The effects of the angular range of data taking in reconstructions in planar positron cameras using the deconvolution method and the matrix method, respectively, are investigated. It is found that in the absence of any a priori information there are undetermined components in the reconstruction if the field of view of the positron camera is limited. However, most of the undetermined components are recovered in the case in which the transverse spacing of the object is discrete, and all of them are recovered if the fact that the object extent is finite is utilized. It is concluded that the two reconstruction methods are mathematically equivalent. The results obtained can be applied to other transmission and emission imaging devices.

A 2000-ft/sup 2/ single-family residence was constructed during the second quarter of 1976 to demonstrate the energy-conserving features of additional insulation, a ventilation cooling cycle, and the Annual Cycle Energy System (ACES). The ACES is an integrated heating and cooling system that supplies space heating, hot water, and space cooling using a heat pump and low-temperature thermal storage. Included in this report are a discussion of the construction techniques employed and the problems encountered during construction, a description of the ACES concept and the ACES mechanical package, and a discussion of the ACES performance and the experiences obtained during initial operation of the ACES. Continuous operation and data collection were begun in May 1977. Performance data from November 1977 through March 1978 have shown a seasonal heating coefficient of performance of 2.77 for the ACES, giving a 63% energy reduction compared to electric resistance space and water heating.

Unnecessary air infiltration (''draftiness'') in buildings can be a major cause for excessive energy consumption. A method for using sound to locate, for subsequent sealing, the openings of air infiltration leakage paths in buildings has been investigated. The results of pertinent analytical studies, laboratory experiments, and field applications of this acoustic-location method are reported; and a plan is provided to encourage national implementation of the method. Low-cost, readily available equipment and procedures are described whereby the average building contractor or homeowner can use acoustic leak location to pinpoint many of the air infiltration openings in a building.

The adsorption of various oxygen-containing gases on clean polycrystalline In has been studied. For the In-O/sub 2/ system, the relationship between N(E) areas and dN(E)/dE peak heights for the In MNN Auger transition was found to be linear. At saturation, an oxygen/indium ratio of 3/2 was measured, consistent with the formation of the stable oxide In/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Low coverage sticking coefficients were found to be approximately .014 for O/sub 2/, approximately .004 for H/sub 2/O, approximately 5 x 10/sup -5/ for CO, and approximately 2 x 10/sup -5/ for CO/sub 2/. In each case, chemical shifts and peak distortions in the N(E) and dN(E)/dE spectra have been measured for the gas-saturated In, the largest being approximately 3 eV for the MNN transition of O/sub 2/-saturated surface.

The objective of the work described was to evaluate the utility of the Prototype Air Leakage Test Set constructed for the United States Department of Energy under this contract, and to compare the air leakage data obtained by use of the Test Set to that obtained by use of three different, existing test equipments at three manufacturers of trailers and containers.

The collection, analysis, and review of existing data on a community's service requirements are documented. The research focused on the analysis of energy-using activities including both micro activities such as space heating, cooking, lighting, and transportation; and macro activities such as providing shelter, health care, education, etc. The technical report describes the analytical framework developed for community description; describes an indexing system by which a catalog of services can be accessed; illustrates the application of the data to an existing community; and provides ancillary information on data availability. A catalog of data is presented which includes several sets of indices which facilitate access of data using various keys. Abstracts of 48 data sources are analyzed. Each abstract includes a description and evaluation of the data, a sampling of that data, an assessment as to how that data may be applied to other analyses, and a reference where the user can secure additional data. (MCW)

A new contact microradiographic system for analyzing laser fusion targets with two-dimensional modeling and image-analysis techniques is described. This system, which uses a monochromatic x-ray source and Kodak High-Resolution Plate emulsion, is sensitive to spherical wall-thickness variations (eccentricities) as small as +- 200 A in hollow shells with a mean wall thickness of 1 ..mu..m. Measurements of wall thickness and of local and spherical wall-thickness variations by radiographic techniques, using two-dimensional video, digital image analysis, and optical interferometry, are compared. In addition, three digitizing systems are compared for converting the radiographic data to digital form.

