The Mine Waste Working Group discussed the nature and possible contributions to the solution of this class of waste problem at length. There was a consensus that the mine waste problem presented some fundamental differences from the other classes of waste addresses by the Develop On-Site Innovative Technologies (DOIT) working groups. Contents of this report are: executive summary; stakeholders address the problems; the mine waste program; current technology development programs; problems and issues that need to be addressed; demonstration projects to test solutions; conclusion-next steps; and appendices.

A number of anomalies have been observed for fissile material arrays. This paper will review anomalous behavior associated with interstitial array moderation and correct one previously-mis-identified anomaly. Most arrays show a maximum k{sub eff} with low-density water moderation. An earlier study, however, did not show this maximum for unreflected 5{times}5{times}5 and 10{times}10{times}10 arrays of 15-kg {sup 235}U spheres. Our present calculations with MCNP and KENO V.a, however, show low-density maximums for both unreflected and reflected arrays of these units. We conclude that the earlier calculations for unreflected arrays were in error -- perhaps due to problem setup or code errors. The reactivity enhancement due to fissile material density reductions, however, still exits and is now seen to occur for both unreflected and water-reflected arrays.

The sequential addition of enzyme and H[sub 2]O[sub 2] during the reverse micelle incubation was found to enhance sulfoxidation, but levels of EPSn remained low. The triplicate addition of enzyme and H[sub 2]0[sub 2] during the reverse micelle incubation of EPS was found to enhance sulfoxidation to EPSn and unidentified material. Low conversion to EPSn was not due to the inability of the enzyme to oxidize EPSX in reverse micelles, since the latter was demonstrated with both commercially available and enzymatically synthesized EPSx as starting material. Chloroperoxidase in an AOT-isooctane reverse micelle solution also mediated production of a metabolite from DBT with characteristics consistent with DBTSx. The magnitude of conversion was enhanced to 10% of the starting material by triplicate addition of enyme and H[sub 2]0[sub 2]. The identity of this metabolite as DBTSx was verified by GC/MS. Chloroperoxidase in reverse micelles appears therefore to be a versatile catalyst for sulfoxidation of aliphatic and aromatic sulfur-containing model coal compounds.

The sequential addition of enzyme and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} during the reverse micelle incubation was found to enhance sulfoxidation, but levels of EPSn remained low. The triplicate addition of enzyme and H{sub 2}0{sub 2} during the reverse micelle incubation of EPS was found to enhance sulfoxidation to EPSn and unidentified material. Low conversion to EPSn was not due to the inability of the enzyme to oxidize EPSX in reverse micelles, since the latter was demonstrated with both commercially available and enzymatically synthesized EPSx as starting material. Chloroperoxidase in an AOT-isooctane reverse micelle solution also mediated production of a metabolite from DBT with characteristics consistent with DBTSx. The magnitude of conversion was enhanced to 10% of the starting material by triplicate addition of enyme and H{sub 2}0{sub 2}. The identity of this metabolite as DBTSx was verified by GC/MS. Chloroperoxidase in reverse micelles appears therefore to be a versatile catalyst for sulfoxidation of aliphatic and aromatic sulfur-containing model coal compounds.

Spectral evidence was found for photoionization in spectra of Eu[sup 2+] and Sm[sup 3+] in BaF[sub 2]; Ce[sup 3+] was also studied in BaF[sub 2], CaF[sub 2], and SrF[sub 2]. Two-photon spectroscopy of forbidden transitions (zero-phonon lines) was extended from NaF: Cu[sup +] to Mn[sup 4+] in Cs[sub 2]GeF[sub 6] and to MgO:Ni[sup 2+].

Spectral evidence was found for photoionization in spectra of Eu{sup 2+} and Sm{sup 3+} in BaF{sub 2}; Ce{sup 3+} was also studied in BaF{sub 2}, CaF{sub 2}, and SrF{sub 2}. Two-photon spectroscopy of forbidden transitions (zero-phonon lines) was extended from NaF: Cu{sup +} to Mn{sup 4+} in Cs{sub 2}GeF{sub 6} and to MgO:Ni{sup 2+}.

A panel of experts in the fields of process engineering, process chemistry, and safety analysis met together on January 26, 1993, and February 19, 1993, to discuss nuclear safety and nuclear criticality potential in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) processes. Nuclear safety issues and possibilities of nuclear criticality incidents in the DWPF were examined in depth. The discussion started at the receipt of slurry feeds: The Low Point Pump Pit Precipitate Tank (LPPPPT) and the Low Point Pump Pit Sludge Tank (LPPPST), and went into detail the whole DWPF processes. This report provides discussion of each of the areas and processes of the DWPF in terms of potential nuclear safety issues and nuclear criticality concerns.

This research program addresses fundamental questions concerning the relations between atomic structures and compositions of homophase and heterophase interfaces. Metal/ceramic heterophase interfaces are created via the process of internal oxidation of metallic alloys. The interfaces are studied via a combination of conventional transmission electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, field-ion microscopy and atom probe microscopy. The latter technique is employed to chemically sequence the interfacial region, and to show that the terminating (222) plane of MgO and CdO consists solely of oxygen atoms forthe Cu/MgO (111) and Ag/CdO (111) heterophase interfaces, respectively; this is achieved with no deconvolution of the experimental data. The evolution of metal/ceramic heterophase interfaces is studied by following the process of internal oxidation on an atomic scale from its very earliest stages. It is demonstrated that during the early stages of internal oxidation that metal atom clusters as well as hypo and hyperstoichiometric metal-oxygen clusters are present. Solute-atom segregation to grain boundaries is studied in binary metal alloys employing the free energy simulations and the overlapping distribution Monte Carlo methodologies for dilute Pt(Au), Cu(Ni) and Pd(Ni) alloys for both twist and tilt boundaries.

