The following geothermal rules and regulations are presented: authority; policy; definitions; drilling; records; blow out prevention; injection wells; abandonment; maintenance; hearings; notice procedures; hearings on refused, limited, or conditioned permit; appeals; penalties; and forms;

Core hole DC-6 was completed in May 1978 by Boyles Brothers Drilling Company, Spokane, Washington, under subcontract to Fenix and Scisson, Inc. The hole was cored for the US Department of Energy and the Rockwell Hanford Operations' Basalt Waste Isolation Program. Fenix and Scisson, Inc. furnished the engineering, daily supervision of the core drilling activities, and geologic core logging for hole DC-6. Core hole DC-6 is located within the boundary of the Hanford Site at the old Hanford town site. The Hanford Site coordinates for DC-6 are North 54,127.17 feet and West 17,721.00 feet. The surface elevation is approximately 402 feet above sea level. The purpose of core hole DC-6 was to core drill vertically through the basalt and interbed units for stratigraphic depth determination and core collection and to provide a borehole for hydrologic testing. The total depth of core hole DC-6 was 4336 feet. Core recovery was 98.4% of the total footage cored.

This paper describes the method used to drive Pockels cells on the 20-arm Shiva laser for inertial confinement fusion research at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Shiva became operational last fall, and has just completed a series of 20-arm target shots. It uses two pockels cell gates in each laser arm for suppression of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) that can damage or destroy the target before the main pulse arrives. Two additional Pockels cells are used in the preamplification stages, so that a total of 42 cells must be driven by the pulser system.

The analysis performed by Todd Shipyards concerning the ability of the LOFT CRDMs to withstand a dry scram is presented. A ''dry scram'' could result in the CRDM components yielding; however, it would probably not render the CRDMs inoperable. It also concluded that a dry scram is highly unlikely based on a typical LOFT depressurization curve and the temperature of the fluid in the upper pressure housing. At the time of scram, the fluid in the upper pressure housing will not flash to steam owing to the pressure-temperature relationship existing during the scram cycle.

An assessment is provided on the viability of dual topological unitarization as a practical scheme for organizing and interpreting hadronic phenomena at current machine energies. Previous detailed reviews are complemented, with emphasis on phenomenological aspects and more recent developments. Diffraction scattering, a test of P--f identity hypothesis, the flavor model, the P--f identity versus the Veneziano two-jet picture, and an illustration of the new phenomenology are included. 24 references. (JFP)

A detailed dynamic analysis of the LOFT reactor core support structures was performed to determine the ability of the flow skirt/core filler and hold-down springs to withstand Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) plus Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) loadings. A double-ended offset shear occurring in 15 msec (5 msec break time + msec for offset to occur) in the intact loop at the reactor vessel nozzle provided the basis for LOCA loads. The flow skirt/core filler and lower core support structure separate from the core barrel approximately 0.068 in. as a result of the hot leg LOCA. This small displacement and the resulting impact loads produce stresses in the springs, core barrel, flow skirt/core filler, and shear pins within allowables as specified in Section III of the ASME Code for faulted conditions.

The primary objective of this study was to examine in depth the nesting ecology and behavior of the Long-billed Curlew on a breeding area relatively free of disruptive human activity. Two surruners of field work were devoted to that end; a post-breeding season survey in 1976 of the major National Wildlife Refuges in Washington, Southern Idaho, Utah, Nevada California, and Oregon enlarged the scope by including unpublished records of Long-billed Curlews in these areas.

An evaluation of the relative economics of hydrogen production using two advanced techniques was performed. The hydrogen production systems considered were the Westinghouse Sulfur Cycle Water Decomposition System and a water electrolysis system employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte. The former is a hybrid system in which hydrogen is produced in an electrolyzer which uses sulfur dioxide to depolarize the anode. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Development and demonstration efforts have shown that extremely low cell voltages can be achieved. The second system uses a similar sulfuric acid electrolyte technology in water electrolysis cells. The comparative technoeconomics of hydrogen produced by the hybrid Sulfur Cycle and by water electrolysis using a sulfuric acid electrolyte were determined by assessing the performance and economics of 380 million SCFD plants, each energized by a very high temperature nuclear reactor (VHTR). The evaluation concluded that the overall efficiencies of hydrogen production, for operating parameters that appear reasonable for both systems, are approximately 41% for the sulfuric acid electrolysis and 47% for the hybrid Sulfur Cycle. The economic evaluation of hydrogen production, based on a 1976 cost basis and assuming a developed technology for both hydrogen production systems and the VHTRs, indicated that the hybrid Sulfur …

