The computer code COMFORT, developed for the online control of machine functions at the SLC, has recently undergone several modifications to overcome some of its limitations. This note describes the reasons for these changes, the methods employed, some test results and the applications of the new version of the program.

It has been shown that the extra condition needed to fix the stream function on an interior boundary in an incompressible liquid flow is that the integral of the pressure gradient along any path enclosing the boundary should vanish. More recently this constraint has been used to solve for a few special cases of compressible centrifuge flows. One way in which this constraint can be easily incorporated in a numerical scheme for solving the Onsager equation for the gas flow in a centrifuge is described.

Reviews have been conducted on both FLAG and CHEMFLUB's documentation and computer codes. The documentation of both models is: (1) incomplete, (2) confusing, (3) not helpful to the reader, (4) filled with extraneous information and (5) lack claimed versatility in analyzing coal gasifier systems. The documentation is such that the computer coding itself must be used as a reference to complete the documentation. Once the codes are set up they are relatively easy to run. We have exercised both of them. Most of our efforts thus far have been concentrated on FLAG because of its importance and complexity. FLAG in its present form can not be expected to yield meaningful data applicable to coal gasifier systems. The reasons for this are twofold. First, the model is incorrect in describing some aspects of fluid particle behavior in coal gasifier systems. Second, the numerical formulation/solution methodology is incorrectly implemented and introduces spurious numerical effects, thereby obscuring the physics of the model. In brief, this means that resulting calculations are not correctly related to the physics. CHEMFLUB, while less extensively exercised, shows that it should be no surprise that CHEMFLUB is best utilized as a tool for generating first approximations. We have concluded …

Some diagnostics techniques applied to current laser fusion target experiments are reviewed. Specifically, holographic interferometry of target plasmas, coded aperture imaging of thermonuclear alpha-particles and neutron energy spectrum measurements are discussed.

Advances in sequence genomics have resulted in an accumulation of a huge number of protein sequences derived from genome sequences. However, the functions of a large portion of them cannot be inferred based on the current methods of sequence homology detection to proteins of known functions. Three-dimensional structure can have an important impact in providing inference of molecular function (physical and chemical function) of a protein of unknown function. Structural genomics centers worldwide have been determining many 3-D structures of the proteins of unknown functions, and possible molecular functions of them have been inferred based on their structures. Combined with bioinformatics and enzymatic assay tools, the successful acceleration of the process of protein structure determination through high throughput pipelines enables the rapid functional annotation of a large fraction of hypothetical proteins. We present a brief summary of the process we used at the Berkeley Structural Genomics Center to infer molecular functions of proteins of unknown function.

A gated spectrometer has been designed for real-time, pulsed infrared (IR) studies at the National Synchrotron Light ource at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. A pair of 90-degree, off-axis parabolic mirrors are used to relay the light from an entrance slit to an output IR recording camera. With an initial wavelength range of 1500–4500 nm required, gratings could not be used in the spectrometer because grating orders would overlap. A magnesium oxide prism, placed between these parabolic mirrors, serves as the dispersion element. The spectrometer is doubly telecentric. With proper choice of the air spacing between the prism and the second parabolic mirror, any spectral region of interest within the InSb camera array’s sensitivity region can be recorded. The wavelengths leaving the second parabolic mirror are collimated, thereby relaxing the camera positioning tolerance. To set up the instrument, two different wavelength (visible) lasers are introduced at the entrance slit and made collinear with the optical axis via flip mirrors. After dispersion by the prism, these two laser beams are directed to tick marks located on the outside housing of the gated IR camera. This provides first-order wavelength calibration for the instrument. Light that is reflected off the front prism face is …

Microfield exposure tools (METs) continue to play a dominant role in the development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) resists. One of these tools is the 0.3 numerical aperture SEMATECH Berkeley MET operating as a resist and mask test center. Here they present an update on the tool summarizing some of the latest test and characterization results. they provide an update on the long-term aberration stability of the tool and present line-space imaging in chemically amplified photoresist down to the 20-nm half-pitch level. Although resist development has shown substantial progress in the area of resolution, line-edge-roughness (LER) remains a significant concern. Here we present a summary of recent LER performance results and consider the effect of mask contributors to the LER observed from the SEMATECH Berkeley microfield tool.

The authors estimate the energy fluence (energy per unit area) at the focal plane of a beam undergoing neutralized drift compression and neutralized solenoidal final focus, as is being carried out in the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX) at LBNL. In these experiments, in order to reach high beam intensity, the beam is compressed longitudinally by ramping the beam velocity (i.e. introducing a velocity tilt) over the course of the pulse, and the beam is transversely focused in a high field solenoid just before the target. To remove the effects of space charge, the beam drifts in a plasma. The tilt introduces chromatic aberrations, with different slices of the original beam having different radii at the focal plane. The fluence can be calculated by summing the contribution from the various slices. They develop analytic formulae for the energy fluence for beams that have current profiles that are initially constant in time. They compare with envelope and particle-in-cell calculations. The expressions derived are useful for predicting how the fluence scales with accelerator and beam parameters.

