An exploratory development contract was undertaken on December 23, 1977 which had as its purpose the development and demonstration of a flexible armored blanket design suitable for providing ballistic protection to nuclear weapons during shipment. Objectives were to design and fabricate a prototype blanket which will conform to the weapon shape, is troop-handleable in the field, and which, singly or in multiple layers, can defeat a range of kinetic energy armor piercing (AP) ammunition potentially capable of damaging the critical portion of the nuclear weapon. Following empirical testing, including the firing of threat ammunition under controlled laboratory and field test conditions, materials were selected and assembled into two blanket designs, each weighing approximately 54 kg/m{sup 2} (11 lbs/ft{sup 2}) and estimated to cost from $111 to $180 per ft{sup 2} in production. A firing demonstration to evidence blanket performance against terrorist/light infantry weapons, heavy infantry weapons, and aircraft cannon was conducted for representatives of the DOD and interested Sandia employees on April 12, 1978. The blankets performed better than anticipated defeating bullets up to 7.62 mm x 51 mm AP with one layer and projectiles up to 23 mm HEI with two layers. Based on these preliminary tests it is …

The basis processes for reprocessing thorium based light water reactor type fuels are defined for use in identifying criticality data needs. The Reference Thorium Fuel Cycle is used as the primary fuel cycle. Material forms and compositions are described for each major processing step. These forms consist of nitrates and oxides of Th--U--Pu combinations. Fuel fabrication and fuel pool storage facilities are also defined to the extent they interact with fuel reprocessing.

This report contains the results of a feasibility and risk study performed by Bechtel National, Inc. and the Ben Holt Company under contract to the San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E). The purpose of the study was to define the most technically feasible and lowest cost near-term energy conversion process for a 50 MWe geothermal power plant at the Salton Sea known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA). Using the latest information from the Geothermal This report contains the results of a feasibility and risk study performed by Bechtel National, Inc. and the Ben Holt Company under contract to the San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E). The purpose of the study was to define the most technically feasible and lowest cost near-term energy conversion process for a 50 MWe geothermal power plant at the Salton Sea known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA). Using the latest information from the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF), which is currently in operation at the Salton Sea KGRA, conceptual designs, capital cost estimates, and busbar energy production cost estimates were developed for power plants employing several versions of flashed steam and flash binary energy conversion processes. A power plant and well field risk analysis was also …

This report is part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory work to compile data of characteristics of the main U.S. geothermal source areas. The purpose of this compilation is to provide information on the chemistry of geothermal fluids to scientists and engineers involved with the development of liquid dominated geothermal energy resources. The compilation is a comprehensive tabulation of available geothermal fluid data from the most important geothermal resources in the United States. [Abstracter's note: This was part of a large but short-lived effort at LBNL to collect lots of geothermal data. There may be other reports that are worth searching for to add to the Geothermal Legacy collection at OSTI. DJE-2005]

For the first time data received from LLL has been incorporated in the quality assurance report. LASL has indicated that their results on the water standard B2 have been consistently low. They suspect that this may be resulting from uranium plating out in the polyethylene containers. Such an observation has not been made by either ORGDP, SRL or LLL. To evaluate these suspect observations LASL has been sent two sets of standards, one set contained in teflon and the second in the usual polyethylene containers. LASL results for June will be carefully evaluated.

Potential biological and ecological problems are the focus of a review of the world's scientific literature on biological effects of microwave radiation. The emphasis is on recently reported data and on the 2450-MHz continuous-wave (CW) radiation that is envisioned for a Satellite Power System (SPS).

Pretreatment of {alpha}-bungarotoxin ({alpha}-Bgt) binding sites from rat brain with cholinergic agonists causes transformation of sites to a high-affinity form toward agonist over a time course of minutes, consistent with identity of those sites as central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). This agonist-induced alteration in receptor state may be correlated with physiological densensitization. Agonist inhibition of toxin binding to the high-affinity state is non-competitive, suggesting the existence of discrete toxin-binding and agonist-binding sites on the central nAChR. These results thus offer a possible explanation of observed impotency of {alpha}-Bgt toward blocking in vivo cholinergic responses in the central nervous system.

A Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) camera for Emission Tomography with positron emitting isotopes has been built. The coincident 511 KeV gammas are detected by their interaction with lead-on-plastic honeybomc converters coupled to planar MWPC detectors with sensitive area 48 x 48 cm{sup 2} placed 50 cm apart with clear space in between for the patient. Each detector box has two MWPC: the innermost MWPC are coupled to two converters, while the outer ones have only 1 converter. This configuration leads to an effective sensitivity of 1600 coincidence cts./min.{mu}Ci for a source placed in the center of the median plane between the detectors. With the present electronics and lead-on-plastic honeycomb converters the spatial resolution is 8 mm FWHM and the event rate at which images are taken with the camera is 30,000-40,000 events/min. The camera can be improved both in maximum event rate and spatial resolution by changing the dimensions of the converters. Decreasing the aperture size of the converters for the same thickness of lead wall leads to an increase in detection efficiency and hence improved count rate, as well as a decrease in the FWHM of the spatial resolution. They are continuing to investigate the use of surface conducting …

This Gruy Federal Type II-B, geopressured-geothermal (Geo) prospect was drilled as the Sun Oil Company, No. 2 Alice C. Plantation and is located in Section 2, Township 16-S, Range 10-E, St. mary Parish, Louisiana. The well site is 3,705.61 feet from U.S.C. and G.S. marker ''Foster''. The well site is located in a sugar cane field, and is accessible by approximately 2,500 feet of cane field road. The well was originally drilled to a depth of 19,000 feet and abandoned as a dry hole in December, 1963. The location is shown on the west central area of the USGS topographic sheet, 'North Bend'', Louisiana, in the Gruy Federal report, ''Investigation and Evaluation of Geopressured-Geothermal Wells, prospective Test Wells in the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast'', March 20, 1978.

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This report describes an RCD project management and selection system developed for the Utilization Technology Branch of the Division of Geothermal Energy, Department of Energy. The proposed project management system (PMS) consists of a project data system (PDS) and a project selection procedure (PSP). The project data system consists of a series of project data forms and project status logs, and descriptions of information pathways. The PDS emphasizes timely monitoring of the technical and financial progress of projects, maintenance of the history of the project and rapid access to project information to facilitate responsive reporting to DGE and DOE upper management. The project selection procedure emphasizes an RCD product-oriented approach to benefit/cost analysis of individual projects. The report includes: (a) a description of the system, and recommendations for its implementation, (b) the PDS forms and an explanation of their use, (c) a glossary of terms for use on the forms, (d) a description of the benefit/cost approach, (e) a data base for estimating RCD benefits, and (f) examples of test applications of the system to nine current DGE projects.

The conversion of geothermal energy into usable electrical power has become increasingly important to the overall national energy needs. A major area of technical interest which has resulted from the initial development of geothermal power plants is the scale formation developed in the facility pipes and related components. This scale formation is due to the concentration of minerals in the geothermal water and steam. The current state-of-technology utilized for descaling consists of a combination of sandblasting, water blasting, acid soaking and scraping. These cleaning methods, used individually or collectively, do not provide an acceptable descaling operation due to excessive facility downtime and cost.

This report in three volumes describes an R&D project management and selection system developed for the Utilization Technology Branch of the Division of Geothermal Energy, Department of Energy. The proposed project management system (PMS) consists of a project data system (PDS) and a project selection procedure (PSP). The project data system consists of a series of project data forms and project status logs, and descriptions of information pathways. The PDS emphasizes timely monitoring of the technical and financial progress of projects, maintenance of the history of the project and rapid access to project information to facilitate responsive reporting to DGE and DOE upper management. The project selection procedure emphasizes an R&D product-oriented approach to benefit/cost analysis of individual projects. The report includes: (a) a description of the system, and recommendations for its implementation, (b) the PDS forms and an explanation of their use, (c) a glossary of terms for use on the forms, (d) a description of the benefit/cost approach, (e) a data base for estimating R&D benefits, and (f) examples of test applications of the system to nine current DGE projects. This volume discusses the proposed Project Data System in detail. It describes information needs and flow paths, and …

This report in three volumes describes an R and D project management and selection system developed for the Utilization Technology Branch of the Division of Geothermal Energy, Department of Energy. The proposed project management system (PMS) consists of a project data system (PDS) and a project selection procedure (PSP). The project data system consists of a series of project data forms and project status logs, and descriptions of information pathways. The PDS emphasizes timely monitoring of the technical and financial progress of projects, maintenance of the history of the project and rapid access to project information to facilitate responsive reporting to DGE and DOE Upper Management. The project selection procedure emphasizes a R and D product-oriented approach to benefit/cost analysis of individual projects. The report includes: (a) a description of the system, and recommendations for its implementation, (b) the PDS forms and explanation of their use, (c) a glossary of terms for use on the forms, (d) a description of the benefit/cost approach, (e) a data base for estimating R and D benefits, and (f) examples of test applications of the system to nine current DGE projects. This volume describes a proposed procedure for R and D project selection. The …

Experimental results are reviewed which demonstrate that combustion-generated soot particles can oxidize SO{sub 2} in both the absence ('dry' mechanism) and the presence ('wet' mechanism) of liquid water. The 'wet' mechanism is much more efficient than the 'dry' one, and is applicable to situations where the aerosol particles are covered with a liquid water layer. Calculations are presented which suggest that the soot-catalyzed oxidation of SO{sub 2} can be the dominant mechanism under realistic atmospheric conditions.

