This progress report summarizes studies performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) on the properties of a radioactive waste package recovered from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean 2800 meter radioactive waste disposal site. The recovery was made during DEEPSE SURVEY OPERATION NO.5, as part of a comprehensive study of disused deepsea radioactive disposal sites by the Office of Radiation Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency. A major objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of past packaging techniques relevant to the isolation of radionuclides from the ocean environment over the period of time they remain potentially hazardous. For this purpose, a typical radioactive waste package which had previously been located and identified through the use of the deep sea submersible ALVIN was recovered aboard the R.V. CAPE HENLOPEN, 31 July 1976. The package was recovered from the NW quadrant of the 28 meter Atlantic site and consists of an 80 gallon mild steel drum filled with a solidified mixture of concrete and radioactive materials.

Calculated results are presented which are in good agreement with published M/sub 2/, /sub 3/VV Cu (100) ADAS data. The calculations are based on a quasiatomic model where each individual Auger emission is a partial wave of definite (l,m) character, but (l,m) may differ from emission to emission. The (l,m) emission weights have been estimated by fitting the data with a linear combination of calculated intensities for (l,m) up to l = 5. It is found that surprisingly few (l,m) values are necessary to obtain reasonable fits to the data, and the best fits occur for combinations of (l,m) intensities in which the l = 3 waves were most heavily weighted.

General parameters characterizing single particle inclusive distributions of shower particles and their dependence on the multiplicity are discussed in {Pi} interactions at 200 Gev. The qualitative comparison of data presented with predictions of several popular models for hadron nucleus collisions are performed.

The Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, located on the central California coast, is nearing completion. Recent geologic and seismological investigations have indicated that the nearby Hosgri fault may be part of a major fault system. If so, the original Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) may be inadequate for Diablo Canyon. Therefore, several factors that could significantly affect the design response spectra for the site were examined. It was found that, because of the area's geology, significant site effects could occur that would reduce ground motion; possible soil-structure interaction would also reduce the seismic motion at the basemat of the main structure as compared to the free-field motion. Studies of wave-passage effects have shown that they are complicated and cannot be easily predicted. It is concluded that an increased-magnitude DBE should have little effect on the reactor design if the increase is caused by increased stress drop rather than greater fault rupture length.

A methodology has been developed and implemented to allow silicon samples containing intentionally incorporated impurities to be fabricated into finished solar cells under carefully controlled conditions. The electrical and spectral properties were then measured for each group processed, and this data, along with all the material, (cells and scrap) were delivered to JPL for further analysis. All 33 lots of Group ''C'', 14 lots of Group ''CM'' and 16 lots of Group ''F'' have been fabricated into cells, tested and delivered to JPL.

The economics of the geopressured geothermal resource along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico is assessed. Geopressured waters are nearly under twice the normal hydrostatic pressure and believed to be saturated with methane. The costs of generating electricity from this resource are estimated based on the description and conceptual development plans provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Methane content and selling prices are the most important factors affecting the commercial potential of geopressured resources--so it is important that electrical generation be viewed as a by-product of methane production. On the same incremental cost basis, the cost of electricity generated from the geohydraulic energy is potentially competitive with conventional energy sources. This would require development of a small commercial high pressure, hydraulic turbine to extract geohydraulic energy at the wellhead in plants of about 3 MW capacity. Price/quantity relationships are developed for electricity generation from geopressured resources for each of three development plans proposed by USGS. Studies, based on field constructed plants, indicated an optimum power plant size in the range of 20 to 60 MWe, depending on water temperature. However, if standardized thermal conversion power plants could be factory produced in the 6 MWe range competitively …

Data on intake design and location, plant operating procedures, water quality, numbers of fish impinged, and sampling procedures were analyzed for 27 fossil-fueled and 5 nuclear power plants located on inland waters in the southeastern United States. Small (less than 9 cm) clupeids, especially threadfin shad (Dorosoma pretenense), comprised the majority of the fish impinged at these facilities. The parameter that was most strongly associated with shad impingement was water temperature. Maximum impingement rates occurred during the winter when intake temperatures dropped below 10/sup 0/C. Analyses of differences in impingement rates between plants failed to adequately demonstrate that the magnitude of impingement at a particular plant was the result of any site-specific characteristics associated with intake design or location. High approach velocities at the traveling screens did not necessarily result in high levels of impingement. Results obtained from inter-unit comparisons at several plants indicate that unit and screen differences do exist, but it is unclear from existing data whether or not such inter-unit differences determine the magnitude of impingement losses or merely affect the distribution of impinged fish at a given intake structure. Recommendations for monitoring fish impingement include the identification of impinged fish by species, collection of data on …

In the petroleum industry, well logging is a well developed discipline that has matured over a fifty-year period. Compared to this, geothermal well logging is a very new field of activity. The current practice is to use the same logging equipment and the same log interpretation techniques for geothermal wells as had been used for petroleum wells. However, this approach has proven either inadequate or ineffective in most geothermal areas. The problems here are of two types: (1) those associated with logging equipment and operation, and (2) those connected with log interpretation techniques. This paper focuses on the log interpretation aspects only. 6 refs.

