A calorimetric method is presented for the simultaneous evaluation of equilibrium constant, K, and molar enthalpy, ..delta..H/sup 0/, for 1 : 1 adduct formation of quinoline (Qu) with asphaltene (A), together with its acid/neutral (AA) fraction and its base (BA) fraction, isolated from a centrifuged liquid product (CLP) sample prepared from Kentucky hvAb coal at 27.6 MPa hydrogen pressure and 723K, with reactor charged with glass pellets. The same procedure was used to determine K and ..delta..H/sup 0/ for 1 : 1 adduct formation of Qu with asphaltene and heavy oils obtained from CLP samples (FB-53) prepared with CoMo catalyst at different run times and process conditions. The effects of the CoMo catalyst, run time, and residence times on viscosity, molecular weight, ..delta..H/sup 0/, heteratom content, contents of preasphaltene, asphaltene and heavy oil, aromaticity, and structural parameters, are determined. These findings lead to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining viscosity, and contributes more to the enthalpy of interaction than does ..pi..-interaction. The toluene-insoluble fraction, asphaltene (whole, acid/neutral and base fractions), and heavy oil were isolated from a solvent-refined-coal (SRC) conversion product. Data obtained from several infrared and viscosity experiments indicate that the behavior of different …

The purpose of this compilation is to present, in a central reference document, all of the individual annual reports summarizing the results of the environmental monitoring programs conducted at each of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) sites having a potential for environmental impact or which release a significant quantity of radioactivity or nonradioactive pollutants. Data on the levels of radioactivity and nonradioactive pollutants in effluents and the environs at each site are given, and effluent and environmental measurements and sampling results are evaluated in relation to the appropriate standards for environmental protection, including estimates of potential radiation exposures offsite. It is noteworthy that, in most cases, the potential offsite exposures are so low they cannot be determined by direct measurement methods but must be estimated by calculational techniques. All potential offsite exposures to members of the public from routine effluent releases in 1976 were less than 5 mrem/yr (i.e., less than one percent of the established radiation protection guidelines for exposure of the public). Additionally, the estimated collective man-rem dose potential to all members of the public within an 80 Km radius at all ERDA sites is less than .02 percent of the estimated man-rem dose due to …

The application of Stirling cycle prime movers to total energy power generation systems was investigated. Electrical, heating, and cooling demand profiles for a typical residential complex, hospital, and office building were studied, and alternative Stirling total energy systems were conceptualized for each site. These were analyzed in detail and contrasted with purchased-power systems for these sites to determine fuel-energy savings and investment attractiveness. The residential complex and hospital would be excellent candidates for total energy systems, and prime movers in the 1000 kW output range would be required. Stirling engines with so large an output have not been built to date, although there would be no fundamental technical barrier to prevent this. However, careful consideration must be given to the following technological decision areas before arriving at a final design, if its potential is to be realized: engine configuration, hotside heat exchange interface, engine control system, internal gas seals, and advanced coal combustion technology. The principal advantage of a Stirling prime mover in this application, in view of national concern over present and future dependence on oil, is that it could utilize low-grade liquid fuels and coal.

The formation of carbamate from CO/sub 2/ and the various amine solutions has been investigated for the purpose of elucidating the structure of the species generated in the reaction. The amine solutions used were 1 and 2 molar solutions of di-n-butylamine (DNBA) in triethylamine (TEA), pure DNBA and pure TEA. It has been found that the nonaqueous solvent participates in the formation of carbamate in 1 and 2M-DNBA/TEA solutions as a proton acceptor in DNBA-carbamate formation. However, due to the high concentration of the solutions and the basicities of the amines, a significant amount of DNBA which does not form the DNBA-carbamate anion is also found to be participating as a proton acceptor. Pure TEA absorbs only /sup 1///sub 60/ of the absorption by pure DNBA. The extent of TEA participation in the CO/sub 2/-absorption process other than as a proton acceptor in DNBA-carbamate is negligible. The formation of carbamic acid and zwitterion have been found unlikely. 7 tables, 15 figs.