The theory and a mathematical treatment of various stage-type isotope separation methods are presented. (TFD)

The study showed that the Geothermal Loan Guaranty Program has had only a negligible effect on geothermal development and the response to the program was far less than expected. The streamlining of environmental regulations and leasing policies, and the granting of intangible drilling cost write-offs and depletion allowances to operators would have had a greater impact on geothermal energy development. The loan guaranty program did not promote the undertaking of any new projects that would not have been undertaken without it. The program only accelerated the pace for some development which might have commenced in the future. Included in the study are recommendations for improving the operation of the program thereby increasing its attractiveness to potential applicants.

This LTR contains the original results of the Railroad Locomotive Tractive Effort Test performed by Kaiser Engineers on July 29, 1965, using an existing 24-wheel 500-ton dolly and the existing shielded locomotive. The test was conducted to confirm calculations of the tractive effort required to move the LOFT dolly (MTA) through the four-rail high bay curve and the curve into the LOFT containment vessel.

The unusual and potentially significant selectivity behaviors exhibited by iron- and, particularly, cobalt-graphite intercalates during CO hydrogenation warrant continued investigation, using a differential/integral flow-type reactor capable of operating at elevated reaction pressure, i.e., 0 to 300 psig. Such a system will enable further characterization of these catalysts to be made in at least three important, but heretofore unexamined, areas: this will permit the rapid acquisition of such important data as comparative turnover frequencies and apparent activation energies for CO conversion. The accuracy, convenience, and flexibility of the measurements will be greatly improved with a flow-type reaction system. Measurements of deactivation properties perforce require the use of a flow reactor and cannot be meaningfully made using a closed reaction system. Particular emphasis will be placed on establishing the effects of varying pretreatment conditions on activity/selectivity responses of the graphitic materials compared to their supported homologs. Additional information about catalyst coking properties and consequent mass balances will also be obtainable from such experiments. The most important information accessible by an elevated-pressure flow reactor are the comparative dependences of product selectivities on reaction pressure for both pairs of catalysts. In view of the already greater tendency of iron- and cobalt-graphite catalysts to produce …

The coordination study of 1972 performed by Mr. N.A. Williams of Kaiser Engineers (LTR 13 10-3) is examined and updated based upon 1977 loads. Present overcurrent relay settings are presented and evaluated for adequacy in terms of the updated short circuit analysis. Recommendations are made for new relay and trip device settings to improve coordination. Switchgear ratings are examined against available short circuit currents, and recommendations are made where applicable. Vital MCC-A and B are examined in detail to provide maximum continuity of service for every fault contingency. A recommendation is made to improve the reliability of these buses.

This LTR documents LOFT Plant operational, upset, and emergency transients, and pressure and temperature conditions as generated by the LOFT Plant Dynamic analysis model of the primary system for use in steam generator specification. The results of this LTR have been supplemented by succeeding efforts as follows: FSAR analysis - (a) loss of load during full power operation, (b) loss of primary pump electrical power, and (c) loss of site power; and LOFT maneuvering analysis - (a) +-10% step change in steam flow, and (b) manual reactor trip. The initial plant conditions considered may differ from this LTR plant conditions. Items are outlined to document in this LTR other analyses which cover the same plant transients. 53 figs., 1 tab.

The transient calorimetric technique is used to measure the temperature dependence of the total hemispherical emittance of polished copper, solar selective thin films on copper and a solar selective thin film on a metal film on quartz. Experimental results on copper do not agree with the predictions of the Davisson and Weeks theory. A new theory of the emissivity of metals based on the Drude Free Electron model is developed and compared with the expermental data on copper. With no adjustable parameters, good agreement between this theory and experiment is obtained.

Control of temperature swings is a major consideration in design of passive solar heated buildings - especially so as the designer seeks to achieve most of the building heat from the sun. Observations of temperature swings in several passive buildings are cited. Methods of temperature control are discussed, both by means of control intervention such as using of auxiliary backup heating, ventilation, and blowers, and by means of building design. The design approach is preferred as the main course with the intervention techniques used for fine tuning.

The levels of and underlying bases for public support, opposition, and ambivalence toward continued nuclear power development are reviewed. Data are presented on the public's general evaluations of nuclear power by indicating the extent of support and opposition, by discussing the interpretation of undecided responses, and by examining changes in public opinion over time. Differences in general attitudes toward nuclear energy related to demographic characteristics, including sex, age, education, income, and geographic region are examined. Bases for explaining public support of and opposition to nuclear power are discussed by identifying consistent patterns of attitudes among pronuclear individuals and among antinuclear individuals in the general public.