A collection of low and high stress level Hugoniot data for a low kerogen content, porous Anvil Points oil shale are analyzed with the P-..cap alpha.. model to give a Hugoniot for kerogen free shale. The P-..cap alpha.. model suggests an ''elastic'' yield stress, P/sub e/, of 0.5 GPa and a solid density complete compaction pressure, P/sub s/, of 10.0 GPa. Knowledge of this behavior permits the calculations of the in situ, ''effective,'' Hugoniot of kerogen from extensive Hugoniot data for various mixtures of shale and kerogen. The Hugoniot of kerogen free shale is U/sub s/ = 4.30 + 1.27 u/sub p/ (km/s); rho/sub o/ = 2.65 Mg/m/sup 3/ and of kerogen is U/sub s/ = 3.09 + 1.16 u/sub p/ (km/s); rho/sub o/ = 1.05 Mg/m/sup 3/, where U/sub s/ is the shock velocity, u/sub p/ the particle velocity and rho/sub o/ the initial density.

Thirty-two U233 and U235 homogeneous aqueous critical experiments were analyzed with ENDF/B-IV data. Calculated eigenvalues for both fuel types increased by nearly 2 percent over the range of hydrogen/uranium atomic ratio covered (from 2106 to 27.1). This is attributed mostly to an underprediction of fast leakage, with some contribution from the fission and capture resonance integrals of ENDF/B-IV U235. Eigenvalue sensitivities to several nuclear data changes were examined. Values of the thermal criticality parameter constraint K2 for U233 and U235 were derived from the Gwin-Magnuson critical experiments at the zero leakage limit.

A subjective analysis was made to determine the probability the PSMG generator field breakers would be opened by inadvertent operator action.

Field sampling and analytical techniques are described for quantitative shrub-steppe invertebrate ecology studies on the Hanford Reservation. A quick trap, D-vac sampling method followed by Berlese extraction is employed. Computer summarization of results permits presentation of data in terms of density (no./m/sup 2/) and biomass (g/m/sup 2/) for trophic, taxonomic, lifestage and total invertebrate groupings.

Gas residence time distributions were determined for a stirred tank carbonation reactor. Empirical correlations for the first and second moments of the residence time distribution (RTD) curves as functions of flow rates and impeller speeds were obtained. Decontamination factors for /sup 85/Kr were measured.

During a hypothetical core disruptive accident (HCDA), a core meltdown may cause the fuel cladding to rupture and the fuel fragments to penetrate into the sodium coolant. The heat in the molten fuel may cause the liquid sodium to boil, changing its phase. The interactions between materials are so complicated that a single-material model with homogenized material properties is not adequate. In order to analyze the above phenomena more realistically, a Multifield Implicit Continuous-Fluid Eulerian containment code (MICE) is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to solve the multifield fluid-flow problems in which the interpenetrations of materials, heat transfer, and phase changes are considered in the analysis. The hydrodynamics of the MICE code is based upon the implicit multifield (IMF) method developed by Harlow and Amsden. A partial donor-cell formulation is used for the calculation of the convective fluxes to minimize the truncation errors, while the Newton-Raphson method is used for the numerical iterations. An implicit treatment of the mass convection together with the equation of state for each material enables the method to be applicable to both compressible and incompressible flows. A partial implicit treatment of the momentum-exchange functions allows the coupling drag forces between two material fields …

Analysis of low stress Hugoniot data on Anvil Points oil shale was accomplished through careful categorization of data depending upon density. Density is directly related to kerogen content and kerogen content is a strong variable in determining the Hugoniot. For a given density (kerogen content), the shock velocity-particle velocity data show a minimum in shock velocity believed related to yielding in the rock constituent of the oil shale. Low stress Hugoniot data blend smoothly with high pressure data. Further data selection permitted evaluation of the orientation dependence (approximately 15 percent in wave speed) of the shock velocity. Wave propagation speed in a direction normal to the bedding planes is less than that parallel to the bedding planes. A weak minimum in wave speed occurs between 0 and 45/sup 0/.