Increasing the austenitizing temperature from 870/sup 0/C to 1100/sup 0/C and higher can increase the fracture toughness, K/sub Ic/, of common high strength structural steels from 50 to 100% with no loss in strength. However, the ductility (% reduction in area from a tensile test) decreases by as much as a factor of 3, and the Charpy impact energy either decreases or remains constant. The trend of increasing fracture toughness and decreasing Charpy impact energy appears to be inconsistent, but has been rationalized by considering the interaction of the stress field as a function of notch root radius and the microstructure. The present study investigates the as-quenched strength and toughness of simple Fe/Cr/C alloys with and without titanium as a function of austenitizing temperature. For the ternary Fe/Cr/C alloys the results are consistent with earlier investigations, but the fracture toughness does not change with increasing austenitizing temperatures after 0.2 wt % Ti is added. The titanium forms carbides (TiC) that did not dissolve, providing a roughly constant number of crack nucleation sites, and preventing austenite grain growth up to 1100/sup 0/C. The differences in mechanical behavior, particularly the rounded notch toughness, are discussed and explained in terms of the microstructural …

Industrial conversion in the U.S. to alternate fuels from natural gas is presently underway and is anticipated to accelerate rapidly in the next few years. Currently the prime alternate fuels are distillate and residual oils. Conversion to residual oils for high-temperature process heat applications is anticipated to result in accelerated refractory and insulation corrosion and degradation due to reactions between fuel impurities and the ceramic linings of high-temperature equipment. Analyses are presented of several generic types of refractories and fibrous insulations which were exposed to residual oil combustion products under well-controlled conditions for times ranging from hundreds to thousands of hours in a Refractory Test Facility (RTF) designed to simulate industrial process heat combustors. Results are presented for aluminosilicate refractory firebricks, mortars, and refractory fibrous insulations following exposure to domestic residual oil combustion for 500 hr at temperatures near 1375/sup 0/C (2500/sup 0/F). For all three types of refractory material, compositions with two different Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ contents were included. The fuel oil impurities included Fe, Ca, Zn, Ni, Pb, and S in concentrations from tens to hundreds of weight ppM. Some of these impurities reacted with the refractory samples by producing a slag layer on the exposed surfaces followed …

One possible feedback system, designed mainly for damping the longitudinal dipole oscillations, utilizes a beam position monitor and an rf cavity. The horizontal displacement of the beam is measured at the monitor and the measurement is sent to the rf cavity. The phase of the cavity voltage is then adjusted so that an electron changes its energy by the additional amount of ..delta../var epsilon/ = /zeta/E/sub o/x/sub monitor/. This FB system introduces damping or anti-damping to the horizontal betatron oscillation and the longitudinal synchrotron oscillation. Although approximate expressions for the associated damping constants ..cap alpha../sub x,s/ can be obtained by elementary considerations, it is perhaps constructive to have an exact calculation available as well. In the following, we will describe the exact calculation; obtain approximate expressions of ..cap alpha../sub x,s/ from the exact calculation; obtain approximate expressions of ..delta nu../sub x,s/, the coherent tune shifts caused by the FB systems; and numerically compare the exact and approximate results under various conditions. We assume that there is only one active rf cavity in the storage ring and that the monitor signal reaches the rf cavity before the beam completes one turn. 5 refs., 6 figs.

A set of 32 alloys consisting of various additions of the elements Mo, W, Al, Ti, Nb, C and Si to an Fe-7.5 Cr-20 Ni alloy were made in order to investigate the effects of these solute additions on alloy swelling and strength. Both single and multiple additions were examined. The influence of various solute elements on the swelling behavior in the range 500 to 730/sup 0/C was investigated using 4 MeV Ni ion bombardment to a dose 170 dpa. It was found that on an atomic percent basis, the elements may be arranged in order of decreasing effectiveness in reducing peak temperature swelling as follows: Ti, C, Nb, Si, and Mo. Small amounts of aluminum enhance swelling. Additions of Si, Ti, or Nb truncate the high temperature swelling regime of the ternary alloy. Mo, W, and C do not have a strong effect on the temperature dependence of swelling. The results may be interpreted in terms of the effect of point defect trapping on void growth rates, and it is suggested that the changes in peak temperature are the result of small changes in the free vacancy formation energy. A method for treating certain multiple additions is proposed. The …

A high yield lithium injection fusion energy chamber is described which can conceptually be operated with pulsed yields of several thousand megajoules a few times a second, using less than one percent of the gross thermal power to circulate the lithium. Because a one meter thick blanket of lithium protects the structure, no first wall replacement is envisioned for the life of the power plant. The induced radioactivity is reduced by an order of magnitude over solid blanket concepts. The design calls for the use of common ferritic steels and a power density approaching that of a LWR, promising shortened development times over other fusion concepts and reactor vessel costs comparable to a LMFBR.

