There is a great deal of experimental evidence associating selective bond breaking ability with low coordination number surface sites on transition metal surfaces. Atomic steps break H-H and C-H bonds efficiently while kinks in the steps are required for additional C-C and C=O bond scissions. The blockage of some of the ''active sites'' yields the reaction selectivity commonly observed as a result of alloying or upon introduction of certain promoters. Another important parameter in controlling transition metal catalytic activity is the formal oxidation state of the surface metal atom. Oxidation of the surface atoms by oxygen or halogens or their reduction by electron donors (carbon, alkali metals, etc.) changes markedly the catalytic surface chemistry. H/sub 2/-D/sub 2/ exchange, hydrocarbon conversion reactions and the hydrogenation of CO are examples to demonstrate the importance of low coordination number sites and surface oxidation state in controlling catalytic activity and selectivity.

A system is described in which neutron interaction data are collected from nuclear physics laboratories throughout the world, organized, evaluated, and then stored for easy access in a computer network. Computer codes that use the data to solve neutron interaction problems were also developed. The system supplies reliable up-to-date data, selects specific types of data on request, provides output in a variety of forms (reports, microfiche, microfilm), and functions rapidly and efficiently. 3 figures.

The Shielding Subcommittee of the Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) was established in 1967 to help ensure that the content of the ENDF/B cross section library was adequate for treating shielding problems. Early work of the subcommittee concentrated on devising formats for gamma-ray interaction and production data, as well as providing programs for testing the clerical and physics consistency of the files. The Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC) collaborated directly with evaluators on behalf of the National Neutron Cross Section Center (NNCSC) to begin testing and adding data sets to be fed into the official ENDF/B libraries. These efforts, which were sponsored by AEC-DRDT (now ERDA-DRDD), were augmented greatly through the Defense Nuclear Agency program of establishing a working cross section library in ENDF format. The effort concentrated on evaluation and testing of materials of interest to DNA programs and providing these for inclusion in the ENDF/B library. Shielding data testing efforts, as a part of the CSEWG Data Testing Program, are now also an integral part of the Shielding Subcommittee effort. Procedures for writing and approving the shielding benchmarks were devised by Shielding Subcommittee members. Data testing benchmark experiments have been documented and analyzed, and the most recent …

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is a large, multidisciplined research laboratory, operated by the University of California for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. An interactive graphic system was developed to integrate design, drafting, testing, analysis, and manufacturing to achieve efficient and effective laboratory-wide services. To accomplish this, the graphic system is hardware independent, and has an associative data base structured on two- and three-dimensional, bounded geometry. The data base allows for levels of attributes that can be attached or deleted and interrogated. This graphic system is described, with emphasis on the efficiencies of graphics and the effect of the associative data base on the ''design--build--test'' cycle. The capability of attaching attributes is explored as the means of bridging the CAD/CAM gap.

The velocity of water jet flow can be increased when the jet impacts a target material or another water jet. A theory describing such augmentation in terms of velocity, mass, and energy change is considered. The phenomena is sensitive to jet structure and the jet velocity profile. Jet velocity profiles do not remain constant over great distances from the nozzle, and ultimately disrupt into droplets. Within the droplet the profile is more regular and the velocity constant. The theory is extended to cover this case and experimental evidence of jet augmentation and its effects is presented.

The problem of setting the maximum permissible body burden, MPBB, for /sup 239/Pu is a complex one. Recent papers have been published which favor lowering the MPBB by varying factors depending on the assumptions used. /sup 239/Pu has been shown quite clearly, on detailed autoradiograph, to concentrate on the trabecular surfaces of the endosteal face of osseous tissue. This realization led the ICRP to propose the alteration of the MPBB for /sup 239/Pu in a manner based upon microdosimetry of /sup 239/Pu in bone, i.e., determine the dose out to 10..mu..m from the bone surfaces. Unfortunately, microdosimetry fulfilling this requirement has not been available. We are working toward this objective utilizing the Lexan polycarbonate detector and our optimized electrochemical etching procedure to amplify plutonium alpha tracks. As a prerequisite to this work, we are studying three problems inherently present in the Lexan detector. They involve achieving a very low background of tracks on the foils and a high degree of reproducibility between etching batches at this background level. Thirdly, we are determining the factor by which to multiply the number of induced tracks/cm/sup 2/ (..cap alpha.. and recoil) to obtain dose equivalent (rem). In this calibration we are using a …