A brief review of recent studies of fluctuations in x-ray emission from tokamak plasmas of controlled thermonuclear fusion interest is given. The origin of the x-rays, the nature of the oscillations, and measurement and analysis techniques are discussed, with emphasis on the work performed on the ST and PLT tokamaks. Areas for future research, particularly in the region of reconstruction, are stressed.

The report discusses and evaluates the adequacy of buyer specifications for snubbers. Technical specifications for snubbers (hydraulic and mechanical) were studied in detail in an effort to define the ''fundamental needs'' of the industry with respect to characteristics of snubbers during operation. In the course of this study, it was determined that there is insufficient consensus among users to make such a definition. Authorities in the fields of structural dynamics, structural systems design, and snubber design were also consulted for additional information. Information from these sources is incorporated to identify the fundamental areas of concern, areas where consensus is lacking, and problems to be resolved in order to establish meaningful standards for this equipment.

In the first part of this paper, energy consumption trends to the year 2000 are estimated for 110 different industrial sectors and for household and government final demand sectors, and these trends are compared with historical 1947-to-1967 trends. For most sectors, energy consumption is expected to increase much less rapidly in the 1967-1985 period than it did in the 1947-1967 period as a result of the recent large energy price increases. Between 1985 and 2000, the rate of growth of energy consumption continues to moderate for most purchasing sectors primarily because of a slackening in output growth rates rather than because of any further decrease in per unit of output energy requirements. These future trends are estimated under the assumption that post-1976 energy price increases will be moderate. In the second part of the paper, alternative strategies for further reducing future energy consumption are considered, and a data base is presented for use in analyzing the effects of implementing the alternative strategies.

Various resource data are presented showing that geothermal energy has the potential of satisfying a significant part of California's increasing energy needs. General factors slowing the development of geothermal energy in California are discussed and required actions to accelerate its progress are presented. Finally, scenarios for developing the most promising prospect in the state directed at timely on-line power are given. Specific actions required to realize each of these individual scenarios are identified.

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For any given coal project, certain site-specific factors presage the nature and magnitude of the accompanying changes in population and employment. Proper attention given to these factors before energy facilities are sited can do much to mitigate socio-economic impacts. For instance, in those counties where these economic and demographic factors indicate a high susceptibility to impact, the severe cycles of ''boom-bust'' growth conditions can be moderated considerably by merely phasing (extending over time) the construction of the facility. Where the option exists, the facility can be sited in an adjacent or nearby county where these factors indicate a greater assimilative capacity. Knowledge of factors that determine the absorptive capacities of potential sites can, at least, allow government and industry the option of reducing impact before it is created rather than simply attempting to mitigate the consequences if and when they materialize. Further analysis will determine whether these factors can be synthesized and combined to predict the relative assimilative capacities of counties faced with alternative forms of energy development. Initial results indicate that four measures may be sufficient to identify the relative assimilative capacities of counties, namely: (1) absolute population size at the time of impact; (2) density of population in …

The lithium tetraborate fusion method devised by Ingamells (1964) has been modified slightly to produce rapid and precise analysis of sodium and potassium contents in silicate rocks. The analytical method, procedure, and results are described briefly. (MHR)

Test S-02-6 of the Semiscale Mod-1 blowdown heat transfer test series was conducted to supply data for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standard Problem Six. To determine the credibility of the data and thus establish the validity of Standard Problem Six, an analysis of the results of Test S-02-6 was performed and is presented. This analysis consisted of investigations of system hydraulic and core thermal data. The credibility of the system hydraulic data was investigated through comparisons of the data with data and calculations from related sources (Test S-02-4) and, when necessary, through assessment of physical events. The credibility of the core thermal data was based on a thorough analysis of physical events. The results of these investigations substantiate the validity of Test S-02-6 data.

A large-strain time-dependent thermoplastic analysis has been developed for the ballooning deformation of a thin-wall tube subjected to internal pressure, axial loading, and fast thermal transients. This deformation initiates with the onset of plastic instability in the material, the onset being determined by a plastic-instability criterion for strain-rate sensitive materials. The interaction among the local ballooning geometry, the state of stress, and the plastic flow process was considered, and integration of the flow equations yields the local curvature and the states of stress and strain in the vicinity of the maximum ballooning site. The effects of axial constraint and heating rate were also discussed. The analysis was applied to a LWR Zircaloy cladding subjected to a constant heating rate and a range of internal pressures. The results agree very well with experimental strain-time data obtained from tube-burst tests. In most cases, the time of rupture was accurately predicted despite the lack of complete material-property data.