The properties of convective cells and the diffusion resulting from such cells are significantly influenced by an inhomogeneity in the extermal confining magnetic field, such as that in toroidal plasmas. The convective diffusion in the presence of a field inhomogeneity is estimated. For a thermal background, this diffusion is shown to be substantially smaller than classical collisional diffusion. For a model nonthermal background, the diffusion is estimated, for typical parameters, to be at most of the order of collisional diffusion. The model background employed is based on spectra observed in numerical simulations of drift-wave-driven convective cells.

A system has been developed to provide zone cooling and more efficient heat removal from an aluminum mold used to make a polyurethane foam part. Heat removal with heat pipes and forced convection was four to six times faster than cooling without heat pipes in still air. Tests are planned to determine if zone cooling will reduce shrinkage depressions in parts fabricated in this mold.

The transfer and fate of chromium from cooling tower drift to terrestrial ecosystems were quantified with concentrations in plant materials (fescue grass) decreasing with increasing distance from the cooling tower. Results indicate that elemental content in drift water (mineral residue) may not be equivalent to the content in the recirculating cooling water of the tower. This hypothesis is contrary to basic assumptions in calculating drift emissions. Results suggest that differences in retention in litter and foliage are related to chemical properties of the drift rather than physical lodging of the particle residue. To determine the potential for movement of drift-derived chromium to surface streams, soil-water samplers (wells) were placed along a distance gradient to Little Bayou Creek. Preliminary model estimates of drift deposition are compared to deposition measurements.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the corrosion behavior of a high strength steel (ASTM A416-74 grade 270), typical of those used as tensioning tendons in prestressed concrete pressure vessels, in several corrosive environments and to demonstrate the protection afforded by coating the steel with either of two commercial petroleum-base greases or Portland Cement grout. In addition, the few reported incidents of prestressing steel failures in concrete pressure vessels used for containment of nuclear reactors are reviewed. The susceptibility of the steel to stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement and its general corrosion rate were determined in several salt solutions. Wires coated with the greases and grout were soaked for long periods in the same solutions and changes in their mechanical properties were subsequently determined. All three coatings appeared to give essentially complete protection but small flaws in the grease coatings were detrimental; flaws or cracks less than 1 mm wide in the grout were without effect.

Seamless Zircaloy-4 tubing is utilized as fuel rod cladding in light water reactors. Water corrosion tests at 68OF have been performed to determine the corrosion and hydriding characteristics of Zircaloy-4 tubing, fabricated by cold reduction and finished in two metallurgical conditions: a stress-relief anneal (SRA) and a recrystallization anneal (RXA). These corrosion tests revealed differences in the post-transition corrosion product weight gains of the two materials. A computer corrosion model, designated CHORT, was developed from the test data and ascribes the observed difference in material weight gain to an assumed difference in the periodicity of a postulated cyclic buckling of the oxide.

Spent fuel canisters stored in halite (NaCl) deposits (salt beds) are subject to a severely corrosive environment when the hot brine inclusions, rich in calcium and magnesium chlorides, migrate to the canister. Since no data base exists on corrosion in halite brines, a survey was made of the corrosion resistance of potential canister materials in other concentrated brine environments. Corrosion-resistant metals include Ta, Ti Code 12, TiPd Alloy, Inconel 625, Hastelloy C-276, and Fe-base 29-4 Alloy. Although carbon steels have cost and availability advantages, they suffer from excessive corrosion rates in brines. Corrosion-resistant nonmetals include carbon, Teflon-type fluorocarbons, epoxide coatings, and polymer cements. While these materials are not suitable for constructing the canister, they could be used as a protective coating on a carbon steel canister. On the basis of this survey, we recommend a coated carbon steel canister, used with cathodic protection. It is important to start a test program to gather a data base on the corrosion of materials in halite brines and to verify the suitability of canister materials.

After a brief review of the origin of the radiation according to the standard model, the status of present measurements of the spectrum and the large-scale isotropy is discussed. Finally, it is indicated what are the prospects for improved measurements in the next decade. 17 references. (JFP)

The final report of a cost effective solar hot water heating system installed on the Econo-Travel Motor Hotel at 4725 W. Military Highway, Chesapeake, Virginia, is presented. The description of the system along with the final breakdown performance data and payback time are given. The payback time for the installed system will be approximately four (4) years instead of the 6.65 years estimated for the proposal. The additional savings is due to the reduction in the peak demand charge since the electric hot water heaters are not required to operate at the same time each morning as the dryers used for the laundry. As called for in the proposal to DOE, the success of the system will be determined by the reduction in the utility cost and reduced use of our fossil fuels. The results shown in the hotel's monthly electricity bills indicate that this goal has been accomplished.