The efforts of the DOE Division of Buildings and Community Systems to assume the national leadership for research, development, and demonstration activities related to energy conservation in buildings and community systems are discussed. Contract objectives, presented in Section 2, include the technical goals and schedule and cost objectives of the contract. The organization structures of DOE/BCS and DYNATREND are displayed in Section 3. Moreover, the interface between the organizations is presented in the Management Structure section, as well as key DYNATREND personnel assigned to the project. Section 4 presents the detailed technical approach adopted to accomplish the five tasks in the statement of work. A summary of the overall technical approach precedes a discussion of the detailed approach to each task. The work breakdown structure to be employed in the execution of the contract is presented in Section 5. The management plan concludes with a detailed definition of the management control procedures to monitor schedules, costs, and technical performance of this contract. (MCW)

A key factor in the development of iodine photodisassociation lasers is the improvement of pump lamp efficiency in the 250 to 300 nm pump band at pulsewidths of about 10 ..mu..s. Previous work by Gusinow showed that certain metal additives appeared to enhance pump lamp output in the 250 to 300 nm region by as much as a factor of three. This had been determined by comparing microdensitometer traces of spectrograms of doped and undoped lamps. The principal problems noted with these lamps were a shot-to-shot variability of more than 30% and an effective life of only 20 shots (a result of migration of the dopants from between the electrodes to the colder regions behind the electrodes).

The preparation and some properties of adducts of benzotrifuroxan (BTF) are reported. The adducts contain one or two molecules of the adduct-forming compound (AFC) per molecule of BTF. All AFC's contain an oxygen atom.

Analyses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracted from a sediment community by the sulfuric acid method are complicated by inhibitions from inorganic and organic compounds. Inhibitions by inorganic compounds are reversible while those by organic compounds are irreversible. The primary inhibition by organic compounds results by complexing with acid-soluble fulvic acids which will prevent the detection of as much as 80% of the ATP present in a sample by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Analytical techniques were developed to parially circumvent such interferences. Biomass interpretations from ATP concentrations in aquatic systems are complicated by the diversity of the microbiota and by the variability in the carbon to ATP ratio caused by environmental conditions. However, when levels of ATP are considered as a physiological condition of a sedimentary community, this data provide a means to interpret community metabolism not available hitherto.

Analyses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracted from a sediment community of an aquatic ecosystem by the sulfuric acid method are complicated by inhibitions from inorganic and organic compounds. Inhibitions by inorganic compounds are reversible while those by organic compounds are irreversible. The primary inhibition by organic compounds results by complexing with acid-soluble fulvic acids which will prevent the detection of as much as 80% of the ATP present in a sample by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Analytical techniques were developed to partially circumvent such interferences. Biomass interpretations from ATP concentrations in aquatic systems are complicated by the diversity of the microbiota and by the variability in the carbon to ATP ratio caused by environmental conditions. However, when levels of ATP are considered as a physiological condition of a sedimentary community, this data provides a means to interpret community metabolism not available hitherto.

The test method and results of the creep/failure behavior of three adhesive formulations with a torsional load applied are described. The load of a predetermined value was applied to the sample via a torque wrench/holding frame apparatus and was held until the sample failed. The adhesive formulations were tested after cure in two modes (ambient and elevated temperature) and at four temperature levels (23, 50, 100 and 140/sup 0/C).