A simulated model of triangular array rods with pitch to diameter ratio of 1.10 (as a test section) and air as the fluid flow was used to study the LMFBR hydraulic parameters. The wall shear stress distribution around the rod periphery, friction factors, static pressure distributions and turbulence intensity corresponding to various Reynolds numbers ranging from 4140 to 36170 in the central subchannel were measured. Various approaches for measurement of wall shear stress were compared. The measurement was performed using the Preston tube technique with the probe outside diameter equal to 0.014 in.

Optimal L/sup infinity/ error estimates are established for a few different finite-element-type methods for the Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain. The methods are selected so as to avoid the necessity of imposing boundary conditions on the trial functions, usually difficult in practice. Three specific methods are treated. These are the method of interpolated boundary conditions and two methods of Nitsche. The trial spaces, S/sup h/, consist of continuous piecewise polynomials of degree less than or equal to K-1 with K greater than 2. The model problem treated is -..delta.. ..-->.. u = f in ..cap omega.., u = 0 on delta..cap omega.., ..cap omega.. contained in R/sup 2/. For each method, an approximate solution, u/sup h/, is constructed for h sufficiently small. The main result of this report states that the following error estimate holds for each method: norm (u--u/sup h/)/sub L/sup infinity/(..cap omega..)/ less than or equal to Ch/sup K/norm(u)/sub W/sub infinity//sup K/(..cap omega..)/.

Separate abstracts were prepared for the 12 papers. (JFP)

This report is about the Panama Canal, built and operated by the United States, slices the Republic of Panama in half and the relations between the United states and Panama.

This comparative study was undertaken to explain in part the per capita differential between the two countries. In the introduction, the ratios of energy per capita and energy per dollar of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are presented. The exchange rates utilized to convert GDP to a common currency are discussed in detail. Brief sections on the energy supply and electric generation situation in Japan are included for background information, followed by the body of the report devoted to the energy consumption sectors. The industrial sector merits most attention because Japan's industrial capacity is second only to that of the U.S. among industrialized nations, and it is here where an intercountry comparison can reveal possibilities of technology transfer. First, a gross energy efficiency indicator for all industry (measured as industrial energy use per dollar of GDP originating in industry) is established. This is followed by detailed presentations of specific energy inputs (per ton of product) for four energy-intensive industries: iron and steel, aluminium, cement, and pulp and paper. Sections on transportation, residential, and commercial energy use reveal large differences in consumption largely due to what is labeled ''standard of living'' (housing size, automobile ownership, selection of transportation modes). Finally, the conclusions …

This report deals with some techniques in applied programming using the Livermore Timesharing System (LTSS) on the CDC 7600 computers at the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center (NMFECC) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Computer Center (LLLCC or Octopus network). This report is based on a document originally written specifically about the system as it is implemented at NMFECC but has been revised to accommodate differences between LLLCC and NMFECC implementations. Topics include: maintaining programs, debugging, recovering from system crashes, and using the central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices efficiently and economically. Routines that aid in these procedures are mentioned. The companion report, UCID-17556, An LTSS Compendium, discusses the hardware and operating system and should be read before reading this report.

A proposal is made for extending to processes involving baryons the ordered Hilbert space approach to the topological expansion. The proposal is based on a topological classification scheme for baryonic processes that is similar to one used previously for the lowest-order contributions, but is in terms of the minimum number of reggeon closed loops instead of handles.

MALAPROP is a CDC 7600 computer program able to simulate laser light propagation through a variety of regions. The primary program task is the integration of the partial differential equation 2in/sub 0/k/sub 0/(partial delta/partial delta z) - g(z)) psi + nabla/sup 2/ psi + 2n/sub 0//sup 2/k/sub 0//sup 2/(n/sub 2//n/sub 0/) (mod psi)/sup 2/ psi = 0 for propagation of a light beam represented by the complex array psi. This equation is computationally integrated for regions with or without gain (g(z)) and for any indices of refraction (n0,n2). In addition, the beam may be spatially filtered or relayed (using FFT methods), expanded or split or passed through an aperture (followed by a no-gain propagation region with a nonlinear index of refraction = 0). Relative amplitude or phase noise may be added to the beam at selected surfaces. Two versions exist allowing for one or two beam dimensions: one space dimension (x; propagation in z) (with saturation) and two space dimensions (x,y; propagation in z) ( without saturation). Optional output includes intensity/phase information (plots and printout), power spectral density information, computed B integral, and saturation information. Initial beam configuration is essentially limited only by array sizes. 2 tables.

