An experimental study was undertaken to determine the droplet size distribution, the droplet spatial distribution and the mean droplet velocity in low-quality, steam-water flow from a rectangular cross-section, converging-diverging nozzle. A unique forward light scattering technique was developed for droplet size distribution measurements. Droplet spatial variations were investigated using light transmission measurements, and droplet velocities were measured with a laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) system incorporating a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer. Nozzle throat radius of curvature and height were varied to investigte their effects on droplet size. Droplet size distribution measurements yielded a nominal Sauter mean droplet diameter of 1.7 ..mu..m and a nominal mass-mean droplet diameter of 2.4 ..mu..m. Neither the throat radius of curvature nor the throat height were found to have a significant effect upon the nozzle exit droplet size. The light transmission and LDV measurement results confirmed both the droplet size measurements and demonstrated high spatial uniformity of the droplet phase within the nozzle jet flow. One-dimensional numerical calculations indicated that both the dynamic breakup (thermal equilibrium based on a critical Weber number of 6.0) and the boiling breakup (thermal nonequilibrium based on average droplet temperature) models predicted droplet diameters on the order of 7.5 ..mu..m, which are approximately …

This assessment of Economic Incentives to Wind Systems Commercialization is an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative impacts of a variety of Government funded economic incentives on Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The purpose of this study is to achieve better understanding of the relationship between implementation of specific economic incentives for WECS, and the factors surrounding WECS commercial introduction.

Redwood is used as an impact energy-absorbing material in the plutonium air transportable (PAT) package. To function properly the redwood must retain its properties over a wide temperature range. Since data were not available, an experimental program was conducted on 3-inch cubes of redwood over the temperature range of -40 to 230/sup 0/F (-40 to 110/sup 0/C). The specific energy, average crushing stress, and percent compression at bottoming are presented for the 22 specimens tested. Average values show an approximately 10% decrease in the specific energy and average crushing stress for a temperature rise from 70 to 230/sup 0/F (21 to 110/sup 0/C); and an approximate 30% increase in these quantities for a decrease from 70 to -40/sup 0/F (21 to -40/sup 0/C). 10 figs.

The results of electrical measurements on Si implanted with n-type dopants such as P and As and laser annealed are presented. (GHT)

Housings for electromechanical switches often require deep noncircular shapes in hard-to-machine materials. In a study to determine if electrochemical machining (ECM) could increase production, it was found that ECM was twice as fast as conventional broaching. ECM was able to maintain tolerances of +-152 ..mu..m (0.006 in.) on surfaces and +-304 ..mu..m (0.012 in.) on fillet radii. These are three times and six times respectively less consistent than conventional broaching.

The kinetics and mechanisms of reduction of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/, Br/sub 2/, and I/sub 2/ by various macrocyclic tetraaza complexes of cobalt(II), including Vitamin B/sub 12r/, were studied. The synthetic macrocycles studied were all 14-membered rings which varied in the degree of unsaturation,substitution of methyl groups on the periphery of the ring, and substitution within the ring itself. Scavenging experiments demonstrated that the reductions of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ produce free hydroxyl radicals only in the case of Co((14)ane)/sup 2 +/ but with none of the others. In the latter instances apparently H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ simultaneously oxidizes the metal center and the ligand. The reductions of Br/sub 2/ and I/sub 2/ produce an aquohalocobalt(III) product for all reductants (except B/sub 12r/ + Br/sub 2/, which was complicated by bromination of the corrin ring). The mechanism of halogen reduction was found to involve rate-limiting inner-sphere electron transfer from cobalt to halogen to produce a dihalide anion coordinated to the cobalt center. This intermediate subsequently decomposes in rapid reactions to halocobalt(III) and halogen atom species or reacts with another cobalt(II) center to give two molecules of halocobalt(III). The reductions of halomethylcobaloximes and related compounds and diamminecobaloxime by Cr/sup 2 +/ were also studied. …

