Sensitivity of an orthophosphoric acid, a polyphosphoric acid, and an iron (III) chloride etchant to variations in process conditions was examined to determine the potential production application of the etchant system in the photolithographic fabrication of pure aluminum circuits. The effects of changes in temperature, orthophosphoric acid concentration, polyphosphoric acid concentration, iron (III) chloride concentration and dissolved aluminum concentration on etched circuit quality and etch rate were examined. The etchant system allows reasonable variation in preparation and circuit processing without drastically affecting the etched circuit quality. Control of the etchant can be maintained over a broad range of temperatures and compositions. 14 figures, 1 table.

Two H-Coal bench-scale liquefaction tests were performed to compare the hydroliquefaction behavior of two Kentucky No. 11 coals from the same mine: a run-of-mine coal with 17.49 W % ash and a deep-cleaned coal with 6.21 W % ash. The tests were conducted using a syncrude mode of operation. The deep-cleaned coal exhibited greater coal conversion and greater residual oil yield than the run-of-mine coal. On a dry coal basis, the deep-cleansed coal yielded approximately 19% more C/sub 4/ to 975/sup 0/F distillate than the run-of-mine coal. The process requirement of a pumpable vacuum still bottoms product would result in a 10% higher C/sub 4/ to 975/sup 0/F yield from the deep-cleaned coal than from the run-of-mine coal in a commercial H-Coal plant.

A best-estimate transient containment code, BEACON, is being developed by EG and G Idaho, Inc. for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's reactor safety research program. This is an advanced, two-dimensional fluid flow code designed to predict temperatures and pressures in a dry PWR containment during a hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident. The most recent version of the code, MOD2A, is presently in the final stages of production prior to being released to the National Energy Software Center. As part of the final code checkout, seven sample problems were selected to be run with BEACON/MOD2A.

The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the institutional problems involved in the use of coal-fueled cogeneration. The viewpoints of industry, utilities, and government were probed extensively through indepth confidential interviews. To provide a real-life basis for this investigation, two existing industrial sites in the Gulf Coast area were studied. The projected effects of the installation of coal-burning cogeneration plants supplying steam and electricity to several industries, replacing existing oil and gas burning boilers, were studied for each site. This report provides insights into the overall institutional problem that will be useful at other locations. It covers the regulatory, economic, financial, engineering, operating, contractual, and corporate relations aspects of cogeneration. It concludes with suggestions for future action by the Federal government, state governments, industries, and utilities that should be helpful in removing the institutional constraints that are retarding cogeneration installations and the use of coal.

By utilizing a singly phased external ring structure, the existence of the cold low frequency resonance cone is verified for ..omega.. < ..cap omega../sub i/ and ..omega../k/sub parallel parallel/ > V/sub Te/. Then with a slow wave structure, the dispersion relations of the cold electrostatic ion cyclotron waves are measured in both single and two-ion-species plasmas. In a two-ion-species plasma, a resonance near the ion-ion hybrid frequency is observed.

Differential cross sections I (THETA) at several collision energies measured in crossed molecular beam experiments are reported for several combinations of halogen atoms (/sup 2/P) scattered off rare gas-rare gas atoms (/sup 1/S/sub 0/), namely, F + Ne, F + Ar, F + Kr, F + Xe, C1 + Xe. The scattering is described by an elastic model appropriate to Hund's case c coupling. With the use of this model, the X 1/2, I 3/2, and II 1/2 interaction potential energy curves are derived by fitting calculated differential cross sections, based on analytic representations of the potentials, to the data. The F - Xe X 1/2 potential shows a significant bonding qualitatively different than for the other F-rare gases. The I 3/2 and II 1/2 potentials closely resemble the van der Waals interactions of the one electron richer ground state rare gas-rare gas systems. Coupled-channel scattering calculations are carried out for F + Ar, F + Xe, and C1 + Xe using the realistic potential curves derived earlier. The results justify the use of the elastic model, and give additional information on intramultiplet and intermultiplet transitions. The transitions are found to be governed by the crossing of the two ..cap …

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. This report presents data on the combustion characteristics of Douglas Fir planer shavings. The data were obtained in a pilot scale combustion test facility at Oregon State Univerisity. Other technical reports present data on the combustion characteristics of: Douglas Fir bark, Red Alder sawdust, Red Alder bark, Ponderosa pine bark, Hemlock bark, and Eastern White Pine bark. An executive summary report is also available which compares the combustion characteristics of the various fuel species.

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of eastern white pine bark mixed with Douglas fir planer shavings.

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of hemlock bark. The data were obtained in a pilot scale combustion test facility at Oregon State University.

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of Ponderosa Pine bark. The data were obtained in a pilot scale combustion test facility at Oregon State University.

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in he combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of red alder bark.

Significant quantities of wood resdiue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of red alder sawdust.