This report contains the design and installation procedure for the Solar Engineering and Manufacturing Company's solar hot water system. Included are the system performance specifications, system design drawings, hazard analysis and other information necessary to evaluate the design and instal the system.

This report contains the information necessary to evaluate the design and installation of the Owens-Illinois Sunpak Air-Cooled Solar Collector. Information includes collector features, fluid flow, thermal performance, installation and system tips.

This study examines the design of a high precision dilatometer which utilizes laser interferometry as the basis for the length measurement system. The dilatometer is being designed for operation from ambient to 800/sup 0/C using samples which require minimal preparation. Several interferometric techniques useful to dilatometry were reviewed from the literature. As a result of this review and establishment of performance criteria, a technical design is proposed. The optical design incorporates a two-frequency He--Ne laser with ac detection in a modified Michelson interferometer. A vertical sample/furnace configuration appears to offer a number of design advantages. Operational considerations and dilatometer development costs are also presented.

The design of duplex ferrite-martensite (DFM) steels with carbide forming elements were investigated. The alloys Fe/0.14 C/1.45 Si/X (X being the substitutional alloying element of Mos or Nb) were selected. The DFM microstructures are controlled by the type of alloy element and the subsequent thermal treatment. The tensile properties of specimens subjected to either the intermediate quench (IQ) or the intermediate air cool (IAC) heat treatments have been correlated with their respective microstructures. Dispersion hardening as a secondary strengthening mechanism is found to limit the ductility and increasing the strength due to carbide precipitation in the ferrite. Unusual behavior in the strength-law of mixtures relationship is observed. The differences in properties displayed by the alloys between the IG and IAC thermal treatments are primarily attributed to the connectivity of the martnesite particles. The IQ treatment provided strength and elongation ductility (i.e., total or uniform elongation to deformation) combinations which are superior to those of the IAC process. Specifically, the niobium steel displayed the best mechanical properties.

A study of the signal physics of magnetic anomaly detection was carried out by superconducting gradiometer and magnetometer loop systems with SQUID sensors for possible application to the LASL geothermal energy program. In particular, the crack produced by hydrofracture of a deep HDR geothermal borehole would be filled with a magnetic material such as ferrofluid. When polarized by the earth's field, this material would produce a localized crack magnetic anomaly which is characteristic of the azimuth of the vertical crack with respect to magnetic north. Signatures of the anomaly would be determined by taking rotation data before and after filling the crack with magnetic material. A mathematical description was found for these signatures. To test the theory and the feasibility of the idea, the deep borehole vertical cracks were simulated by using panels to define sheets 1.5 mm thick, 1.2 m wide, and 2.5 m high. When filled with ferrofluid of suitable magnetic permeability, the local anomaly develops. Signatures were measured with a horizontal axial gradiometer rotated about a vertical axis. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment for aximuths in the east and west quadrants but only fair agreement in the north and south quadrants.

The purpose of the program is to evaluate the use of the acoustic emission (AE) technique to provide a definitive continuous monitor of fatigue crack growth in a critical aircraft structural member. The program started in September, 1977, with Phase I consisting of defining technical and procedural details and developing and fabricating an AE monitor system. A unique AE monitoring system was fabricated and laboratory tested. It utilizes a source isolation feature to distinguish AE signals originating from an identified area of interest. Two parameters of AE information are recorded on one solid state digital memory for later retrieval and analysis. Phase I was completed in April, 1978. Phase 2 was concerned with installing and testing the AE monitoring system in an aircraft. Installation was made in RAAF Macchi 326 aircraft A7-201 during a major maintenance overhaul. The system is monitoring AE from fatigue cracks in a fastener hole in the tension member of the wing structure center section continuously during flight. Installation was completed in August, 1978, with four test flights to evaluate system performance and make necessary adjustments. Follow-up support to the Australian Aeronautical Research Laboratory (ARL) on this program is continuing.