The innovative research conducted for this project contributed greatly to the understanding of generating low-cost hydrogen from solar energy. The project’s research identified two highly leveraging and complementary pathways. The first pathway is to dramatically increase the efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity. Improving solar electric conversion efficiency directly increases hydrogen production. This project produced a world record efficiency for silicon solar cells and contributed to another world record efficiency for a solar concentrator module using multijunction solar cells. The project’s literature review identified a second pathway in which wasted heat from the solar concentration process augments the electrolysis process generating hydrogen. One way to do this is to use a “heat mirror” that reflects the heat-producing infrared and transmits the visible spectrum to the solar cells; this also increases solar cell conversion efficiency. An economic analysis of this concept confirms that, if long-term concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) and solid-oxide electrolyzer cost goals can be achieved, hydrogen will be produced from solar energy cheaper than the cost of gasoline. The potential public benefits from this project are significant. The project has identified a potential energy source for the nation’s future electricity and transportation needs that is entirely “home grown” and carbon …

We use the radiative transfer code \phx\ to study the line formation of the wavelength region 5000-7000 Angstrom. This is the region where the SNe Ia defining Si II feature occurs. This region is important since the ratio of the two nearby silicon lines has been shown to correlate with the absolute blue magnitude. We use a grid of LTE synthetic spectral models to investigate the formation of line features in the spectra of SNe Ia. By isolating the main contributors to the spectral formation we show that the ions that drive the spectral ratio are FeIII, FeII, SiII and SII. While the first two strongly dominate the flux transfer, the latter two form in the same physical region inside of the supernova. We also show that the naive blackbody that one would derive from a fit to the observed spectrum is far different than the true underlying continuum.

Computer simulations using the 2D code"POSINST" were used to study the formation of the electron cloud in the wiggler section of the positron damping ring of the International Linear Collider. In order to simulate an x-y slice of the wiggler (i.e., a slice perpendicular to the beam velocity), each simulation assumed a constant vertical magnetic field. At values of the magnetic field where the cyclotron frequency was an integral multiple of the bunch frequency, and where the field strength was less than approximately 0.6 T, equilibrium average electron densities were up to three times the density found at other neighboring field values. Effects of this resonance between the bunch and cyclotron frequency are expected to be non-negligible when the beam bunch length is much less than the product of the electron cyclotron period and the beam velocity, for a beam moving at v~;;c. Details of the dynamics of the resonance are described.

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) andthe Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA) conductedtechnical studies and organized two training workshops to developcapacity in Central America for the evaluation of climate changeprojects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studiesconducted for these workshops, one for the power sector and one for thecement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches tobaseline setting. Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for themain Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. Inrecent years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth;thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to estimateviable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additionalbaseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh (using a weighted averagestringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency),while the baseline for plants offsetting load-followingcapacity is lowerat 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-followingplants, the rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age ofsome plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of their use.The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanismyields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh. Due to the relatively smallnumber of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of …

As part of a comparative assessment for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program, geophysical data were used, to characterize and evaluate potential magma-hydrothermal targets at five drill sites in the western United States. The sites include Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, and The Geysers-Clear Lake, Long Valley, and Salton Trough areas, California. This summary discusses the size, depth, temperature, and setting of each potential target, as well as relvant scientific questions about their natures and the certainty of their existence.

The experimental observations of the 3p/sup 6/ 3d/sup 9/ /sup 2/D - 3p/sup 5/ 3d/sup 10/ /sup 2/p transitions of the Co-like ions and 3p/sup 6/ 3d/sup 8/ /sup 3/F/sub 4/ - 3p/sup 5/ 3d/sup 9/ /sup 3/F/sub 3/ of the Fe-like ions have recently been extended to highly charged ions of heavy elements up to uranium (Z = 92). A comparison between the observed energies and calculated values from the Dirac-Fock model indicated persistent discrepancies of 3 to 4 eV for all ions. Systematic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations for these transitions have been carried out with emphases on the effects of electron correlation. The previously found discrepancies theory and experiment have mostly removed after the inclusion of the electron-electron correlation effects in the theoretical calculations. 13 refs.