There has been much interest recently in coherent multiphoton transitions in many-level systems. The present work considers the effect of relaxation in the response of a three-level system to a smoothly varying, near-resonant, two-photon field. The relaxation-dependent contributions to the nonlinear refractive index are calculated. It is shown that the coherent interaction of two smoothly varying, near-resonant, two-photon pulses with a three-level system can be described by ''two-photon damped Bloch equations'' which are analogous to those for a one-photon transition in a two-level system except for the presence of a two-photon coupling and a frequency shift. 1 figure. (RWR)

A model for interfacial cohesion is developed which describes the loss in the strength of an interface due to the segregation and adsorption of impurities on it. Distinctions are made between interface separations that occur too rapidly for any significant redistribution of adsorbing matter to take place and separations that are slow enough to allow full adsorption equilibrium. Expressions for the total work of complete decohesion are presented for both cases. The results are applied to well-known model adsorption isotherms and some experimental data for grain boundary adsorption of phosphorus in iron is analyzed with respect to the losses in intergranular cohesion.

The possibility of low temperature absorption of lead from liquid bismuth is investigated. The effects of time, temperature, and the lead concentration in liquid bismuth on distribution of solute in solvent and adsorbent are studied. The results found can be used to study the feasibility of applying adsorption as a means of purifying liquid metals. (JFP)

Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach …

The improvement and technical development of several promising methods for desulfurizing and recovering fine coal were continued. These methods include froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration, pelletization, and a chemical desulfurization process which involves leaching fine coal with a hot dilute solution of sodium carbonate containing dissolved oxygen or air under pressure. Numerous laboratory experiments and measurements were carried out to advance the state of this technology. It was shown that the chemical leaching process removed most of the inorganic sulfur from several high sulfur coals as well as a significant amount of organic sulfur from some of the coals. Higher temperatures and/or oxygen partial pressures resulted in more organic sulfur being removed in some instances. Also it was shown that the rate of conversion of pyrite to soluble sulfates depends on particle size and alkali concentration as well as oxygen partial pressure and flow rate. In addition the effectiveness of a chemical pretreatment step for improving the separation of coal and pyrite by oil agglomeration was demonstrated. Among various fuel oils tested for agglomerating coal, No. 1 or 2 provided greater sulfur reduction than No. 5 or 6. Also the lighter fuel oils seemed better suited to agglomerating finely ground …

The improvement and technical development of several promising methods for desulfurizing and recovering fine coal was continued. These methods include froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration, pelletization, and a chemical desulfurization process which involves leaching fine coal with a hot dilute solution of sodium carbonate containing dissolved oxygen or air under pressure. Numerous laboratory experiments and measurements were conducted in the areas of froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration and chemical desulfurization. The results showed that when pyrites are leached with an alkaline solution containing dissolved oxygen, the sulfur is extracted in the form of soluble sulfates and the iron is converted to ferric oxide or hematite. It was also shown that the rate of conversion of pyritic sulfur to soluble sulfates depends on the oxygen partial pressure with the rate increasing as the partial pressure is raised. Results which could lead to major improvements in the froth flotation method of separating coal and pyrites included the successful demonstration of an oxidative chemical pretreatment process which would greatly reduce the floatability of pyrite particles without greatly affecting the floatability of coal. Also conditions were identified which would aid in the selection of suitable cationic and anionic flotation collectors for effecting a better …

The improvement and technical development of promising methods for desulfurizing and recovering fine coal underway includes froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration, pelletization, and a chemical desulfurization process which involves leaching fine coal with a hot dilute solution of sodium carbonate containing dissolved oxygen under pressure. A preliminary assessment of the state of the art and review of the technical literature has been made. Equipment and apparatus have been assembled for small-scale laboratory experiments in froth flotation, oil agglomeration and chemical desulfurization. Preliminary froth flotation tests have been carried out on an Iowa coal to establish baseline data. Quite unexpectedly these tests indicated that aluminum nitrate may be an activator for coal because it served to increase the recovery of coal. Several potential flotation depressants for pyrite have been screened by measurement at the zeta potential and floatability of pyrite or coal in aqueous suspensions containing the potential depressants. The following reagents show some promise as pyrite depressants: ferric chloride, sodium cyanide, ammonium thiocyanate, and the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Preliminary plans have been prepared for a continuous flow bench-scale system to demonstrate the process. This system will include equipment for grinding and pretreating the coal as well as equipment …