The electronic structure of an f/sup n/ ion is dominated by interactions different from those for the more familiar d-transition ions. The methods and nomenclature used to describe the electronic structure of f/sup n/ compounds are reviewed under the following topics: brief review of atomic theory; ligand field and spin--orbit Hamiltonians for f/sup 1/; the electrostatic and spin--orbit Hamiltonians for f/sup 2/; results of tensor operator methods; ligand field effects for the f/sup 2/ configuration--uranocene; general method for calculating crystal field matrix elements for f/sup n/ configuration; electron paramagnetic resonance. 9 figures, 4 tables. (RWR)

The experimental results of electrostatic probe measurements on the LBL 10 ampere ion source are presented. Data is obtained via a pulsed acquisition system which digitally records a probe characteristic and its first and second derivatives. The latter are shown to be proportional to the projected electron energy distribution function, and the isotropic electron energy distribution function, respectively. System performance for distribution function measurement is compared to the established technique of harmonic analysis. A complete analysis of the data acquisition system and its experimental accuracy is presented.

An automated computer interpretation of ellisometer measurements of anodic film growth was developed. Continuous mass and charge balances were used to utilize more fully the time dependence of the ellipsometer data and the current and potential measurements. A multiple-film model was used to characterize the growth of films which proceeds via a dissolution--precipitation mechanism; the model also applies to film growth by adsorption and nucleation mechanisms. The characteristic parameters for film growth describe homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization rates, film porosities and degree of hydration, and the supersaturation of ionic species in the electrolyte. Additional descriptions which may be chosen are patchwise film formation, nonstoichiometry of the anodic film, and statistical variations in the size and orientation of secondary crystals. Theories were developed to describe the optical effects of these processes. An automatic, self-compensating ellipsometer was used to study the growth in alkaline solution of anodic films on silver, cadmium, and zinc. Mass-transport conditions included stagnant electrolyte and forced convection in a flow channel. Multiple films were needed to characterize the optical properties of these films. Anodic films grew from an electrolyte supersatuated in the solution-phase dissolution product. The degree of supersaturation depended on transport conditions and had a major effect …

This report summarizes the Federal government accomplishments in energy conservation since FY 1975. The Federal energy conservation effort is monitored by the Department of Energy through the Federal Energy Management Program and involves the contribution of 66 Federal agencies. This report is based on the best available data obtained from agency annual reports submitted to the Department of Energy in accordance with the reporting requirements of Section 2 of the Executive Order, from agency quarterly energy use reports, and from studies and analyses prepared by DOE. The individual agency annual reports contain program information from which the highlights presented in this document have been extracted. Following an introductory chapter, the Federal energy picture; the Federal Energy Management Program (energy management in general operations, energy management in buildings, related programs); program highlights; and future activities are presented.

A formula is given for the energy of an arbitrary linear wave in a plasma which may be magnetized, collisional, homogeneous or weakly inhomogeneous, in terms of the electric and magnetic fields of the wave and derivatives of the wave frequency with respect to the plasma parameters. This formula makes it possible to determine the energy of a wave from its dispersion relation (and the magnitude of the fields). The derivation rests on a simple invariance property--essentially dimensional analysis--of the Fokker-Planck equation, together with well-known results from the theory of dispersive media.

Because of the energy resources located on Native American owned lands, it is pertinent that the tribes on these reservations receive information, training, and technical assistance concerning energy and the environment and the decisions that must be made about energy-resource development. In the past, attempts to enlist Indians in technical-assistance programs met with little success because teaching methods seldom incorporated program planning by both tribal leaders and the technical training staff. Several technical-assistance programs given on reservations in the central and western parts of the country were conducted by Argonne National Lab.--programs that stressed practical, on-the-job experience through lecture, laboratory, and field studies. Each program was designed by ANL and tribal leaders to fit the needs and concerns of a particular tribe for its environment. The individual programs met with an impressive degree of success; they also prompted several Indians to pursue this type of education further at ANL and local Indian community colleges and to obtain funds for energy projects. Despite the positive feedback, several difficulties were encountered. Among them are the necessity to continually modify the programs to fit diverse tribal needs, to diminish politically motivated interference, and to increase portions of the funding to involve more Native …

