Standard membrane filtration tests were used to evaluate injection at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Southern California. Results indicate that direct injection into reservoir zones with primary porosity is not feasible unless 1 ..mu..m or larger particulates formed during or after the energy conversion process are removed. (JGB)

The recent attention given to Pu(IV) polymers has warranted a review of plutonium and thorium hydrolysis chemistry with respect to the various experimental approaches and insights gained therein. Differing terminologies used in the experimental procedures have often confused the understanding of the chemical processes which occur between the first hydrolysis reaction of the tetravalent actinide and its final dehydration to form the crystalline oxide. This report focuses on the polymer aging reaction which is defined here in terms of A. W. Thomas' ol to oxo conversion reaction and involves simply the conversion of hydroxyl-bridged polymer links to oxygen-bridged linkages. Thorium(IV) hydrolytic reactions are included because they are analogous in many respects to those of Pu(IV) and offer a simpler chemical system for experimental study. Future work using spectroscopic techniques should significantly improve the description of this aging phenomenon.

Two approaches to enhancement of the Q (energy gain) factor of mirror systems are under study at Livermore. These include the Tandem Mirror and the Field Reversed Mirror. Both of these new ideas preserve features of conventional mirror systems as far as plasma-wall interactions are concerned. Specifically in both approaches field lines exit from the ends of the system and impinge on walls located at a distance from the confinement chamber. It is possible to predict some aspects of the plasma/surface interactions of TM and FRM systems from experience obtained in the Livermore 2XIIB experiment. In particular, as observed in 2XIIB, effective isolation of the plasma from thermal contact with the ends owing to the development of sheath-like regions is to be expected. Studies presently underway directed toward still further enhancing the decoupling of the plasma from the effects of plasma surface interactions at the walls will be discussed, with particular reference to the problem of minimizing the effects of refluxing secondary electrons produced by plasma impact on the end walls.

A closed system is described in which freshly purified water and gases may be directed into a sealed test cell for electrochemical studies which require conditions of ultra high purity. The apparatus consists of purification trains for He, H/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ gases, an in-situ still for repeated distillation of large quantities of water, and a well-sealed test cell which maintains the high-purity conditions during extended electrochemical experiments. The apparatus features quartz and teflon construction throughout and the connecting gas lines are pyrex glass with glass and teflon valves. The cell is quite versatile in that up to five samples may be loaded at one time with only 120 ml solution in the test compartment. A variety of experiments may be performed with the cell, including fast voltage scans, capacitance measurements, photoelectrochemical studies, and steady state current-voltage, or Tafel measurements.

Since the inception of the development of a two-phase liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic (LMMHD) power generation system at Argonne National Laboratory, increasing emphasis has been placed on the relation between the characteristics of local two-phase flow structure and LMMHD generator efficiency. During the past year a local-measurements program has been undertaken to characterize the local flow structure occurring inside two-phase LMMHD mixers and generators. Continuing local-measurement experiments are in progress at ANL using (single and multiple) resistivity probes and (single) hot-film probes to determine local void fractions, velocities and turbulence intensities. The techniques which have been tested and proved successful in air-water mixtures are now being extended to NaK-nitrogen mixtures, in which some initial tests have been made.

There is a widespread interest in the development of a ''hydrogen economy'' as an eventual solution to many of the problems associated with the growing energy crisis. Hydrogen is also valuable as a chemical intermediate. As fossil sources become inadequate, large scale hydrogen production must utilize energy sources such as solar energy for the decomposition of water by thermochemical cycles, electrolysis or perhaps, by a hybrid combination of these methods. The potential higher efficiency and lower cost for thermochemical methods, versus the overall electrolysis path has been rather widely recognized. The criteria for the selection of an appropriate thermochemical cycle for matching with a high temperature solar heat source are detailed. Advantages of a thermochemical cycle based on a solid sulfate decomposition that makes use of isothrmal high temperature energy is detailed and a plan for the implementation of such a cycle on a central tower solar receiver is given.

Packaging for radioactive materials must perform satisfactorily when subjected to temperatures simulating an accident involving a fire. The new thermal test facility has proved to be a reliable method for satisfactorily performing the required test. The flame provides sufficient heat to assure that the test is valid, and the temperature can be controlled satisfactorily. Also, the air and water mist systems virtually eliminate any smoke and thereby exceed the local EPA requirements. The combination of the two systems provides an inexpensive, low maintenance technique for elimination of the smoke plume.

The mathematical techniques reviewed have been selected on the basis of their relevance to at least four outstanding theoretical problems of magnetic fusion research, namely: (a) ion heating; (b) particle-wave interactions; (c) stability of magnetic surfaces in real tokamaks; and (d) strong plasma turbulence. These problems have a common feature: they all involve chaotic motions in spite of the perfectly deterministic nature of the mathematical models used for their description. In the first section devoted to Hamiltonian systems we briefly review the essentials of the Hamilton-Jacobi theory and discuss the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem and its implications. In section 2 we review the difficulties of the problem of turbulence and present the Ruelle-Takens picture. An example of a dynamical system with a strange attractor is constructed and the Hopf bifurcation theory is discussed. Finally we review the properties of the Lorenz model for the convective instability of an atmospheric layer which is known to have a strange attractor for sufficiently high Rayleigh numbers.

