My research examines the three interrelated concepts of crisis; new imperialisms, spatial-temporal fix and accumulation by dispossession (ABD) stemming from the work of David Harvey as a way to understand the contested history of the Pakistan Railways. For the first thirty odd years after Pakistan's inception in 1947, the railways, a state-owned institution, was the primary mode of transport for the public, cargo, and workers. Alongside basic infrastructure, the railways had a vast network of hospitals, schools, workers' colonies and an array of physical infrastructure connected to production, operations and other aspects of the economy. The systematic ransack and decline of the Pakistan Railways reached its peak in 2010. Despite several attempts throughout the 1990s by successive democratic and military-led governments backed by the IMF/World Bank in 2015, it was announced that Pakistan railways would be revived under the banner of the 46 billion dollar China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as part of the changing geopolitical context of growing regional connectivity and new Chinese imperialism. By examining the processes that underlie ABD, such as spatial-temporal fix, the following research shows that these processes not only reflect a shift of resources away from the public domain, but in Pakistan also entailed …

Recording of an elicitation of words for insects, etc. The native speaker consultant, Aurangzeb, provides the English prompt while both Aurangzeb and Mohammad Suleman provide the Mankiyali singular and plural forms. Muhammad Suleman is a male teacher who is 36 years old at the time of recording.

Recording of an elicitation of noun forms based on number and gender to demonstrate the Mankiyali lexical stress patterns in various word forms. In this elicitation, the native speaker, Aurangzeb (a 34-year old male teacher), provides the English word as a prompt and another native speaker, Muhammad Suleman (a 36-year old male teacher) provides the Mankiyali equivalent of that word.

Recording of an elicitation of a word list for names of different professions in Mankiyali. English equivalents are used as prompts. Gohar Rehman is a male shop keeper who is 38 years old at the time of recording.