A suitability of 6 packing materials for removal of sodium fire aerosols in a wet cell scrubber was evaluated experimentally by measuring the efficiency and flow resistance of two 10.2 cm deep cells in series at air face velocities of 185 and 289 cm/sec, water flow rates of 0.210 ad 0.387 cm/sup 3//sec/cm/sup 2/, with and without aerosol prehumidification. The most satisfactory material was found to be 50 ..mu..m diameter stainless steel fibers at a packing density of 30 kg/m/sup 3/ (porosity = 0.99). Two 10.2 cm deep cells in series gave a removal efficiency of 85% for typical sodium fire aerosols at a face velocity of 289 cm/sec. Measurement of efficency as a function of particle size indicated a reduction in efficiency in the 0.4 to 1.1 ..mu..m size range for all packing materials.

Projections indicate that MJ/MW laser systems, operating with efficiencies in escess of 1 percent, are required to drive laser fusion power reactors. Moreover, a premium in pellet performance is anticipated as the wavelength of the driver laser system is decreased. Short wavelength laser systems based on atomic selenium (lambda = 0.49..mu..), terbium molcular vapors (0.55..mu..), thulium doped dielectric solids (0.46..mu..), and on pulse compressions of KrF excimer laser radiaton (0.27..mu..) have been proposed and studied for this purpose. The technological scalability and efficiency of each of these systems is examined in this paper. All of these systems are projected to meet minimum systems requirements. Amont them, the pulse-compressed KrF system is projected to have the highest potential efficiency (6%) and the widest range of systems design options.

This report summarized studies performed since the last workshop meeting. The studies have been divided into four sections: (1) the relative response of Hankins-type albedo-neutron dosimeters made of cadmium and boron; (2) the effect of distance from the body on the response of albedo-neutron dosimeters; (3) the use of the ratio of the top to bottom TLDs to determine the calibration factor for albedo-neutron dosimeters; and (4) neutron survey at a power reactor and at a neutron radiography facility.

Seven chapters are included. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the Alfven wave and describe its linear properties in a homogeneous medium. Chapters 3 and 4 cover the effects of inhomogeneities on these linear properties. Particular emphasis is placed on the appearance of a continuum spectrum and the associated absorption of the Alfven wave which arise due to the inhomogeneity. The explanation of the physical origin of absorption is given using kinetic theory. Chapter 5 is devoted to the associated plasma instabilities. Nonlinear effects discussed in Chapter 6 include quasilinear diffusion, decay, a solitary wave, and a modulational instability. The principles of Alfven wave heating, a design example and present-day experimental results are described in Chapter 7.

The significant economic data for the current production multiblade wafering and inner diameter slicing processes were tabulated and compared to data on the experimental and projected Varian multiblade slurry, STC ID diamond coated blade, Yasunaga multiwire slurry and Crystal Systems fixed abrasive multiwire slicing methods. Cost calculations were performed for current production processes and for 1982 and 1986 projected wafering techniques.

A generalized Eulerian method is described for analyzing the fluid transients and the structural response in nuclear reactors under the postulated accident conditions. The phenomena considered are the wave propagation, slug impact, sodium spillage, bubble migration, and the fluid-structure interaction. The basic equations and numerical formulation are presented in detail. Sample calculations are given to illustrate the analysis. It is shown from the results that the implicit, iterative method used is unconditionally stable and is especially suitable for problems involving large material distortions.

The main points, conclusions, products, and recommendations of this project are outlined briefly. (MHR)

Derivation of the governing equation, including temperature effects, is given where the permeability-viscosity ratio is assumed to be an arbitrary function of r{sup 2}t. This function is represented by a Fermi-Dirac function, whose parameters are determined based upon physical considerations. The solution for the pressure change is analytic except for the final step, where a numerical integration is called for. The results and implications of the calculations are discussed. Summary and concluding remarks are presented.

