In a recent report (UCID 17346, ''Relativistic Particle Beam in a Semi-Infinite Axially Symmetric conducting channel extending from a perfectly conducting plane,'' Dec. 13, 1976) Cooper and Neil demonstrate that the net charge transported by a beam pulse injected into a channel of finite conductivity equals the charge of the beam itself. The channel is taken to be infinite in the positive z direction, has finite radius and is terminated by a conducting ground plane at z =0. This result is not an obvious one, and it is restricted in its applicability by the special model assumed for the channel. It is the purpose to explain the result of Cooper and Neil in more qualitative terms and to make similar calculations using several other channel models. It must be emphasized that these calculations are not concerned with the fate of the transported charge after the pulse has stopped, but rather with how much charge leaves the ground plane assuming the pulse does not stop.

A two-fluid equilibrium plasma model with electron-ion drag terms taken from the Spitzer coefficients is used in the analysis. An equilibrium cold electron background is assumed to exist which balances the electrical charge of the rotating ion ring. The ions can be assumed to have a directed velocity which is on the order of their mean thermal velocity.

The special kinds of demands placed on ERDA weapons and reactors require them to have very reliable welds. Process control is critical in achieving this reliability. ERDA has a number of advanced process control projects underway with much of the emphasis being on electron beam welding. These include projects on voltage measurement, beam-current control, beam focusing, beam spot tracking, spike suppression, and computer control. A general discussion of process control in welding is followed by specific examples of some of the advanced joining process control projects in ERDA.

This status report to the Nuclear Data Committee from LLL summarizes work in the areas of standards, nuclear data applications, nuclear data for safeguards, and nuclear data compilation. A few of these papers, though brief, do contain data. 9 figures, 2 tables. (RWR)

The average airborne gross beta activity from air filters collected during the first three quarters of 1976 was 2.2 x 10/sup -14/ ..mu..Ci/ml, about half of the average level observed during 1975. However, the atmospheric nuclear tests by the Peoples Republic of China on September 26 and November 17 elevated the fourth quarter values sufficiently to raise the annual average gross beta concentration to 7.6 x 10/sup -14/ ..mu..Ci/ml, higher than the 1975 average. Airborne /sup 238/U concentrations at Site 300 were higher than those at Livermore perimeters because of the use of depleted uranium (a byproduct of /sup 235/U enrichment) at the site. These uranium concentrations were well below the standards set by ERDA. Both Laboratory perimeter and Site 300 annual average airborne beryllium concentrations were less than 0.002% of the appropriate standard. Soil samples collected in the off-site vicinity of the Laboratory and at Site 300 were analyzed for plutonium. There were negligible changes from the levels previously reported. Water samples collected within the Livermore Valley and Site 300 exhibited gross beta and tritium activities within the ranges previously observed in these areas. Samples of vegetation, milk, and tissues from jackrabbits on the site were also assayed for …

Two numerical models used for studying collisional multispecies plasmas are described. The mathematical model is the Boltzmann kinetic equation with Fokker-Planck collision terms. A one-dimensional code and a two-dimensional code, used for the solution of the time-dependent Fokker-Planck equations for ion and electron distribution functions in velocity space, are described. The required equations and boundary conditions are derived and numerical techniques for their solution are given.

The purpose of the study is to provide an engineering evaluation of high and low temperature LMFBR core designs. The study was conducted by C-E supported by HEDL expertise in the areas of materials behavior, fuel performance and fabrication/fuel cycle cost. The evaluation is based primarily on designs and analyses prepared by AI, GE and WARD during Phase I of the PLBR studies.

The electrode behavior of the system, Ca/aq.-NaOH, NaCl, was investigated at ambient temperatures. Limiting currents were noted for intermediate concentrations of NaOH and NaCl, while rapid passivation at high ratios of NaOH to NaCl occurred. Low ratios of NaOH/NaCl yielded uncontrollable hydrogen evolution and rapid calcium dissolution. A model of the aqueous cell of the proposed system for the production of lithium was completed. The apparatus allows simultaneous determination of current efficiency and electrode polarization for the Li(Hg)/aq.-LiOH electrode upon cathodic polarization. Cooling curves indicate the existence of a LiI--KI--LiCl eutectic with a melting point of approximately 230/sup 0/C; possible errors are being considered arising from artifacts of the system and possible impurities in the salts. 2 figures.

