Mr. Tshering describes how to appease spirits and ghosts with wine, water, and smoke. He uses the count of the rosary to determine remedies for sickness. During the process, he recites the Buddha mantra. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mr. Tshering describes how to appease spirits and ghosts with wine, water, and smoke. He uses the count of the rosary to determine remedies for sickness. During the process, he recites the Buddha mantra. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tashi Dorji and Dorji Phuntsho discuss the different rituals performed in Dukti village related to Ladam involving restricting both locals and outsiders from visiting the mountain Tshong Tshongma between plantation and harvesting of crops. The entry to Tshong Tshongma closes on the 10th day of the third month of the Tibetan calendar. If someone does enter this area during the restricted months, it brings heavy rain, winds, and landslides to the area. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tashi Dorji and Dorji Phuntsho discuss the different rituals performed in Dukti village related to Ladam involving restricting both locals and outsiders from visiting the mountain Tshong Tshongma between plantation and harvesting of crops. The entry to Tshong Tshongma closes on the 10th day of the third month of the Tibetan calendar. If someone does enter this area during the restricted months, it brings heavy rain, winds, and landslides to the area. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tashi Dorji and Dorji Phuntsho discuss rituals involving animal sacrifice in Dukti village. In the past, it was customary for every household to raise a pig to be killed for ritual purposes. They say that now, over a decade later, they have stopped raising pigs for sacrifice. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tashi Dorji and Dorji Phuntsho discuss rituals involving animal sacrifice in Dukti village. In the past, it was customary for every household to raise a pig to be killed for ritual purposes. They say that now, over a decade later, they have stopped raising pigs for sacrifice. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction on Gajay using rice, water, incense, and a rosary. When he dips rice into the water, if there is any spirit harming the patient, then the rice will be scattered at the edges of the bowl. If cursed, the rice will stand upward. He concludes that no spirits are harming Gajay; however, he recommends that Gajay offer appeasement wine to the local deity. Partial time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction on Gajay using rice, water, incense, and a rosary. When he dips rice into the water, if there is any spirit harming the patient, then the rice will be scattered at the edges of the bowl. If cursed, the rice will stand upward. He concludes that no spirits are harming Gajay; however, he recommends that Gajay offer appeasement wine to the local deity. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction and a ritual to heal from poisoning. Partial time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction and a ritual to heal from poisoning. Time-aligned translation into English.

Bonism is a traditional form of worship involving rituals related to healing and the earth. Some Bon rituals are performed only by certain individuals (Bonpos). Bonpo Karma Wangdi demonstrates a ritual appeasement of Mamo (also known as Lamringbu). His wife and extended family are present because they have not seen this ritual performed for the last 15 years. Mr. Wangdi is the last known Bonpo in Chema village in the Trashi Yangste District of Bhutan. He also belongs to the first generation of Dakpa speakers who started speaking Tshangla in their childhood. Partial time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Tshong Tshongma is a sacred mountain and a local deity in Eastern Bhutan. Over 4000 meters in elevation, it is accessible only four months per year due to local customs. Mr. Lama Tshering describes how Tshong Tshongma got its current palace after being deceived by Samye Paygi Gyelpo when Guru Rinpoche called all the deities to the allocated respective palace. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tshong Tshongma is a sacred mountain and a local deity in Eastern Bhutan. Over 4000 meters in elevation, it is accessible only four months per year due to local customs. Mr. Lama Tshering describes how Tshong Tshongma got its current palace after being deceived by Samye Paygi Gyelpo when Guru Rinpoche called all the deities to the allocated respective palace. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tshong Tshongma is a sacred mountain and a local deity in Eastern Bhutan. Over 4000 meters in elevation, it is accessible only four months per year due to local customs. Mr. Lama Tshering describes how Tshong Tshongma got its current palace after being deceived by Samye Paygi Gyelpo when Guru Rinpoche called all the deities to the allocated respective palace. Time-aligned translation into English.

Tshong Tshongma is a sacred mountain and a local deity in Eastern Bhutan. Over 4000 meters in elevation, it is accessible only four months per year due to local customs. Mr. Lama Tshering describes how Tshong Tshongma got its current palace after being deceived by Samye Paygi Gyelpo when Guru Rinpoche called all the deities to the allocated respective palace. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mrs. Humchung is one of the oldest people living in Thragom village. She describes how to prepare ponpo curry using lichen and demonstrates how to thoroughly wash the dirt from the lichen. She also shares memories of eating ponpo curry and collecting dry lichen while gathering firewood during childhood. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mrs. Humchung is one of the oldest people living in Thragom village. She describes how to prepare ponpo curry using lichen, demonstrating the process of steaming the lichen with ash before cooking. She explains that people in Thragom village consume ponpo curry once a year to wash away any dirt or hair inside the body. Time-aligned translation into English.

Mrs. Humchung is one of the oldest people living in Thragom village. She describes how to prepare ponpo curry with lichen, chili powder, garlic, black pepper, oil, and salt. After the lichen is thoroughly steamed and washed, the curry is ready in 5 minutes. She says the lichen can be directly consumed with chili paste (without steaming). Time-aligned translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi make adu payek tiffins to take while going to harvest the fern tree (Tatchi) near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi discuss rituals on the way to harvest the fern tree (Tatchi) near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. They describe luukan, used to prevent illness in livestock and meen, used for protection from flies. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi discuss how banana leaves are used on the way to harvest the fern tree (Tatchi) near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Longdi Modi cuts wild banana leaves (homenborgohainiina/Musa aurantiaca) for the fern tree harvest and describes which wild banana leaves are best for this purpose. They arrive at Saage, the destination for harvesting the fern tree, approximately 7 km outside Peki Modi village. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi discuss the fern tree (Tatchi) harvest near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. While preparing for the harvest, they describe how to tell when fern trees are ready for harvest based on smell, appearance, and the season. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi discuss the fern tree (Tatchi) harvest near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Longdi Modi and Abraham Modi remove the bark and the hard part of fern tree (Chiyu yuuma), and Longdi Modi cuts off the top portion of fern tree. He explains that this part is now not good for consumption. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.

Abraham, Longdi, and Rilung Modi discuss the fern tree (Tatchi) harvest near Peki Modi village in Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Longdi Modi and Abraham Modi continue to remove the bark and also the outer part of fern tree while Rilung Modi records. Time-aligned transcription and translation into English.