The Regional Reliability Council projections of peak demand, generating capability, and electric energy requirements for the contiguous U.S. have declined for the fourth consecutive year. On the basis of these projections, it appears that the electric utility industry believes the U.S. will experience smaller annual increases in power use than have occurred in the past. The summer peak demand growth rates of the Councils range from 3.52 percent annually, as projected by the Northeast Power Coordinating Council, to the 6.21 percent projected by the Southwest Power Pool. Subregional growth covers a wider range, from the 2.77 percent of the New York Power Pool to the 6.51 percent of the Southern Company area. Total reserve margins at the time of summer peak demands are projected to decline from an estimated 30.16 percent in 1978 to about 23.81 percent in 1987. If projected loads are not exceeded, if projected capability levels are actually attained, if fuel requirements are satisfied, and if no contingencies worse than those normally met with are experienced, electric power supply should be adequate for the next decade. However, it is possible that the projected reserve margins will not be attained, and that adequate primary energy supply (fuel and …

During recent years numerous documents in the form of codes and standards have been developed and published to provide design, fabrication and construction rules and criteria applicable to instrumentation, control and power distribution facilities for nuclear power plants. The contents of this LTR were prepared by NUS Corporation under Subcontract K5108 and provide a consolidated index and listing of the documents selected for their application to procurement of materials and design of modifications and new construction at the LOFT facility. These codes and standards should be applied together with the National Electrical Code, the ID Engineering Standards and LOFT Specifications to all LOFT instrument and electrical design activities.

Figure-of-merit equations for material selection and detailed design equations have been developed to aid in the design of a linear electrooptic deflector element for use in a 10-ps streak camera. The figure of merit indicates that BaTiO/sub 3/, KTN, and ammonium oxalate (AMO) are suitable materials. Possible deflector designs, including that of a current AMO prototype development program, are discussed. Quadratic (Kerr-effect) operation and materials are discussed along with the possibility for 10.6-..mu..m-wavelength use.

Studies on desugared spent sulfite liquor, DSSL, subjected to ozonation indicate that this complex organic substrate in water solution reacts readily with ozone to produce lower molecular weight organic fragments which can be metabolized by a variety of microorganisms. Ozone uptake is complete up to approximately 15 g/l and results in an increase of 35% BOD and a reduction of 16% COD. The production of BOD is pH dependent with a maximum occurring at aroung pH 3. The production of methane via fermentation of DSSL is greatly enhanced by the ozonation reaction. Methane production on raw DSSL is only 45.3 standard cc/1 of DSSL. After ozonation of the DSSL during which 15 g/l of ozone are reacted, the resulting product yields 1239 standard cc/1. The hypothesis that methane is produced from acetic acid, held by several prior workers, could not be corroborated in this study. Liquor remaining in the fermenter after gas production has essentially ceased in much richer in acetic acid than ozonated DSSL. Continuous fermentation studies operated to optimize gas production produced a fermentate containing 3.96 g/l of acetic acid. The production of protein accomplished through the growth of Torula yeast on DSSL is also enhanced by the …

Effort was concentrated during the past quarter to define the extent of biological control necessary to achieve high production rates of methane. Although sustained production rates in excess of 100 cc/hr were consistently obtained in the previous quarter, the fermentation activity decreased with respect to productivity. All efforts during the past quarter proved ineffective in arresting the decline in productivity. Methane production now averaging 20 cc/hr is no better than productivity previously obtained on ozonated SSL with no supplemental methyl alcohol addition being added. Although it is still evident that supplemental methyl alcohol enhances methane production, the rate is now below the satisfactory or expected level. The fundamental conclusion one must draw from this quarter's results is that methane fermentation of simple oxygenated molecules is more efficient and produces a richer off-gas in terms of energy content than the same fermentation conducted on low molecular weight fragments obtained by the ozonation of SSL.