The environmental impact of coal ash disposal at a landfill site in north-central Chautauqua County, New York was studied from June 1975 through July 1977. Water samples taken from wells, ponds, and streams at 67 sites were analyzed for specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, arsenic, calcium, cadmium, chloride, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulfate and zinc. Evidence suggests that ponds at the landfill were high in Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and SO/sub 4/ compared to control pands. A stream adjacent to the site contained greater Mn (207 ug/1) and SO/sub 4/ (229 ppm) than control streams. Shallow alkaline test wells in the landfill had elevated As, Ca, and Se. Acid-neutral test wells had elevated As, Ca, Cr, Mg and Mn. Household wells in the vicinity of the landfill showed no evident contamination from the landfill. Average iron concentrations in the biota were tripled, and manganese concentrations doubled in biota affected by the coal ash dump. However, any effects of the disposal area on the distribution of the biota could not be separated from effects of varying environment factors such as water movements, substrate composition and food availability. No harmful effects could be demonstrated on the biota in the …

Noise from geothermal resource development at The Geysers-Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) will cause community annoyance unless noise-level standards are set and adhered to. Venting of steam is the loudest source of noise and can reach 100 to 125 dBA at 20 to 100 ft; most of the other noise sources fall below 100 dBA and are those usually associated with construction and industrial projects. Enough data exist for assessment and decision making, but it is scattered and must be compiled. In addition, communities must decide on their criteria for noise levels. Residential areas in the Geysers-Calistoga KGRA will require more stringent controls on noise than will the open space of which KGRA is primarily composed. Existing tecnnology can reduce noise levels somewhat, but more effective silencing devices are needed, particularly on steam venting systems.

The first department-wide DOE EEO conference was held May 9--12, 1978, in Rosslyn, Virginia. It was designed to provide a forum for the interchange of information, policy, and procedural guidance and to provide the EEO staff a better understanding of their role in implementing the EEO program. The conference consisted of plenary sessions, panels, and workshops. Reports given at the conference are briefly summarized, and a number of recommendations are set forth. (RWR)

Methods are presented for estimating the costs of transporting, by pipeline, product water from desalination plants. Cost curves are presented for conveying from 19 to 380 x 10/sup 3/ m/sup 3//day (5 to 100 Mgd) to distances to 80 km (50 mile). Sand is used as the reference soil, and adjustment factors are given for earth, shale, hard rock, and swampland. Costs are given as a function of distance and include pipeline construction, pumping stations, power lines, and electrical switchgear.

A demonstration marketing program to sensitize Denver homeowners to incorporate the energy cost of ownership orientation in their decision process regarding purchase of energy-efficient products is described. Personal interviews with Denver homeowners were conducted. A first survey established a baseline for consumer awareness and acceptance of energy conservation and conservation-related products and provided information which could be utilized in developing marketing strategies related to energy conservation and the concept of energy cost of ownership. A second survey measured shifts in awareness and attitudes which might have occurred as a result of the marketing demonstration program. The methodology and results of the evaluation are discussed in detail. The Denver Test Market Media Campaign conducted through multi-media advertising and public relations campaigns to sensitize the residents to the positive consideraton of energy-efficient products is described. (MCW)

Regulatory considerations are discussed. Alternatives for the continued operation or decommissioning of the state-licensed burial area, the low-level waste treatment facilities, and the NRC licensed burial area are evaluated. Radiological impact analyses were also performed for alternatives on other facilities. (DLC)