Angular distributions of the analyzing powers, A/sub y/, A/sub xx/, A/sub yy/, and A/sub xz/ were measured and tabulated for the /sup 2/H(vector d,p)/sup 3/H reaction at deuteron lab energies of 13.39 and 17.00 MeV, and have observed that these distributions are not of the shapes expected for a simple direct-neutron-transfer reaction mechanism. Also measured and tabulated were the same four analyzing powers for both the /sup 2/H(vector d,p)/sup 3/H reaction and its charge-symmetric partner /sup 2/H(vector d,n)/sup 3/He at deuteron lab energies of 15.50 and 17.00 MeV in the c.m. angular range 80 to 130/sup 0/. These latter data were obtained by simultaneous detection of the tritons and/sup 3/He particles. No appreciable differences in the respective analyzing powers for the two reactions were observed, which is in cntrast to published work of others at lower energies. 17 references.

Data are presented from the radioanalysis of tissues collected from cattle and mule deer, desert bighorn sheep, feral horses, and other wildlife that resided on or near the Nevada Test Site during 1976. Other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected infrequently with the exception of /sup 131/I in animal thyroid samples collected after September 25 (the date of a Chinese nuclear test). Strontium-90 concentrations in bones from deer, cattle, and desert bighorn sheep continued the downward trend of recent years. Tritium concentrations were generally within ambient limits with the exception of animals exposed to sources of contamination; e.g., Sedan Crater, drainage ponds from Area 12 tunnels, etc. Analysis of actinide in tissues was emphasized during 1976. Graphs illustrate the /sup 239/P levels in lungs, livers, and femurs from Nevada Test Site beef cattle for the years 1971 through 1976. Femur and lung residue data are nearly identical for each year with liver concentrations being a factor of 2 or 3 lower. Hypothetical dose estimates to man were calculated on the basis of the daily consumption of 0.5 kilogram of liver or muscle from animals that contained peak actinide levels. The highest postulated dose was 11 millirem from …

The APORT computer code was developed to apportion variables tabulated for polygon-structured civil districts onto cells of a polar grid. The apportionment is based on fractional overlap between the polygon and the grid cells. Centering the origin of the polar system at a pollutant source site yields results that are very useful for assessing and interpreting the effects of airborne pollutant dissemination. The APOPLT graphics code, which uses the same data set as APORT, provides a convenient visual display of the polygon structure and the extent of the polar grid. The APORT/APOPLT methodology was verified by application to county summaries of cattle population for counties surrounding the Oyster Creek, New Jersey, nuclear power plant. These numerical results, which were obtained using approximately 2-min computer time on an IBM System 360/91 computer, compare favorably to results of manual computations in both speed and accuracy.

An apparatus consisting of a vacuum ultramicrobalance and optical equipment for measuring transmittance and front surface reflectance of thin films from 400 to 800 nm is described. Thin films formed on substrates by thermal or reactive evaporation can be heated in reactive gases of different compositions and pressures. As the chemical composition of the film changes, the optical changes in the film can be monitored simultaneously using computerized data collection, control, and analysis. Representative results obtained for the preparation of a Cu/sub 1/ /sub 63/S film on a sapphire substrate and its reaction with oxygen are presented along with ion scattering profiles, SEM, and structural data taken after the film was removed from the microbalance.

The application of the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) methodology to the long-term assessment of operating releases from the nuclear power industry was investigated. Gaussian calculations had been previously compared with MATHEW/ADPIC calculations for a simulated 24-hr release in the Hudson River Valley and an area in the southeast. Considerable differences were noted in the comparisons, which were attributed to the more realistic simulation of the time and space varying wind fields by the MATHEW/ADPIC computer codes.