The first portion of the report, from the Executive Summary (page 1) through the Schedule of Milestones (page 10), gives a general overview which highlights our progress and problems for the second year. The Task report portion of the text, written by individual task investigators, is designed primarily for scientists interested in technical details of the second year's work. The second portion of the report consists of appendices of data compiled by the principal investigators.

Studies of shales in the Appalachian area are reported (mainly in the form of abstracts of reports or manuscripts). They discuss the geology, lithology, stratigraphy, radioactivity, organic matter, the isotopic abundance of carbon and sulfur isotopes, etc. of shales in this area with maps. One report discusses Devonian paliocurrents in the central and northern Appalachian basin. Another discusses sedimentology of the Brallier Formation. The stratigraphy of upper Devonian shales along the southern shore of Lake Erie was also studied. (LTN)

Experimental research in high energy physics is summarized. A list of publications is included. (JFP)

A general review of national solar energy programs is provided. An executive summary and a brief history of the Federal solar energy program are presented. The issues and implications of the National Energy Plan that relate to solar energy development ae discussed. An overview is provided of the present Federal solar energy program, including the activities of several Federal agencies outside the Department of Energy. Some of the non-Federal solar energy programs ae reviewed, including international programs in which the U.S. has some role, programs of state and local governments, college and university programs, the work of private industry, and individual and small scale activities. A synposis of the major categories of solar technology is provided. Each chapter discusses a particular technology area and includes a basic technological description; a summary of the goals and activities of the Federal R and D program for the technology; significant events and development of the past year; and a brief overview of problems, uncertainties, and dissenting views. Three appendices include a synopsis of major energy events of 1977; a glossary of technical terms, abbreviations, and acronyms, and a table of conversion factors. (MHR)

A computer system to control and acquire data from one x-ray diffraction, five neutron scattering, and four neutron diffraction experiments located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory High Flux Beam Reactor has operated in a routine manner for over three years. The computer system is configured as a network of computer processors with the processor interconnections assuming a star-like structure. At the points of the star are the ten experiment control-data acquisition computers, referred to as application nodes. At the center of the star is a shared service node which supplies a set of shared services utilized by all of the application nodes. A program development node occupies one additional point of the star. The design and implementation of a network subsystem to support development and execution of operating systems for the application nodes is described. 6 figures, 1 table.

The potential impact of fire can be characterized by (I) the probability of ignition, (II) the probability distribution of fire growth as a function of time, and (III) the conditional probability distribution of losses given that a fire has broken out. The original ignition of unwanted fires has four principal causes of ignition: loss of control of wanted fire, arson, spontaneous combustion, and malfunction of equipment. Loss of control refers to ignitions which start with a planned or wanted ignition, but which, due to human error causing a sufficient heat transfer to the target fuel, results in unwanted spread. Malfunction refers to equipment failures such as overloaded electrical circuits or exploding heaters. A fault tree example based on the results of the National Household Fire Survey is constructed for the common situation of fire starting in a kitchen. The minimum cut sets of the fault tree are a listing of the possible fire scenarios to which probability of occurrence can be quantitatively assigned by using fire statistics from the field.

In the manufacture of cement, literally trillions of Btu's are rejected to the environment each year. The purpose of this feasibility study program was to determine whether thermal energy storage could be used to conserve or allow alternative uses of this rejected energy. This study identifies and quantifies the sources of rejected energy in the cement manufacturing process, establishes use of this energy, investigates various storage system concepts, and selects energy conservation systems for further study. Thermal performance and economic analyses are performed on candidate storage systems for four typical cement plants representing various methods of manufacturing cement. Through the use of thermal energy storage in conjunction with waste heat electric power generation units, an estimated 2.4 x 10/sup 13/ Btu/year, or an equivalent of 4.0 x 10/sup 6/ barrels of oil per year, can be conserved. Attractive rates of return on investment of the proposed systems are an incentive for further development.