A summary of two reports, COO/4120-1 and COO/4120-2, is given. A comparative analysis was made of the Quality Assurance practices related to the structural concrete phase on nine nuclear and three fossil fuel power plant projects which are (or have been) under construction in the United States in the past ten years. For the nuclear projects the analysis identified the response of each Quality Assurance program to the applicable criteria of 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix B as well as to the pertinent regulatory requirements and industry standards. For the fossil projects the analysis identified the response of each Quality Assurance program to criteria similar to those which were applicable in the nuclear situation. The major emphasis was placed on the construction aspects of the structural concrete phase of each project. The engineering and design aspects were examined whenever they interfaced with the construction aspects.

This analysis is concerned with the impact of energy-policy measures on the level, growth, and structure of the US economy. In particular, the nature and magnitude of the causal relationship between variations in the prices of various energy forms and economic performance, as measured by real gross national product (GNP), is studied. The combined Brookhaven National Laboratory/Dale W. Jorgenson Associates (BNL/DHA) energy-economy model system is used to determine the economic effects of three energy-price futures combined with an invariant set of energy policies. The price alternatives are intended to characterize the uncertainty that exists in the policy-planning environment. In addition, the results are compared to those obtained from another DOE-sponsored analysis which used the Data Resources, Incorporated (DRI) quarterly macroeconomic model to assess the effects of these same three cases. Significant numerical differences in the results from these modeling systems are observed and are attributed to structural differences between the two methodologies. The methodological issues emerging from this comparison have important policy implications which are independent of the specific numerical conclusions. Since it is uncertain which, if either, of the models is correct, the use of one for policy analysis entails the risk that policy will be predicated on inaccurate …

Our major research efforts have been on the mutagenicity of certain ICR-compounds and on studies in environmental mutagenesis. From a comparison of the mutagenicity of 16 ICR-compounds, we concluded that Neurospora crassa is a better predictor than Salmonella typhimurium of antitumor and carcinogenic potencies in mice. Streptonigrin induced a high frequency (25%) of multilocus deletions at the ad-3 region of N. crassa. Most of the water concentrates prepared from Lake Bloomington, IL were weakly mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test; one concentrate was highly mutagenic in strain TA100. Chemical analysis of the highly mutagenic concentrate revealed the presence of a number of organic compounds that were absent or very low in the weakly mutagenic concentrates. Cigarette smoke condensate and certain factions of the condensate were mutagenic in N. crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster. In D. melanogaster, cigarette smoke also was mutagenic. In N. crassa, cigarette smoke condensate appeared to be direct acting. Sodium azide was not mutagenic in N. crassa at pH values of 3 to 8, and there were no significant differences in the induced reversion frequencies over this pH range in S. typhimurium.

Ion-backscattering, ion-channeling, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study a series of ion implanted silicon samples that were annealed with either a pulsed laser or a pulsed electron beam. Single crystal ((001) orientation) silicon samples were implanted with either 35 or 100 keV /sup 75/As/sup +/ to a dose of approx. 1 x 10/sup 16/ As/cm/sup 2/ and subsequently annealed with either a Q-switched pulsed Ruby laser or the electron beam generator. A series of energy densities was used in both cases to optimize results. It was determined from backscattering that the as-implanted profiles were redistributed in essentially the same manner for both types of anneals, indicating that melting and rapid recrystallization has occurred. For the 35 keV /sup 75/As/sup +/ implanted samples the two techniques produced equivalent anneals with no remaining damage as indicated by channeling and TEM. However, for the 100 keV implants the anneal was not uniform across the sample in the electron beam case and the channeling minimum yields for the major axes ((110), (111), and (100)) were higher than the laser annealed results. In both cases, the As substitutionality (97 to 99%) and minimum yields are better than results obtained from conventional thermal …

Half-sib progeny from two sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) mother trees endomycorrhizal with Glomus etunicatus and G. mosseae were grown in the Forest Service's experimental nursery located near Athens, Georgia, and outplanted on SRP, at Aiken, South Carolina, in late February 1978. Sludge and fertilizer treatments were applied to the plots several weeks prior to planting. Nutrient equivalence to the 1/4'' sludge standard was approximated with the addition of diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and hydrated lime. Two soil moisture lysimeters (one at an effective sampling depth of 38'' and one at 10'') were installed in the middle of each plot after planting of seedlings to follow nutrient cycling on site. Soil moisture will be monitored monthly during the growing season and nitrogen equivalence among the sludge and fertilizer treatments will be maintained by adding ammonium nitrate to half of the fertilizer plots when such adjustments are needed as determined in the laboratory. A first-year progress report will be prepared after field data is collected in December 1978.

High-level liquid nuclear wastes produced at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) was converted to a dry calcine powder. The feasibility of converting this calcine to a durable waste glass is being evaluated at ICPP. Candidate waste glass compositions were developed and plans were made to construct and operate a laboratory electric glass melter at INEL. The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) examined the electric melter processing characteristics of two Idaho developed waste glasses, ICPP Zr-13 and ICPP Zr-51. This preliminary evaluation found both borosilicate glasses acceptable candidates for electric melting trials. The high temperature resistivity, viscosity, and corrosion behaviors are consistent with PNL melting experience. The ICPP calcine characteristics, waste glass volatility, and waste glass devitrification behavior have not been previously encountered at PNL. Several melter operation and design options are available to deal with all of these conditions. Additional work in three basic areas is, however, suggested for the final candidate waste glass composition: volatility - species identification; corrosion behavior of electrodes at operating temperatures; and means of improving melting rates and glass homogeneity. Reducing the devitrification tendency of the candidate waste glass will significantly improve the stability and control of an electric glass melting process.