Possible impacts of an 800-MW coal-fired power plant to be built near Atikokan, Ontario were evaluated. It is feared that the emissions of SO/sub 2/ will lead to the deposition of sulfuric acid and result in the acidification of freshwaters in nearby parks and wilderness areas. The most obvious biological effects of acidification are damages to populations of fish. Less conspicuous but no less severe damages also occur to other organisms. It appears that all trophic levels are affected: species numbers are reduced, biomasses are altered, and primary production and decomposition are impaired. Field experiments and laboratory experiments indicate that microbial activity is reduced and that the recycling of materials is greatly impeded at low pH. This may interfere with nutrient supplies to plants and decrease the microbial biomass available to higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton densities decrease in acidified lakes and there is a reduction in some species of macrophytes. On the other hand, Sphagnum and benthic filamentous algae greatly increase in acidified conditions. The total primary productivity of lakes and streams may actually increase because of such dense growths on the bottom. Zooplankton and benthic invertebrate communities become less complex as acidity increases. This may in part be due …

This study involved an assessment of the potential economic benefit of small solar thermal electric power systems to small municipal and rural electric utilities. Five different solar thermal small power system configurations were considered in the study representing three different solar thermal technologies. The configurations included: (1) 1-MW, 2-MW, and 10-MW parabolic dish concentrators with a 15-kW heat engine mounted at the focal point of each dish. These systems utilized advanced battery energy storage. (2) A 10-MW system with variable slat concentrators and central steam Rankine energy conversion. This system utilized sensible thermal energy storage. (3) A 50-MW central receiver system consisting of a field of heliostats concentrating energy on a tower-mounted receiver and a central steam Rankine conversion system. This system also utilized sensible thermal storage. The approach used in determining the potential for solar thermal small power systems in the small utility market involved a comparison of the economics of power supply expansion plans for seven hypothetical small utilities through the year 2000 both with and without the solar thermal small power systems. Insolation typical of the Southwestern US was assumed. A comparison of the break-even capital costs with the range of plant costs estimated in this study …

Based on shipping assumptions and the current accident rate of 2.5 x 10/sup -6/ per mile, it is estimated that gasoline tank trucks will be involved in 1,781 accidents in 1980, and that 110 of the accidents (about one in 15) will result in a release of 3,000 gallons of gasoline or more from the tank truck. About one in four of the releases are expected to result in a large fire. The estimated number of fatalities from the gasoline releases in 1980 is 29, with 12 of these fatalities being drivers of gasoline tank trucks, and the other 17 being occupants of other vehicles involved in the accident. Fatalities of other members of the public were found to occur infrequently. An additional 26 persons are expected to be fatally injured from the accident forces, regardless of the hazardous nature of the cargo. These total fatality figures (55) were compared to the prediction of 43 deaths of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety.

The assessment includes the risks from release of spent fuel materials and radioactive cask cavity cooling water due to transportation accidents. The contribution to the risk of package misclosure and degradation during normal transport was also considered. The results of the risk assessment have been related to a time in the mid-1980's, when it is projected that nuclear plants with an electrical generating capacity of 100 GW will be operating in the U.S. For shipments from reactors to interim storage facilities, it is estimated that a truck carrying spent fuel will be involved in an accident that would not be severe enough to result in a release of spent fuel material about once in 1.1 years. It was estimated that an accident that could result in a small release of radioactive material (primarily contaminated cooling water) would occur once in about 40 years. The frequency of an accident resulting in one or more latent cancer fatalities from release of radioactive materials during a truck shipment of spent fuel to interim storage was estimated to be once in 41,000 years. No accidents were found that would result in acute fatalities from releases of radioactive material. The risk for spent fuel shipments …

SRI International has investigated the application of radiotracer photographic image enhancement (PIE) techniques to increase the photographic speed of three Polaroid Films. SRI has a state-of-the art capability in the field of nondestructive photographic image enhancement of original negatives. These procedures have successfully increased optical density, contrast, and resolution of photographic imagery, and thereby increased the information derivable from original negatives.

A high precision measurement of the momentum dependence of backward K/sup -/p elastic scattering from 476 to 1077 MeV/c incident momentum was performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Altrnating Gradient Synchrotron. With the same apparatus the 0/sup 0/ production of pions in the reaction K/sup -/p ..-->.. ..sigma../sup -/..pi../sup +/ and K/sup +/p backward elastic scattering was also measured. Preliminary cross sections are presented for K/sup -/p backward elastic scattering and 0/sup 0/ ..sigma../sup -/..pi../sup +/ production.