Using data from the TMX-U diagnostic system, the production of sloshing ions has already been verified and the formation of electron thermal barriers is presently being investigated on the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The TMX-U diagnostics are made up of the earlier TMX complement of diagnostics that determine confinement, microstability, and low-frequency stability, plus diagnostic instrumentation that measures electron parameters associated with mirror-confined electrons. This paper describes the three subsystems within the TMX-U diagnostic system: (1) the diagnostic facility (shot leader console, data cable system, and diagnostic timing system); (2) the individual diagnostic instruments that measure plasma and machine parameters; and (3) the data-acquisition and -analysis computer.

As the century advances from the 20th to the 21st, information systems (systems) dependent on date processing may fail. Date functions such as comparisons and calculations and use of coded numbers to direct program logic can cause a system to fail or produce erroneous results. Many systems used a two-digit date to minimize data storage, particularly older equipment and infrastructure items. Historically, systems used the values of ``00`` and ``99`` as indicators such as file headers, end of file markers, or control records. These systems will encounter problems as Fiscal Year 1999, January 1, 2000 and other dates occur. (See Appendix 3) The Project Hanford Management Contract (PHMC) work scope is supported by a multitude of information systems. Each system must be evaluated for Year 2000 compliance and the business risk identified for those found to be Year 2000 non-compliant. Because of the constraints on time, funding and resources to fix Year 2000 problems, the PHMC team approach focuses on those systems considered to be mission essential. Mission essential is defined as: any operational system, item of equipment, or component that processes date information requiring Year 2000 compliance whose failure results in (1) injury to personnel, (2) damage to property …

The PHMC Year 2000 Project approach is designed to ensure consistent and comprehensive implementation and reporting across the site. The emphasis of the project is on mission essential systems, prioritized to systems whose failure results in (1) injury to personnel, (2) damage to property (public or private), or (3) cessation, or delays in the performance of mission essential activities. These systems will be reported to DOE HQ and have the highest priority for resources. The same approach will be used on the remaining mission essential systems and these will be reported to DOE-RL. Non-mission essential systems can be addressed as determined by the owner. The scope of the PHMC Year 2000 Project encompasses applications, equipment, infrastructure, and external and internal interfaces and services.

In September 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued a final ruling on lockout/tagout procedures. This ruling became effective in January 1990 and was eventually incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of these procedures is to safeguard employees from hazardous energy while performing service or maintenance activities on machines and equipment. Approximately 39 million workers are protected by lockout/tagout procedures in general industry. OSHA estimates that adherence to the requirements in lockout/tagout procedures will eliminate nearly two percent of all workplace deaths. A lockout/tagout program is essential to the safe operation of all Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. The program outlined in this document consists of energy-control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections, and establishes the minimum requirements for lockout/tagout of equipment or system-energy sources that could cause injury to personnel. Because serious consequences can occur due to a lack of understanding and improper administration of this program, this document also includes a method for: Providing guidance for the control of hazardous energy, protecting employees from injury, defining responsibilities, and protecting equipment and facilities from damage.

Data Qualification (DQ) is a formal, technical process whose objective is to affirm that experimental data are suitable for their intended use. Although it is not possible to develop a fixed recipe for the DQ process to cover all test situations, these general guidelines have been developed for the Nuclear Engineering Section to establish a framework for qualifying data from steady-state processing. These guidelines outline the role of the DQ team providing insight into the planning and conducting of the DQ process.

This barely legible document describes the canning process, autoclave tests, slug weight distributions, and general information on progress in the 100 Area to include: Reactor physics, corrosion, instrument development, plant assistance, slug recovery, outgassing, sniffer tests, statistics, and analytical services.

A computer program is really nothing more than a virtual machine built to perform a task. The program`s source code expresses abstract constructs using low level language features. When a virtual machine breaks, it can be very difficult to debug because typical debuggers provide only low level machine implementation in formation to the software engineer. We believe that the debugging task can be simplified by introducing aspects of the abstract design into the source code. We introduce OODIE, an object-oriented language extension that allows programmers to specify a virtual debugging environment which includes the design and abstract data types of the virtual machine.

This report summarizes environmental information for the Hanford Site in Washington State for the calendar year 2001.

We report on atomic layer deposition of an {approx} 2-nm-thick ZnO layer on the inner surface of ultralow-density ({approx} 0.5% of the full density) nanoporous silica aerogel monoliths with an extremely large effective aspect ratio of {approx} 10{sup 5} (defined as the ratio of the monolith thickness to the average pore size). The resultant monoliths are formed by amorphous-SiO{sub 2}/wurtzite-ZnO nanoparticles which are randomly oriented and interconnected into an open-cell network with an apparent density of {approx} 3% and a surface area of {approx} 100 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}. Secondary ion mass spectrometry and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging reveal excellent uniformity and crystallinity of ZnO coating. Oxygen K-edge and Zn L{sub 3}-edge soft x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy shows broadened O 2p- as well as Zn 4s-, 5s-, and 3d-projected densities of states in the conduction band.

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