A computer aided failure analysis (CAFA) system was developed to troubleshoot defects in electronic assemblies. Through a question and answer procedure, the system provides step-by-step corrections to guide a troubleshooter to the fault location. A diagnostic logic routine has been established for one product and the software necessary to store and implement the routine has been developed. The TSO terminal has been installed and the completed system is functional. A visual aid catalog has been developed for the current CAFA routine.

Materials measurement and inventory verification concepts for safeguarding large critical facilities are presented. Inspection strategies and methods for applying international safeguards to such facilities are proposed. The conceptual approach to routine inventory verification includes frequent visits to the facility by one inspector, and the use of seals and nondestructive assay (NDA) measurements to verify the portion of the inventory maintained in vault storage. Periodic verification of the reactor inventory is accomplished by sampling and NDA measurement of in-core fuel elements combined with measurements of integral reactivity and related reactor parameters that are sensitive to the total fissile inventory. A combination of statistical sampling and NDA verification with measurements of reactor parameters is more effective than either technique used by itself. Special procedures for assessment and verification for abnormal safeguards conditions are also considered. When the inspection strategies and inventory verification methods are combined with strict containment and surveillance methods, they provide a high degree of assurance that any clandestine attempt to divert a significant quantity of fissile material from a critical facility inventory will be detected. Field testing of specific hardware systems and procedures to determine their sensitivity, reliability, and operational acceptability is recommended. 50 figures, 21 tables.

The flexibility of the fusion hydrib reactor to function as a fuel production facility, power plant, waste disposal burner or combinations of all of these, as well as the reactor's ability to use proliferation resistant fuel cycles, has provided the incentive to assess the feasibility of a near-term demonstration plant. The goals for a Demonstration Tokamak Hybrid Reactor (DTHR) were established and an initial conceptual design was selected. Reactor performance and economics were evaluated and key developmental issues were assessed. The study has shown that a DTHR is feasible in the late 1980's, a significant quantity of fissile fuel could be produced from fertile thorium using present day fission reactor blanket technology, and a large number of commercially prototypical components and systems could be developed and operationally verified. The DTHR concept would not only serve as proof-of-principle for hybrid technology, but could be operated in the ignited mode and provide major advancements for pure fusion technology.

A shipping cask uniquely designed to transport solidified high-level wastes (SHLW) from a reprocessing plant to a federal repository has not yet been developed. The amount of material that would be transported and the anticipated characteristics of the SHLW suggest that rail casks will be favored for this transportation because of cost and logistic considerations. The document presents the results of a study to develop a conceptual design for a rail cask for transporting SHLW and to construct scale models of the conceptual cask with accompanying graphics for use at technical meetings and in public information displays. Two 1/10 scale models of the conceptual cask and two H0 gauge (1/87 scale) models of the cask/railcar system have been constructed. A description of the models and accompanying graphics is presented in Appendix A.

This study provides an evaluation of the feasibility of constructing either steel or concrete OTEC platforms of both spar and ship shape configurations for a range of platform sizes with respect to existing, developed shipyard or fabrication yard facilities that are currently active in marine vessel construction within the US. This brief study is quite broad in scope. Many parameters, including plant size; vessel type, size, configuration, and dimensions; position of heat exchangers; existing construction facility size, geographic location, and potential for modification; and, availability of undeveloped deep water construction sites affect the conclusions drawn. Nevertheless, the conclusions should remain valid and not change significantly, unless there are major changes in either vessel size or US construction capabilities. The various concepts are ranked in order of their feasibility and practicality of construction in existing or modified existing facilities and new facilities.

Radiation fields created by the production of /sup 7/Be in lithium of the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility can be sufficiently high to prevent contact maintenance of system components. Preliminary experiments have shown that /sup 7/Be will adhere strongly to the FMIT piping and components and a good control method for /sup 7/Be must be developed. The initial experiments have been conducted in static stainless steel capsules and a Modified Thermal Convection Loop (MTCL). The average lithium film thickness on stainless steel was found to be 11 ..mu..m in the temperature range 495/sup 0/ to 571/sup 0/K from the capsule experiments. The diffusion coefficient for /sup 7/Be in stainless steel at 543/sup 0/K was calculated to be 5.31 x 10/sup -15/ cm/sup 2//sec. The cold leg of the MTCL picked up much of the /sup 7/Be activity released into the loop. The diffusion trap, located in the cold leg of the MTCL, was ineffective in removing /sup 7/Be from lithium, at the very slow flow rates (&lt; 3.79 x 10/sup -4/ m/sup 3//s) used in the MTCL. Pure iron has been shown to be superior to coblat and nickel as a getter material for /sup 7/Be.