Four perimeter barriers and their design, construction, costs, and delay effectiveness are discussed. The barriers, designed to prevent easy intrusion to a facility, are attacked by prepared personnel using simple to complex breaching and bridging aids. Penetration by a light vehicle is also attempted. Resultant penetration times confirm the difficulty in delaying intruders for long periods of time even when barbed tapes are used. The installation of a vehicle barrier complicates personnel penetration attempts and forces the adversary to carry breaching or bridging aids on foot. Bridging methods, although highly visible, allow intruders to quickly and easily cross most types of perimeter barriers and possibly electronic detection systems. Most arrays tested offer some penetration delay improvement over standard or enhanced security fences. 22 figures.

Projections of charged particle beam current density have been used for many years as a measure of beam position and size. The conventional practice of obtaining only two projections, usually in the horizontal and vertical planes, puts a severe limit on the detail that can be recovered from the projections. A third projection provides sufficient improvement to justify the addition of a wire to the conventional wire scanner in certain cases. A group of programs using algebraic reconstruction techniques was written to reconstruct beam current density from beam projections obtained at three or more specific or arbitrary angles around the beam. A generalized program, which makes use of arbitrary 2 x 2 transfer matrices between projections, can be used to reconstruct transverse or longitudinal emittance from appropriate projections. Reconstruction examples of beam current density and transverse and longitudinal emittance using experimental data from the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) accelerator beam are given.

Due to flashover problems, Austin Research Associates, Inc. may be forced to perform its proof-of-principle autoresonant collective ion acceleration experiment at electron beam parameters of 2.25 MeV and 15 kA rather than the intended 3.0 MeV and 30 kA. We show that the original experimental goals still can be achieved provided the beam radius is reduced by a factor of two and a thinner anode foil is employed. More generally, our parameter study suggests that operating with beams of smaller radii improves cyclotron wave behavior during beam adiabatic compression or expansion.

The crude venom of the Formosan banded krait, Bungarus multicinctus, was separated into eleven lethal protein fractions. Nine fractions were purified to final homogeneous toxins, designated ..cap alpha..-bungarotoxin, ..beta..-bungarotoxin, and toxins 7, 8, 9A, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Three of the toxins, ..cap alpha..-bungarotoxin, 7, and 8, were identified as post-synaptic curarimimetic neurotoxins. The remaining toxins were identified as pre-synaptic neurotoxins. ..cap alpha..-Bungarotoxin, toxin 7, and toxin 8 are all highly stable basic polypeptides of approx. 8000 daltons molecular weight. The pre-synaptic toxins fell into two structural groups: toxin 9A and 14 which were single basic chains of approx. 14,000 daltons, and ..beta..-bungarotoxin, and toxins 11 thru 13 which were composed of two chains of approx. 8000 and approx. 13,000 daltons covalently linked by disulfides. All the pre-synaptic neurotoxins were shown to have intrinsic calcium-dependent phospholipase A activities. Under certain conditions, intact synaptic membranes were hydrolyzed more rapidly than protein-free extracted synaptic-lipid liposomes which, in turn, were hydrolyzed more rapidly than any other tested liposomes. It was speculated that cell-surface arrays of phosphatidyl serine/glycolipids created high affinity target sites for ..beta..-bungarotoxin. Single-chain toxins were found to be qualitatively different from the two-chain toxins in their ability to block the …

This document establishes requirements for performance of terrestrial solar cell modules intented for use in various test applications typically characterized as Intermediate Load Centers. During the 1979--1980 time period, such applications are expected to be in the 20 kilowatt to 500 kilowatt size range. In general, modules satisfying these requirements will have the following design features and characteristics: (1) 15.0 Vdc nominal operating voltage; (2) ability to be series connected to operating voltages of 500 Vdc; (3) nominal length of 1.2 m; (4) width from 0.2 m to 1.2 m in 20-mm increments; (5) output power rated at the Standard Operating Conditions; and (6) flat plate configuration (non-concentrating). In addition to module design and performance requirements, a series of characterization and qualification tests necessary to certify the module design for production, and the necessary performance tests for acceptance of modules are also specified.