7/Li are given by fixed points of rate equations, which are determined by nuclear physics not by the nature of the decaying particle. The fixed points are independent of prior abundances, so that constraints from the MeV era of nucleosynthesis evaporate, except for a requirement that /sup 4/He not be underproduced. For example, ..cap omega../sub B/ = 1 and many more than four neutrino species are both possible. Within the accuracy of our calculation (there are uncertainties of at least a factor of three), the abundances agree with those inferred from observations. Considerable /sup 6/Li is produced and must be depleted in both population II halo stars and in the galactic disk. We predict /sup 6/Li, /sup 3/He and D abundances in primordial material which are higher than conventional nucleosynthesis. 8 refs.

We present a design concept and simulation of the performance of a compact x-ray, free electron laser driven by ultra-high gradient rf-linacs. The accelerator design is based on recent advances in high gradient technology by a LLNL/SLAC/LBL collaboration and on the development of bright, high current electron sources by BNL and LANL. The GeV electron beams generated with such accelerators can be concerted to soft x-rays in the range from 2--10 nm by passage through short period, high fields strength wigglers as are being designed at Rocketdyne. Linear light sources of this type can produce trains of picosecond (or shorter) pulses of extremely high spectral brilliance suitable for flash holography of biological specimens in vivo and for studies of fast chemical reactions. 12 refs., 8 figs., 4 tabs.

Photoconductive x-ray detectors are becoming an important x-ray diagnostic as a result of their small size, fast response time, and high sensitivity. We are developing a discrete array of neutron- damaged GaAs detectors to be used in an imaging x-ray spectrometer, and we describe herein the techniques we use to fabricate and characterize them for an upcoming experiment. Using a 225-ps x-ray pulse from a laser-produced plasma, we measured the sensitivity and time response of the detectors to be 7.1 mA/W and on the order of 150 ps FWHM, respectively. The carrier mobility is 741 cm/sup 2//V/center dot/s at a bias of 2 /times/ 10/sup 4/V/cm. 6 figs.

We have developed a radiation-to-coherent light converter (RCLC) with a monolithically integrated semiconductor chip that consists of a chromium-doped GaAs photoconductor detector modulates the laser diode, which has been biased above the lasing threshold, thus converting a radiation pulse to an electric pulse and then to a light pulse. The laser pulse is then transmitted to a fast recorder through a high-bandwidth optical fiber. In the absence of a single-step x-ray pumped laser, our converter appears to be the first integrated device that can efficiently convert x-ray flux into coherent light. This device has been tested successfully with the 50-ps electron beams of a 17-MeV linear accelerator and with 50-ns x-ray pulses from a Z-pinch plasma source. 2 refs., 9 figs.

The geochemistry surrounding a waste package is likely to be affected by corrosion of portions of the waste package such as the container. The phenomena involved represent a strong interaction or coupling of corrosion and geochemical processes. A generalized model is developed which can describe the electrochemistry developed in corrosion cells and its interaction with the surrounding geochemical environment. The model is first applied to laboratory data on crevice corrosion and then used to perform a parametric study. The results suggest that all components of the waste package, and their potential interactions must be carefully considered in evaluation of the likely geochemical environment for containment and controlled release of radionuclides. Development of geochemical microenvironments with conditions significantly different from the bulk solution appears likely. Electrical contact between metallic solids can locally raise of lower the potential leading to large accelerations or reductions in corrosion rates. 9 refs., 9 figs.

This draft report was prepared as required by Task No. 2 of the US Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG07-89ID12850 Reverse Trade Mission to Acquaint International Representatives with US Power Plant and Drilling Technology'' (mission). As described in the grant proposal, this report covers the reactions of attendees toward US technology, its possible use in their countries, and an evaluation of the mission by the staff leaders. Note this is the draft report of one of two missions carried out under the same contract number. Because of the diversity of the mission subjects and the different attendees at each, a separate report for each mission has been prepared. This draft report has been sent to all mission attendees, specific persons in the US Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Lab., the California Energy Commission (CEC), and various other governmental agencies.

A mathematical and numerical model for evaluation of crevice and pitting corrosion in radioactive waste containers is presented. The model considers mass transport, mass transfer at the metal/solution interface, and chemical speciation in the corrosion cavity. The model is compared against experimental data obtained in artificial crevices. Excellent agreement is found between modeled and experimental values. The importance of full consideration of complex ion formation in the aqueous solution is emphasized and illustrated. 10 refs., 5 figs.

An acousto-optical measurement method is described which was used to conduct proof of principle experiments for a novel acoustic pulse system. The pulse theory, the Localized Wave pulse, is discussed and the system explained and described. The results of the experiments confirm the Localized Wave theory.

A variety of approaches for handling effluent from nuclear thermal propulsion system ground tests in an environmentally acceptable manner are discussed. The functional requirements of effluent treatment are defined and concept options are presented within the framework of these requirements. System concepts differ primarily in the choice of fission-product retention and waste handling concepts. The concept options considered range from closed cycle (venting the exhaust to a closed volume or recirculating the hydrogen in a closed loop) to open cycle (real time processing and venting of the effluent). This paper reviews the different methods to handle effluent from nuclear thermal propulsion system ground tests.