Progress is outlined in a technological assessment of hybrid, i.e., internal combustion engine-electric, automobiles and the effects of such highway transportation electrification on energy use. (LCL)

This report is a compendium of facts related to chemical materials present in industrial waste process streams which have already been declared or are being evaluated as hazardous under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Since some 400 chemicals are presently covered by consensus standards, the substances reviewed are only those considered to be a major threat to public health and welfare by Federal and State regulatory agencies. For each hazardous material cited, the facts relate, where possible, to an identification of the stationary industrial sources, the kind of waste stream impacted, proposed regulations and established effluent standards, the volume of emissions produced each year, the volume of emissions per unit of industrial product produced, present clean-up capabilities, limitations, and costs. These data should be helpful in providing information for the assessment of potential problems, should be of use to the manufacturers of pollution control equipment or of chemicals for pollution control, should be of use to the operators or potential operators of processes which produce pollutants, and should help to define industry-wide emission practices and magnitudes.

Review of the LOFT steam generator stress and fatigue life analysis report is presented. Deficiencies were found which will require evaluation and in some areas reanalysis. The effects of these deficiencies upon the steam generator will include: to further reduce the allowable ..delta..P across the tubesheet for the abnormal design case of pressure on primary; and to reduce the allowable number of LOCE transients at some locations of the steam generator from the numbers listed in the stress report and to increase them at other locations.

The processing of pulses with very fast risetimes for timing purposes involves many problems because of the large equivalent bandwidths involved. For pulses with risetimes in the 150 ps range (and full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of 400 ps) bandwidths in excess of 1GHz are required. Furthermore, these very narrow pulses with current amplitudes as small as 1 mA carry very small charges (<10/sup -12/ coulomb), therefore, requiring very sensitive trigger circuits. The difficulty increases when timing characteristics in the picosecond range are sought especially when a wide input signal amplitude range causes a time-walk problem. The fast timing discriminator described has a time-walk of approximately +-75 ps over the input signal range from 80 mV to 3V. A schematic of the discriminator is included, and operation and performance are discussed.

An analysis to establish whether or not a leak-before-break concept would apply to the LOFT lower plenum injection nozzle is described. The analysis encompassed the structure from the inlet side of valve V-2170 to the lower plenum nozzle-to-reactor vessel weld on the left side of the emergency core cooling system (ECCS). The defect that was assumed to exist was of such a size that the probability of its being missed by the applicable inspection technique was near zero. The Inconel 600 nozzle forging with an initial assumed defect size of 0.64 cm (0.25 in.) deep would behave as follows: (1) the axially oriented defect would result in leak before rupture (the number of cycles to rupture was 11,000), (2) the circumferentially oriented defect would result in a rupture before leak. The number of cycles to failure would be in excess of 14,000. Based on the conservative assumption that the thermal stresses were membrane stresses as opposed to a bending stress, the following were found. For the Inconel 82 weld metal (thickness of 1.3 cm (0.53 in.)) and AISI 316 SST valve body, with an initial assumed defect of 0.25 cm (0.1 in.), the crack would grow through the thickness in …

This report contains state-by-state fact sheets; selected scenarios for Arkansas, South Dakota, and the Coastal Plain; ERDA/DOD interfacing at selected bases in Region 5, other activities of interest; and a summary of action items/future plans. (MHR)

Test procedures to be used to demonstrate the temperature control function, flow control function, and transient response of the Mechanical Flow-Temperature Control Valve in the Kilowatt Isotope Power System are described in detail. (LCL)

Silicon ribbons were grown in the presence of some air back-streaming and were consistently polycrystalline with little evidence of oriented growth from the seed. The problem of back-diffusion of air from the exit port has been eliminated, and clean growth conditions, as determined by silicon wafer film test, have been obtained in the redesigned seeded growth furnace. This furnace developed a water leak in the cooling nozzle, so it has not as yet been used to grow silicon. A new, vertical seeded growth furnace, which permits the seeding and initial crystal growth to take place below the alloy surface, has been designed and is being built.