The peripheral magnetic fields of several energy-related technologies are calculated, and shielding options are studied for three field intensities as possible exposure levels: 200 G, 10 G, and 0.3 G. Seven fusion reactor designs are studied. For a 200-G field level, shielding is not required. For the 10- and 0.3-G levels, land is the most economical shielding method, with shield coils an acceptable alternative at 0.3 G. Nonnuclear technologies studied are superconducting magnetic energy storage, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electric generators, magnetically levitated vehicles, superconducting ac generators, and underground transmission lines. Superconducting ac generators and underground transmission lines require no shielding. The superconducting magnetic energy storage coil requires no shielding for 200 G. Both a shield coil and land are needed to meet 10 G or 0.3 G. The MHD generator needs no shielding to 200 G and 10 G. Land is the most economical means of meeting the 0.3 G level. Most of the magnetically levitated vehicles require no shielding to 200 G. The field on-board can be reduced from 200 to 25 G, depending upon the vehicle design, with shield coils. The use of iron, or another permeable material, is necessary to reduce the field to 10 G or 0.3 …

Using surface traces, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy, Ti-, Co-, Ni-, and Fe-base alloys were evaluated for erosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) after exposure at about 104{sup 0}C to the nozzle exhaust from acidified geothermal brine. Examples of erosion, SCC, and corrosion are shown. Results are evaluated in terms of synergism between erosion, corrosion, and stress. Repassivation kinetics might play a key role in the formation and growth of erosion cavities. Of the materials tested, the Ti-base alloys appear to have the best combination of resistance to SCC and erosion/corrosion in high-salinity, highly mineralized, acidified, two-phase nozzle exhaust.

The Generalized Area and ..cap alpha../..nu.. Methods of interpretation of pulsed-neutron measurements for subcritical reactivity were found to minimize the error caused by source-induced harmonics and kinetic distortion. The use of multiple neutron detectors distributed over the core of the reactor in the pulsed source measurements is recommended for increased accuracy of interpretation. The measured data are reduced to a reported value of the subcritical reactivity by the use of numerical solutions to the reactor eigenvalue problems. In the Generalized Area Method, the numerical solution provides an estimate of the static adjoint function which is used to weight the prompt and delayed neutron flux integrals measured in the experiment. These weighted integrals are then used to form the subcritical reactivity. In the ..cap alpha../..nu.. Method, the static eigenequation solved by numerical methods is transformed to a time eigenequation to provide a bridge between the measured decay constant of the fundamental mode and the subcritical static reactivity. Also, the transformation provides a means of normalizing the reported static reactivity. The evaluations were performed by applying both methods to numerical data generated by one-dimensional, space--time diffusion theory for which k/sub eff/ was known precisely. The Generalized Area Method was found to deduce …

A slow wave structure was used to launch electron plasma waves traveling preferentially in one direction. The current generated by the waves was observed. The magnitude of the current can be estimated from momentum conservation in the wave-particle interaction process.

This report contans descriptions of the activities supported by the Experimental Plasma Research Branch of APP. The individual project summaries were prepared by the principal investigators and include objectives and milestones for each project. The projects are arranged in six research categories: Plasma Properties; Plasma Heating; Plasma Measurements and Instrumentation; Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; Advanced Superconducting Materials; and the Fusion Plasma Research Facility (FPRF). Each category is introduced with a statement of objectives and recent progress and followed by descriptions of individual projects. An overall budget summary is provided at the beginning of the report.

This study covers the use of dc generators for meeting the Experimental Power Reactor Ohmic Heating Energy Storage Requirements. The dc generators satisfy these requirements which are the same as defined in WFPS-TME-038 which covered the use of ac generators and homopolar generators. The costs of the latter two systems have been revised to eliminate first-of-a-kind factors. The cost figures for dc generators indicate a need to develop larger machines in order to take advantage of the economy-of-scale that the large ac machines have. Each of the systems has its own favorable salient features on which to base a system selection.