This report is the Executive Summary for the other 5 volumes of the Study Report--see TID-28526/1-5. Information is provided here that the tribes can use to make energy-development decisions. The report is particularly concerned with management responsibilities and financial commitments that development will require on the part of the tribes and with the types of information and skilled personnel the tribes will need in the future to make informed decisions.

An Automatic Sequential Precipitation Sampler was designed and constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory to collect precipitation samples for chemical analysis. The sampler is designed to collect both wet and frozen precipitation and to exclude dry fallout between precipitation events. The sampler consists of a large box containing a turntable holding 30 sampling bottles. Precipitation enters through a funnel on the top of the box. Between periods of precipitation, the funnel is closed by a movable cover which is actuated by a rain sensor when precipitation starts. Sample bottles are changed automatically and periodically from the time the cover opens. Times of cover opening and closing and of bottle changing are recorded on an event recorder. The sampler has operated successfully since June 1976.

Work accomplished between July 1974 and October 1978 in a program directed toward the design and development of a continuously variable ratio transmission (CVT) for an automotive vehicle is reported. The following major accomplishments were achieved: the laboratory and mathematical projections establishing the viability of the program and the predicted attainment of the primary goal of fuel economy were verified; the proposed Concept Demonstration prototype hydromechanical transmission (HMT) was completed from design to operation; the HMT was thoroughly tested in the laboratory and on the road and its in-vehicle performance was verified by independent testing laboratories; and design of a second generation Pre-Production HMT has proceeded to the point of confirming the practicality of the automotive HMT size and weight; most of the necessary information has been generated which could permit its production cost/competitiveness to be evaluated. (LCL)

Recent measurements of chemical reaction rates have greatly reduced the modeled sensitivity of stratospheric ozone toward injections of NO/sub x/ (NO/sub x/ = NO + NO/sub 2/) in amounts comparable to the natural NO/sub x/ inventory. Most of this reduced effect results from interference between NO/sub x/ and HO/sub x/ catalytic ozone destruction mechanisms. For very large NO/sub x/ injections (such as might be generated from a major nuclear exchange involving devices of greater than one megaton yield) the interfering processes saturate and large ozone depletions are still computed. Smaller total injections or lower altitude injections (such as might be generated by sub megaton devices) have much lesser computed effects.

This second edition of the Biomass Energy Success Stories covers a wide range of examples of organizations which have experienced economic benefits by substituting renewable biomass energy for non-renewable fossil fuels. In addition to the broader spectrum of industry seen to be pursuing this approach, the cases illustrate a move towards innovative and technologically more sophisticated approaches. For example, the Quebec Community's thermal accumulator acts as a buffer to accommodate the variable fuel value of boiler fuel consisting of unpredictable residues of variable moisture content. By this innovative approach, the quality of steam to its year-round customer can be held within the contractual limits. Another unique development appears in the use of the LAMB-CARGATE wet cell burner which is able to cope with wood residue fuels containing up to 70% moisture. Two of the more interesting and promising developments in the race to substitute renewable energy for fossil fuels are Fluidized Bed and Fuel-alcohol on-farm distilleries. For this reason appendices are included giving some useful insights concerning them.

LOFCON is a program developed for the LOFT air condenser system contained in the secondary coolant system. Although the basic theory described herein is general, the program given is not--it is specifically for the LOFT configuration. LOFCON is presented in subroutine form so that it may be easily incorporated into a larger program describing the complete secondary side. Specifically LOFCON was written to be incorporated into the detailed CSMP model of the LOFT secondary coolant system simulation.

The Federal Energy Administration (now the US Department of Energy), in cooperation with state public utility commissions and participating utilities, has initiated 16 electric utility rate demonstration projects. The primary purpose of these projects was to evaluate experimentally the effects of time-of-use pricing of electricity for residential customers. The time-of-use rate most frequently employed was a time-of-day (TOD) rate. The method employed by the states to evaluate TOD rates was to select a subset of the residential population, place these people on TOD rates, and with special meters, monitor their temporal use of electricity. As might be expected, with the varying objectives of the states, available resources, and background in load management studies, a variety of approaches were employed, and a variety of data generated by the projects. Also, the received and expected analyses of the data vary considerably among the projects due to the differing interests of the states, available resources, and the composition of the project teams. The three purposes of this Analytical Master Plan (AMP) are: to ensure the data derived from the FEA projects and from related sources are subjected to econometric and statistical analysis that is both rigorous and as highly sophisticated as the state …

A computer program which transforms THTF experimental data and ORINC output data into the RELAP4/MOD5 plot/restart tape format is described. Input requirements and program characteristics are discussed.

This study had a threefold purpose: to examine the atomic absorption gamma spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and neutron activation data accumulated by Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company through 1976 (predecessor company to Rockwell Hanford Operations), and evaluate the precision of the data and their calibration reliability; to determine from these chemical data those elements that were best for characterizing basalt flows for correlation purposes; and, to use these chemical data to establish statistical correlations among type locality reference groups and the basalt flows penetrated by deep core holes in the Pasco Basin or exposed on the surface at certain field section locations.