The verification methods which shall be used in the development program to be conducted on the Kilowatt Isotope Power System (KIPS) Jet Condenser to verify adequate orifice thermal performance are described. The purpose of the test procedure is to determine which orifice elements achieve satisfactory thermal performance to assure adequacy for Ground Demonstration System (GDS) Testing.

Results of a preliminary design study for a solar-powered irrigation facility to be located on a farm between Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, are presented. The ERDA-specified generic design criteria are detailed. A detailed systems analysis is presented, and preliminary designs of the thermal storage system, organic Rankine cycle power system, cooling water system, power distribution system, and collector foundation are given. Site layout and improvements are described, and a cost analysis of prototype and production units is included. Engineering drawings are included. (WHK)

Four successful experiments were conducted with tritiated water on pregnant sheep. This came into equilibrium between fetal and maternal circulations within 60 seconds after injection into the ewe or the fetus. The estimates of total water transport rate averaged 85% of the daily water intake. Six successful experiments were conducted with /sup 3/H- and /sup 14/C-glucose on pregnant ewes. The results for glucose space and transport rate in the ewes agree closely with previously published data. The fetal glucose pool size was large, presumably reflecting the relatively large volume of fetal-placental fluids in exchange with fetal blood. Six successful experiments were conducted with /sup 45/Ca and /sup 47/Ca for 5 days or more on pregnant ewes. The smallest compartment size of exchangeable calcium in mother and fetus were about 2 to 6 hours duration, and the net daily gain of calcium by the fetus was just slightly less in the chronic than in the acute experiments, 0.75 and 0.83 g/day respectively.

An experimental and analytical study of the temperature distributions along the molten metal surface in an electron beam welding cavity is described. Surface temperature distributions in cavities were measured with a narrow band infrared radiation pyrometer. The availability of the cavity temperature measurements allowed estimates to be made for the vapor pressure and surface energy forces as a function of cavity position. The results indicated a force imbalance occurred in the cavity. It is postulated that at the location of the force imbalance a liquid material projection forms periodically and moves into the path of the electron beam. The liquid in this projection is driven towards the bottom, partially filling the cavity. This action is followed by the electron beam pushing the liquid aside to form a maximum depth cavity. This process is then repeated. An analysis for predicting cavity oscillation frequency shows reasonable agreement with frequencies measured at the weld root determined from weld sections. A study of the measured temperature distributions in cavities of varying depth combined with the force imbalance observations led to an interpretation of when spiking might occur. A procedure is proposed for determining the spiking tendency for a given set of weld parameters. The …

Semiclassical techniques have been widely used for describing the dynamics of molecular collisions. The calculation of discrete energy eigenvalue spectra in bound systems has also employed semiclassical methods. Work has been done toward developing semiclassical theories for rate constants in reactive systems and semiclassical eigenvalues in bound systems. Application of these theories have been made to nonseparable multidimensional systems. Transition-state theory has played an important role in chemical kinetics, and is very useful for approximating reaction rate constants for molecular systems. Many shortcomings of transition-state theory can be attributed to the assumption of separability of motion along the reaction coordinate. Semiclassical approximations have been made to the quantum rate expression, and the resulting semiclassical theory has been applied to the reactive H + H/sub 2/ system. Comparison of this nonseparable theory with quantum scattering calculations shows agreement which is quite good. Although the quantum condition for one-dimensional bound systems is well-known, generalization of these results to multidimensional nonseparable systems is not obvious. Work has been done toward a semiclassical quantum condition which is closest to the approach of Born. The Hamilton--Jacobi equation for the systems is solved in action--angle variables; in this way the classical Hamiltonian can be expressed as …

Duplex ferrite-martensite (DFM) steels with excellent combinations of strength and formability have been selected from first principles, and their microstructure-property relationships established through a systematic investigation of a series of ternary Fe/X/0.1 C steels (X being varying amount of Cr and Si). Duplex processing consists of initial austenitization and quenching to form 100% martensite, followed by annealing in the (..cap alpha.. + ..gamma..) range and subsequent quenching. The resultant DFM morphology is controlled by the type and amount of alloying element X.