This workshop was the sixth of a series and was held on July 11 and 12, 1977, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Those presenting papers at the Sixth Workshop prepared summary reports of their recent work for inclusion in this document. The reports are reproduced here as submitted by the participants, with only minor editing. This year's Workshop took a decidedly international flavor, with participants from seven countries in addition to the United States. The significance of this group's contributions has raised the possibility that the next Neutron Dosimetry Workshop may be held in Europe. Of particular interest at the Workshop was the keynote address by Dr. Harald Rossi. He commented that there is evidence that 1) accepted values of RBE for low absorbed doses of neutrons may be low by an order of magnitude or more and 2) the risk of leukemia is significant at 0.5 rad to the bone narrow. A reduction of the limit for permissible neutron exposure, which could result from consideration of this information, would necessitate major improvements in our "middle ages" neutron dosimetry. A number of participants reported conversions to thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) systems. This move has not been …

Basis, definition, and determination of the LOFT primary system minor primary pressurization cycle are presented. Example pressure-time plots are given which illustrate recognition of the minor primary pressurization cycle during typical plant operations.

A review of the LOFT Primary Coolant Pump Inlet Nozzle Thermal Analysis was conducted to satisfy the ASME code requirement that all analyses of Class I components be independently reviewed.

The objectives of the selection are to provide some insight into the basic models, to give some impression of the difficult nature of the equations, to show some of the present understanding of the nonlinear consequences of the equations, and to illustrate the remarks with computational studies. The physical situations envisaged are always closely related to the Tokamaks or Mirror Machines described in the first pair of lectures. The aim of this plasma theory is to describe equilibria, stability of the equilibria, and the transport of energy and particles out of a plasma. These three topics separate naturally according to the time and space scales of the phenomena involved and the plasma models reflect this.

The objectives of this report are to provide some insight into the basic models, to give some impression of the difficult nature of the equations, to show some of the present understanding of the nonlinear consequences of the equations, and to illustrate the remarks with computational studies. The aim of this plasma theory is to describe equilibria, stability of the equilibria, and the transport of energy and particles out of the plasma. (MOW)

A combination of dipole magnets and a superconducting solenoid is utilized to transform the spin direction of transversely polarized protons from the Argonne ZGS for use in proton-proton scattering experiments.

Data and methods for quantifying environmental damage from energy activities were evaluated. Specifically, discussions were designed to identify the types and amounts of pollutants emitted by energy technologies that may affect the environment adversely, methods of estimating spatial and temporal changes in air and water quality resulting from these emissions, spatial and temporal distributions of ecosystems at risk, dose-response functions for pollutants and ecosystems at risk, and environmental and economic variables to be used to measure damage. Emphasis was on available data and on several methods for quantitative estimation of effects of energy on the environment. Damage functions that could be used to quantitate effects of ozone and sulfur oxide on agricultural crops and trees, effects of altered stream depth and velocity patterns on river fish species, and sensitivities of lake chemistry and biology to acid rainfall are listed. Also described are methods for estimating effects of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and several other atmospheric pollutants on selected terrestrial communities by using computer modeling techniques. With these techniques, quantitative estimates of the effects of energy on the environment could be developed within one to two years. Brief discussions about effects of nutrient and trace metal discharges on terrestrial ecosystems …

The unique characteristics of the energy situation in developing countries imposes a unique set of requirements on analytical techniques used for energy planning. The urgency of the situation requires the rapid development and use of simplified models which make maximum use of available data but which can reflect the international energy context. Those techniques must also be able to deal with central energy/development issues such as energy equity or the energy implication of social equity policies, centralized vs. decentralized development, and urbanization.