Within the Federal Wind Energy Program, the Wind Characteristics Program Element (WCPE) is a service element established to provide the appropriate wind characteristics information to those involved in energy program planning, design and evaluation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), selection of sites for the installation of WECS, and the operation of WECS. The program contributions are to consist of reliable estimates of wind characteristics pertinent to WECS design, effective analyses and methods for the determination of wind energy potential over large areas, dependable and cost-effective methodologies for the siting of WECS, and descriptions of the day-to-day variability and predictability of wind energy for WECS operations. To accomplish these goals, the WCPE has been divided into four technical program areas: wind characteristics for design and performance evaluation; mesoscale wind characteristics; development of siting methodologies; and wind characteristics for WECS operations.

This index to Nuclear Safety covers articles published in Nuclear Safety, Vol. 11, No. 1 (January-February 1970), through Vol. 18, No. 6 (November-December 1977). It is divided into three sections: a chronological list of articles (including abstracts) followed by a permuted-title (KWIC) index and an author index. Nuclear Safety, a bimonthly technical progress review prepared by the Nuclear Safety Information Center (NSIC), covers all safety aspects of nuclear power reactors and associated facilities. Over 450 technical articles published in Nuclear Safety in the last eight years are listed in this index.

Economic assessment data pertinent to the current Tropican solar system configuration is presented and the potential for energy reduction through the use of additional and/or larger systems is projected. The economic model, Tropicana plant and citrus juice industry energy savings potential, and industrial low-pressure steam energy savings potential are discussed. (MHR)

Self-broadened and foreign-gas (N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/) broadened linewidths of ethylene at 300K for a wide range of quantum numbers J and K/sub a/, for all three types of bands, were calculated using the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory of line broadening. C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ has a zero value of the dipole moment in its ground state. Therefore, only the quadrupolar interactions were considered in the linewidth computations. The molecular quadrupole moment tensor of C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ was taken from Mulder and Huiszoon. Air-broadened linewidths of C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ at 200K have also been calculated, so that the temperature dependence can be estimated.

A 38.1 mm diameter Hydresil Compliant Foil Bearing was designed and tested at room temperature and 315/sup 0/C. Test speeds of 60,000 rpm and loads of 1.75 x 10/sup 5/ N/m/sup 2/ were obtained. A unique adaptation of capacitance proximity probes mounted in the rotating journal was utilized to directly measure the bearing film thickness. Test bearings with an L/D (length/diameter) = 1 and L/D = /sup 1///sub 2/ were used and the experimental data are compared with predicted minimum film thickness values for an L/D = infinity bearing and the results presented as a series of curves. Experimental data were obtained at 315/sup 0/C which showed relatively low cooling air flow requirements to remove self-generated heat. The detrimental influence of porous journal surface coatings on bearing load performance was demonstrated.

Device related work has been directed toward the development of effective single and double layer antireflection coatings for Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/. The reflectivity of bare Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/. The reflectivity of bare Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/ as well as SiO, Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/, MgF/sub 2//ZnS and SiO/sub 2//ZnS coated samples have been measured. Reflection losses have been reduced to 5 to 6% with double layer Ar coatings. The experimental reflectivity integrated over the photon flux distribution yields a maximum J/sub SC/ = 26.5 ma/cm/sup 2/ for AM1.5 insolation (83.2 mW/cm/sup 2/). Theoretical modeling of the Schottky barrier grid device was begun in order to establish the relationship between collection efficiency, device geometry and minority carrier diffusion length. The study of the barrier height of metal/Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/ junctions has been completed. Barrier height is particularly sensitive to surface damage such as that incurred during glow discharge cleaning. Thin polycrystalline films are now entering the device development stage. Chemical polishing of the surface of thin films with bromine-methanol yields surfaces suitable for photolithography. Devices however, have extremely high series resistance due to the high sheet resistance of the film. A multilayer substrate has been developed which is promising. It consists of mica …

The main thrust of work has been the development of a Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/ based, Schottky barrier solar cell with 5% AMI conversion efficiency. Transparent metal film devices, fabricated by sputter depositing magnesium, were evaluated. Sputter deposition was necessary to prepare air stable films with reproducible electrical and optical properties. The highest conversion efficiency achieved (no A-R) is 1.72%. An alternative, Schottky barrier grid device was devised to avoid the difficulties encountered with transparent metal films. Using relatively thick (2000 A) magnesium films and line spacing on the order of twice the nominal, a total area conversion efficiency of 6.08% was measured. Correcting for grid blockage yields an active area efficiency of 7.6%. The diffusion length of minority carriers had been measured for a large number of single crystal devices using a spectral response technique as well as a newly developed laser scanning method. Diffusion lengths as long as 9 ..mu..m have been found. An extensive study of metal semiconductor contacts of Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/ has been made. A model recently advanced by Brillson, which correlates barrier height with the enthalpy of the reaction taking place at the metal semiconductor interface is in excellent agreement with the data. Thin films …