Several ribbon growth experiments were performed in the Mark II ribbon growth facility from V-shaped dies coated with CVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. The most significant result was the ability to perform five consecutive growth runs from the same die without mechanical degradation of the die through temperature cycling. The die was made from vitreous carbon coated with CVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. Silicon oxynitride, Si/sub 2/N/sub 2/O, was examined with respect to thermal stability in contact with molten silicon. The results of x-ray analysis indicate that this material is converted to both ..cap alpha..- and ..beta..-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ in the presence of molten silicon. The latter phase is the dominant phase. Experiments on the stability of CVD SiO/sub x/N/sub y/ show that this material can be maintained in contact with molten silicon (sessile drop test) for greater than 30 h at 1450/sup 0/C without total decomposition. These layers are converted mainly to ..beta..-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. The fabrication of coated EFG-type dies is proving difficult because of thermal expansion mismatch between layer and substrate and instability of substrate materials at high temperature. Self-supporting CVD dies have been prepared on silicon substrates but the wall thickness is not greater than about 50 ..mu..m. …

Policy measures which could be part of a Federal program to encourage energy conservation in renter-occupied housing are discussed. The report summarizes data on the renter-occupied housing stock and energy consumption specific to structure type, functional use, fuel type, and region. Energy conservation opportunities and factors which impede the realization of those opportunities are identified. Incentives and programs are suggested that could reduce energy consumption in rented housing. A number of issues of programmatic significance, considering several concepts which could form the basis for demonstration programs under Section 509 of ECPA, are discussed. The potential costs and benefits of a national program stemming from the demonstration efforts are discussed. (MCW)

Research was conducted on photosensitizers for the norbornadiene to quadricyclene conversion.

The research discussed in this report was performed at the University of Oklahoma during the period January 1, 1978 through December 31, 1978. Efforts were directed to the following tasks: (1) documentation of the GEO4 cycle simulator, (2) modification of GEO4 for fixed heat transfer area, (3) initial comparisons of mixture and pure fluid cascade cycles, (4) development of guidelines for working fluid selection for single boiler cycles, (5) continued evaluation of mixtures as working fluids, (6) specification of commercial isobutane composition requirements for isobutane cycles, (7) identification of working fluid thermophysical property data needs, (8) working fluid thermophysical property correlation and presentation of properties information, (9) effects of using different isobutane thermodynamic correlation parameters in single boiler cycle calculations. Some of the conclusions from this research are: (1) mixture dual boiler cascade cycles can be designed to yield approximately as much work per unit mass of brine as pure fluid triple boiler cascade cycles, indicating mixture cascade cycles are attractive when high brine utilization of low temperature georesources is desired, (2) the specifications by suppliers of a number of presently available commercial isobutanes will perform to yield net plant power for 300 F georesource cycles within one percent of …

This report describes the results of a 1-year program to develop the processes required for low-energy ion implantation for the automated production of silicon solar cells. The program included (1) demonstrating state-of-the-art ion implantation equipment and designing an automated ion implanter, (2) making efforts to improve the performance of ion-implanted solar cells to 16.5 percent AM1, (3) developing a model of the pulse annealing process used in solar cell production, and (4) preparing an economic analysis of the process costs of ion implantation. During the program, phosphorus ions at an energy of 10 keV and dose of 2 x 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ were implanted in silicon solar cells to produce junctions, while boron ions at 25 keV and 5 x 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ were implanted in the cells to produce effective back surface fields. An ion implantation facility with a beam current up to 4 mA and a production throughput of 300 wafers per hour was designed and installed. A design was prepared for a 100-mA, automated implanter with a production capacity of 100 MW/sub e/ per year. A Solar Array Manufacturing Industry Costing Standards (SAMICS) economic analysis of the automated process steps of ion implantation and pulse …

This report addresses a differentially-pumped low-energy ion-beam system for an ultra high vacuum atom-probe field ion microscope.

Mold heating and cooling control using metal temperature feedback was unsuccessful when conventional control strategies were used. Special digital control algorithms, developed to effect mold temperature control, were formulated by using empirical mold and fluid loop dynamic models in conjunction with Z transforms to arrive at a controller configuration.

A matrix is produced showing the direct purchase of all energy (in Btus) by each of 90 consuming sectors covering the U.S. economy for the year 1971. Energy purchases are divided into five major types: coal, crude oil, refined petroleum, utility gas, and electricity. This 5 x 90 matrix is produced from data in the National Energy Accounts and is essentially consistent with Input-Output Sector definitions from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.

The structure of depleted zones (DZs) created by the in-situ irradiation of tungsten specimens, at 10 K, with 30 keV W+, Mo+ or Cr+ ions has been studied by field-ion microscopy. As the mass of the 30 keV ions was decreased the following observations were made: (1) the sppatial extent of the DZs increased; (2) the vacancy concentration within the DZs decreased; (3) he fraction of isolated monovacancies increased; and (4) subcascades formed within the DZs.

This report presents an inventory of energy-related training programs being offered within United States Educational Institutions that might meet the training needs of less developed countries. Training programs in the energy area include the areas of energy resources, energy planning and analysis, the development and utilization of different energy technologies including renewable sources, and engineering.