Although progressive restrictions on the use of fresh water for power plant cooling and the growing use of dry cooling is anticipated in many regions of the country, the transition to this form of cooling will occur slowly unless improved technology leads to lower cost systems. The need for supplemental power during periods of warm weather contribute to the high cost of dry cooling and have led to greater emphasis on combined dry and wet cooling. Experimental and demonstration programs are underway at several locations in the U.S. to develop new systems which will hopefully reduce the cost of dry and wet/dry systems and/or the need for supplemental power. If any of the projected improvements of these advanced systems can be developed to the point of commercial availability, the use of dry cooling would be greatly increased and many of the secondary benefits will be realized. These include greater freedom to take advantage of existing transmission corridors, multiple plants on presently water-limited sites and mine mount sites in water-limited regions. The more promising advanced concepts under study are reviewed and appraised as to their likelihood of having a significant impact on the future use of dry (including dry/wet) cooling.

This report describes advanced fuel cell research and development activities at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) during the period April--June 1977. These efforts have been directed toward understanding and improvement of molten-carbonate-electrolyte fuel cells operating at temperatures near 923 K. A primary focus of the work has been on developing electrolyte structures which have high strength and conductivity, as well as good electrolyte retention, and on developing methods of synthesis for electrolyte structures that are amenable to mass production. A low temperature synthesis which produces material having rodlike particles of ..beta..--LiAlO/sub 2/ has been refined and is now used for preparing electrolytes. Cell testing is essential for understanding and evaluating individual component behavior and the interactions of the components under realistic operating conditions. Most of the testing to date has been conducted in a 7-cm (2/sup 3///sub 4/-in.)-dia cylindrical cell with Type 316 stainless steel housings and current collectors, a nickel anode, and a nickel oxide cathode. Testing has begun to probe the roles of anode, cathode, and electrolyte in cell performance, and has provided verification of an acceptable technique for prevention of seal corrosion for at least 1400 hours. Components evaluation and development include post-test analysis and evaluation of cell …

Advanced fuel cell research and development activities at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) during the period January to March 1977 is described. Efforts have been directed toward understanding and improvement of molten carbonate electrolyte fuel cells operating at temperatures near 650/sup 0/C. A primary focus of the work has been on developing electrolyte structures which have high strength and conductivity, as well as good electrolyte retention, and on developing methods of synthesis for electrolyte structures that are amenable to mass production. Several synthesis methods have been investigated, and at least one appears to yield a highly desirable product and to greatly simplify production. Cell testing is essential for understanding and evaluating individual component behavior and the interactions of the components under realistic operating conditions. Most of the testing to date has been conducted in a 2/sup 3///sub 4/-in.-dia cylindrical cell with Type 316 stainless steel housings and current collectors, a nickel anode, and a nickel oxide cathode. Reproducible cell operation has been achieved in these cells, and operational parameters have been brought under control. Necessary improvements in cell components have been defined, and a systematic program of optimization has begun. Components evaluation and development include post-test analysis and evaluation of all …

The direct energy conversion efficiencies calculated for Cat-D and D-/sup 3/He fueled Tokamak reactors are summarized over a range of reactor designs, collector configurations, assumed T/sub e//T/sub i/ ratios, and power densities. The performance of a system of superconducting coils that produce those fields required to guide escaping plasma along the path between the bundle divertor coils and the direct converter is also discussed.

Results of work performed from January 1, 1977 through March 31, 1977 on the Advanced Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor Materials Evaluation and Development Program are presented. The objectives of this program are to evaluate candidate alloys for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Process Heat and Direct Cycle Helium Turbine (DCHT) applications, in terms of the effect of simulated reactor primary coolant (impure Helium), high temperatures, and long time exposures, on the mechanical properties and structural and surface stability of selected candidate alloys. A second objective is to select and recommend materials for future test facilities and more extensive qualification programs. Work covered in this report includes progress to date on alloy selection for VHTR Nuclear Process Heat (NPH) applications and for DCHT applications. The present status on the simulated reactor helium loop design and on designs for the testing and analysis facilities and equipment is discussed.