Problems with excessive junction shunting previously reported were found to be associated with a malfunction discovered in one of the printers. Aluminum contamination of the front surface and junction edge were also identified as sources of shunting, as was damage to the tetrahedral peaks during handling of diffused wafers. Additional compositional variations of titania precipitated and baria--magnesia borosilicate glasses were prepared to improve fusion and maturation characteristics. An intensive effort was made to integrate the diffusion mask process into the process sequence. This attempt has been unsuccessful. All cells fabricated have had very low output attributable primarily to low shunt resistance. Alcoa 1401 and AMPAL (Atomized Metal Powder, Inc.) aluminum powders were tested as the base for making screen printing pastes for back surface P+ contacts. Time--temperature firing matrix experiments showed that optimum conditions were different for the two different pastes: 850/sup 0/C and 20 seconds for the paste based on Alcoa 1401 powder and 825/sup 0/C for 30 seconds for the paste based on the AMPAL powder. Additional peel strength data on protective coating materials were gathered. The effect of exposure to a swelling solvent on coating layers was added as a test of adhesive bonding to the substrate …

The Safeguards Effectiveness Assessment methodology was applied to the assessment of the Material Control and Accounting (MC and A) system. This document covers the creation of a representation of the MC and A system and potential adversary actions as a directed network (digraph), and the synthesis of a fault tree from the digraph. It is shown that the Lapp--Powers approach to constructing the digraph is not capable of handling the MC and A assessment problem. Software functional specifications are given. (DLC)

Versatile, portable, rugged, and compact test and control modules for use in the development and testing of detection equipment for high-energy physics experiments are frequently needed at SLAC. The basic system developed is based on an LSI-11 microcomputer with 24K RAM, 4K ROM, 2 serial interfaces (one to the console terminal, the other to the large SLAC IBM computer complex (the TRIPLEX)), a programable clock, and a CAMAC crate controller. Data logging support is provided for magnetic tape, floppy disk, and an interactive program (ACQUIRE) which runs on the TRIPLEX under the timesharing system ORVYL. Data are read from various CAMAC modules, collected, buffered, and optionally logged. At a lower priority, the data read are sampled and analyzed in real-time on the LSI-11 to produce various histograms and tables. Concurrently, a more extensive analysis can be performed by the TRIPLEX program on the data which are logged to it. Interactive facilities provided by the microcomputer operating system enable the user to change CAMAC module addresses and the function codes used with them, specify various data cuts and transformations that are to be performed on the sample data, and specify new histogram limits and titles. Results of the real-time analysis, by …

The purpose of the overall program is to establish technological readiness and provide verification for the elements of a manufacturing sequence which would ultimately be suitable for the large-scale production of silicon solar-array modules at a selling price of less than $500/kW. A program and process plan for accomplishing this objective was developed and put into operation during the first quarter. The processing sequence is described. Three junction-formation processes are under consideration; since our cost analysis shows that they do not differ greatly in cost, each should be considered for technical merits and possible future cost reduction. The progress made in the various process steps of the plan is described, and conclusions are presented. (WHK)

This manual describes and provides trouble-shooting aids for the Automatic Sample Changer electronics on the automatic beta counting system, developed by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Group CNC-11. The output of a gas detector is shaped by a preamplifier, then is coupled to an amplifier. Amplifier output is discriminated and is the input to a scaler. An identification number is associated with each sample. At a predetermined count length, the identification number, scaler data plus other information is punched out on a data card. The next sample to be counted is automatically selected. The beta counter uses the same electronics as the prior count did, the only difference being the sample identification number and sample itself. This manual is intended as a step-by-step aid in trouble-shooting the electronics associated with positioning the sample, counting the sample, and getting the needed data punched on an 80-column data card.

Local strain concentrations in nuclear fuel rods are known to be potential sites for failure initiation. Assessment of such strain concentrations requires a two-dimensional analysis of stress and strain in both the fuel and the cladding during pellet-cladding mechanical interaction. To provide such a capability in the FRAP (Fuel Rod Analysis Program) codes, the AXISYM code (a small finite element program developed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory) was modified to perform a detailed fuel rod deformation analysis. This report describes the modifications which were made to the AXISYM code to adapt it for fuel rod analysis and presents comparisons made between the two-dimensional AXISYM code and the FRACAS-II code. FRACAS-II is the one-dimensional (generalized plane strain) fuel rod mechanical deformation subcode used in the FRAP codes. Predictions of these two codes should be comparable away from the fuel pellet free ends if the state of deformation at the pellet midplane is near that of generalized plane strain. The excellent agreement obtained in these comparisons checks both the correctness of the AXISYM code modifications as well as the validity of the assumption of generalized plane strain upon which the FRACAS-II subcode is based.