Energy requirements for irrigation vary widely across California as a function of the proximity of water sources, the methods of irrigation, and the water requirements of the crops. The objectives of this study are to determine water and energy use for agricultural irrigation and during the 1977 season; describe the responses of agriculture to the drought conditions of 1977; and identify the present and potential water and energy conservation sstrategies applicable to California. The analysis of electricity and water requirements for irrigated agriculture was started as a part of a two-phase project. The purposes of the overall study are to assess the impacts of the drought on California electricity supply and demand, to evaluate remedial measures, and to develop a methodology for such assessments. The methodology used for determining electricity requirements to pump irrigation water focuses on the hydrologic basins of the Central Valley. The method employs several factors to calculate the final energy demand for pumping. The factors include unit energy use to obtain ground and surface water, average water use by individual crop, type of irrigation, and estimated crop acreage planted in 1977. Section II (''Energy/Water Use During Drought Year'') contains the assumptions and calculations used to determine …

This report presents projections of the supply, demand, and net imports of seven fuel types and four final consuming sectors for BEAs, states, census regions, and the nation for 1980 and 1985. The data are formatted to present regional energy availability from primary extraction, as well as from regional transformation processes. As constructed, the tables depict energy balances between availability and use for each of the specific fuels. The objective of the program is to provide a consistent base of historic and projected energy information within a standard format. Such a framework should aid regional policymakers in their consideration of regional growth issues that may be influenced by the regional energy system. This basic data must be supplemented by region-specific information which only the local policy analyst can bring to bear in his assessment of the energy conditions which characterize each region. The energy data, coupled with specific knowledge of projected economic growth and employment patterns, can assist EDA in developing its grant-in-aid investment strategy.

The performance of solid state ballasts for operating fluorescent lamps measured in a controlled laboratory environment are described and compared to the performance of typical core-coil type ballasts. Parameters of interest include efficiency, conducted and radiated EMI and results of some accelerated lamp life tests. The experimental design of the demonstration to retrofit three floors of an office building with solid state ballasts to evaluate their reliability and energy savings in a variety of applications is described. The most recent experimental results are presented.

The development of a high-frequency electronic (Stevens) ballast for fluorescent lamps is described. It is claimed that use of this ballast could reduce use energy consumption by 1.2 to 2.5 percent. The Stevens ballast has a basic efficiency of 29 percent when used with conventional lamps. With the more efficient lamps, the efficiency increases drastically. The conventional ballast and lamp has an efficiacy of approximately 60 to 63 lumens per watt (LPW). With the Stevens ballast the efficiacy raises to between 75 and 80 lumens per watt. When the Stevens ballast is utilized with the newer high efficiency lamps the efficiacy increases to 90 to 95 lumens per watt or a full 51 percent improvement over conventional coil and core ballasts and 25 percent over the best high efficiency premium coil and core ballasts. In addition to its energy savings capabilities, this high frequency fluorescent lamp ballast has the advantages that it is a true retrofit device that is directly interchangeable with the conventional coil core ballast, and it is dimmable over a wide and continuous range. (LCLC)

This report contains a summary characterization of the existing domestic coal transportation system and an assessment of some potential problems which may impact coal transportation in the United States during the balance of the century. A primary purpose of this task is to provide information and perspective that contributes to the evaluation of research and development needs and priorities in future programs. Specific concerns are identified which warrant additional programmatic effort to fill apparent gaps in the coverage of other relevant programs. Recommendations are made for new programs to address these concerns according to their apparent importance under conditions known or anticipated in early 1978. These recommendations are intended to encourage new research initiatives by the coal transportation industry, the Department of Energy (DOE) and other cognizant agencies. Concerns were identified by the analysis of problem issues associated with currently-projected growth scenarios for domestic coal consumption. The assessment of potential problem effects on the adequacy of future coal transportation assumes domestic coal production levels of approximately one billion tons in 1985 and two billion tons by the year 2000. The relative priorities of potential problems were judged on the basis of their overall impact on the system and the immediacy …

This report covers the conclusions and recommendations resulting from an examination of energy use in the marine transportation industry. It will assist DOE in formulating research and development programs that will promote energy conservation. The results of the analysis determined that the maritime transportation industry consumed approximately 2.9 quads in 1974. This consumption is expected to rise to 6.7 quads by the year 2000. In response to the need to reduce energy consumption below the projected level for the year 2000, conservation-oriented R and D programs were investigated. Two program areas recommended for funding by DOE are diesel bottoming cycles and adiabatic diesels. The methodology used is discussed in the Executive Summary. Volumes II and III cover Tasks I and II, Industry Summary and Regulations and Tariffs, respectively. Volume IV combines Tasks III and IV, Efficiency Improvements and Industry Future. A fifth volume, which is available from DOE, contains documentation of the Marine Transportation Energy Model (MTEM).