A new class of numerical algorithms for computer simulation of low frequency electromagnetic and electrostatic phenomena in magnetized plasma is presented. Maxwell's equations are solved in the limits of quasineutrality and negligible transverse displacement current (Darwin's model). Electrons are modeled as a fluid with polarization effects ignored. Ions are described as particles. A novel feature of these algorithms is the use of the electron fluid equation of motion to determine the electric field, which renders these numerical schemes remarkably simple and direct. The simulation plasma is either periodic or bounded by particle reflecting conducting walls. Both fully nonlinear codes with spatial grids and linearized gridless codes have been implemented.

A review of the LOFT Primary Coolant Pump Inlet Nozzle Thermal Analysis was conducted to satisfy the ASME code requirement that all analyses of Class I components be independently reviewed.

This publication is the first of several reports to be produced for the National Coal Utilization Assessment, a program sponsored by the Assistant Administrator for Environment and Safety through the Division of Technology Overview of ERDA. The purpose of the report is to present the state and regional perspective on energy-related issues, especially those concerning coal production and utilization for 12 southern states. This report compiles information on the present status of: (1) state government infrastructure that deals with energy problems; (2) the balance between energy consumption and energy production; (3) the distribution of proved reserves of various mineral energy resources; (4) the major characteristics of the population; (5) the important features of the environment; and (6) the major constraints to increased coal production and utilization as perceived by the states and regional agencies. Many energy-related characteristics described vary significantly from state to state within the region. Regional and national generalizations obscure these important local variations. The report provides the state and regional perspective on energy issues so that these issues may be considered objectively and incorporated into the National Coal Utilization Assessment. This Assessment is designed to provide useful outputs for national, regional, and local energy planners.

Data from air tests conducted on the 1/5-Scale Model Mark I Pressure Suppression Facility at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory were analyzed for the purpose of determining the various sources of load signature characteristics. It was determined that hydrodynamic vertical loading function embodies effects from: (a) momentum flux associated with flow from the downcomers; (b) momentum rate associated with bulk pool motion; and (c) unbalanced internal pressure forces related to phenomena associated with vent clearing. The integral form of the linear momentum equation is used to derive qualitative and quantitative insight into the mechanics of the hydrodynamic loading function. Amplitude spectra derived from Fourier transformations show that the 25 Hz (approximate) structural mode is the only frequency which appears consistently in all wave forms which were spectrum analyzed.

Experimental studies of self-focused, high-current electron-beam propagation phenomena are compared with the results of computational modeling. The model includes the radial structure of the beam-plasma system, a full electromagnetic field description, primary and secondary gas ionization processes, and a linear theory of the hose-like distortions. Good agreement between the experimental results and the computations strengthens the premise that hose instability is the principal limitation to propagation at high pressure.

Existing and potential design problems associated with the helium-cooled blanket assemblies of experimental, demonstration and hybrid reactor designs considered in the Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) Program were assessed. It was observed that a balanced program of design, analysis and experimentation would be required to develop, verify and qualify these designs and those of related hardware and equipment. To respond to the potential experimental requirements of the first-generation reactors (the EPRs and possibly the hybrid concept), the need for a helium test facility was identified. It was determined that this facility should have the capacity for recirculating 100,000 kg/hr of helium at 70 atm and 600/sup 0/C and should have 3 MW of electrical power available for simulating neutron heating. No radioactive material or processes should be used to facilitate ''hands-on'' experimentation and development. The general types of testing anticipated in this facility would include: (1) thermal and coolant flow performance of the blanket and other components in the primary cooling circuit; (2) structural adequacy of the blanket and first wall including vibration considerations; (3) capability for accommodating safety/off-normal conditions. Existing facilities worldwide were surveyed. It was determined that a number of facilities exist in foreign nations for performing the anticipated …