The angular distribution of the avalanche around the anode wire in the gas proportional counter is determined by measuring the distribution of positive ions arriving on cathode strips surrounding the anode wire for each single event. The shape and width of the distribution depend on such factors as the gas gain, the anode diameter, the counting gas and the primary ionization density. Effects of these factors are studied systematically, and their importance for practical counter applications is discussed.

Distinctive mounds of till occur 100 to 240 meters above the present Columbia River along the western margins of the Pasco and Quincy basins. These mounds were formed by melting of grounded icebergs after inundation of the basins by the catastrophic glacial Lake Missoula flood(s). Most of the bergmounds are circular in plan and range in size from small clusters of erratics to mounds 50 meters in diameter and up to 4 meters high. The detritus is composed predominantly of granite, slate, argillite, quartzite, gneiss, and basalt, with grain size ranging from clay-size paticles to boulders up to 3 meters intermediate diameter. The pebbles and cobbles are glacially polished and fine-grained clasts are often striated. The bergmounds can be grouped into 4 classes on the basis of clast lithology. The most commonly occurring bergmounds are composed of 85 to 100 percent granitic debris. Bergmounds exhibiting mixed lithologies are also common. Less common are bergmounds composed of greater than 85 percent basalt and mounds composed predominantly of quartzite. The bergmounds occur in groups and are rarely found as isolated mounds. The elevation and distribution of bergmounds are related to fluvial currents and depths of the flood waters with iceberg grounding in …

Since the inception of the hypothesized transition phase, for the late stages of a postulated LMFBR accident, there has been a continual effort to characterize the anticipated conditions of such a hypothetical state. To date, several techniques and methods have been employed to analyze the potential for energetic criticality. As part of this effort, an arbitrary criterian of monotonical dispersiveness has been employed as the measure of diminished recriticality potential. The various attempts to demonstrate monotonic dispersiveness have included experimental demonstrations, theoretical approaches, and integrated analysis using both. As part of this treatment, flow regime maps have been devised as a convenient method for inferring the state of dispersiveness. They included bubbly, churn turbulent, foam and drop fluidized regimes. Of these, foam and drop fluidized regimes were considered the most dispersive. The main thrust of the analysis to date, including flow regime maps, relates primarily to the open pool configuration. However, the bottled configuration may be the pertinent geometry. To date, no reliable escape path has been demonstrated for the advanced stages of core disruption, although strong potential escape mechanisms have been identified and are currently being analyzed. The bottled pool is examined in this paper.

Core electron binding energies were measured for a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds using gas-phase X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The atomic charge distributions in these molecules are deduced from the binding energies, often leading to a better understanding of the bonding in these compounds. The XPS spectra of fifteen volatile tin compounds were recorded. The data suggest that the metal d orbitals are not significantly involved in the bonding. The oxygen ls XPS spectra of gaseous CH/sub 3/Mn(CO)/sub 5/, (..pi..-C/sub 5/H/sub 5/Fe(CO)/sub 2/)/sub 2/, and Co/sub 4/(CO)/sub 12/ can be readily resolved into separate peaks due to bridging and terminal carbonyl groups. The C ls spectrum of Fe(CO)/sub 5/ consists of a single symmetric peak. The carbonyl ligand core binding energies of transition-metal carbonyl complexes are sensitive to differences in the metal-to-CO ligand bonding. Both C ls and O ls carbonyl binding energies correlate well with average C-O stretching force constants or average C-O stretching frequencies. The metal and carbonyl binding energies in a series of pentacarbonylmanganese complexes LMn(CO)/sub 5/ are a good measure of the relative electronegativities of the ligands L. High-quality X-ray photoelectron spectra have been obtained for compounds dissolved in glycerin solutions, and aqueous solutions were …