This research program addresses fundamental questions concerning the relations between atomic structures and compositions of homophase and heterophase interfaces. Metal/ceramic heterophase interfaces are created via the process of internal oxidation of metallic alloys. The interfaces are studied via a combination of conventional transmission electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, field-ion microscopy and atom probe microscopy. The latter technique is employed to chemically sequence the interfacial region, and to show that the terminating (222) plane of MgO and CdO consists solely of oxygen atoms forthe Cu/MgO (111) and Ag/CdO (111) heterophase interfaces, respectively; this is achieved with no deconvolution of the experimental data. The evolution of metal/ceramic heterophase interfaces is studied by following the process of internal oxidation on an atomic scale from its very earliest stages. It is demonstrated that during the early stages of internal oxidation that metal atom clusters as well as hypo and hyperstoichiometric metal-oxygen clusters are present. Solute-atom segregation to grain boundaries is studied in binary metal alloys employing the free energy simulations and the overlapping distribution Monte Carlo methodologies for dilute Pt(Au), Cu(Ni) and Pd(Ni) alloys for both twist and tilt boundaries.

A continuous stirred tank reactor with and without sulfur recovery has been operated using Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum for the conversion of H[sub 2]S to elemental sulfur. In operating the reactor system with sulfur recovery, a gas retention time of 40 min was required to obtain a 100 percent conversion of H[sub 2]S to elemental sulfur. Essentially no SO[sub 4][sup 2[minus]], an undesirable product, was produced under these conditions. Significant reductions in the gas retention time are expected by employing cell recycle after sulfur recovery, and by using increased pressure.

A continuous stirred tank reactor with and without sulfur recovery has been operated using Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum for the conversion of H{sub 2}S to elemental sulfur. In operating the reactor system with sulfur recovery, a gas retention time of 40 min was required to obtain a 100 percent conversion of H{sub 2}S to elemental sulfur. Essentially no SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, an undesirable product, was produced under these conditions. Significant reductions in the gas retention time are expected by employing cell recycle after sulfur recovery, and by using increased pressure.

This technical report defines and describes a Crystalline Beam. This is an ordered state of matter made of electrically charged ions which are moving together in a storage ring with very high density and small velocity spread. In particular, the paper analyses the requirements for the confinement and the stability of the Beam. It is demonstrated that a storage ring made of one circular weak-focusing magnet, similar to a Betatron, is the most suitable for the confinement and stability of the Crystalline Beam. The disruptive effects of drift insertions have also been investigated. Requirements on final densities and velocity spreads are also calculated and reported. A matrix formalism is developed for the design of the storage ring. The important issue of the disruption caused by the curvature of the closed trajectory is not here discussed; it is the subject of a subsequent paper.

This technical report defines and describes a Crystalline Beam. This is an ordered state of matter made of electrically charged ions which are moving together in a storage ring with very high density and small velocity spread. In particular, the paper analyses the requirements for the confinement and the stability of the Beam. It is demonstrated that a storage ring made of one circular weak-focusing magnet, similar to a Betatron, is the most suitable for the confinement and stability of the Crystalline Beam. The disruptive effects of drift insertions have also been investigated. Requirements on final densities and velocity spreads are also calculated and reported. A matrix formalism is developed for the design of the storage ring. The important issue of the disruption caused by the curvature of the closed trajectory is not here discussed; it is the subject of a subsequent paper.

A single particle subjected to an arbitrary static magnetic field, which includes skew-quadrupole and solenoidal fields, is considered. The Courant-Snyder invariants are constructed, and the long-term stability of the beam in a storage ring is formulated in terms of the normal modes. The generalized Courant-Snyder invariants become Lyapunov functions when the new generalized B-functions admit non-zero lower and finite upper bounds.

Longitudinal space-charge waves develop on heavy-ion inertial-fusion pulse from initial mismatches or from inappropriately timed or shaped accelerating voltages. Without correction, waves moving backward along the beam can grow due to the interaction with their resistively retarded image fields, eventually degrading the longitudinal emittance. A simple correction algorithm is presented here that uses a time-dependent axial electric field to reverse the direction of backward-moving waves. The image fields then damp these forward-moving waves. The method is demonstrated by fluid simulations of an idealized inertial-fusion driver, and practical problems in implementing the algorithm are discussed.

We report on the design details of the first ultraviolet (UV) free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator driven by low-energy electrons from a radio-frequency linear accelerator. In our experiment we used a high-current, high brightness electon beam in combination with a wiggler of novel design to produce an FEL that lased at wavelengths from 369--380 nm using 45.9--45.2 MeV electrons. In addition we performed a proof-of principle experiment that demonstrated the first ever photolithography on a photoresist-coated silicon wafer using an FEL light source.

This document defines the objective, bases, and functional requirements governing the preparation of detail design of the bauxite-sulfuric acid feed facilities to be installed in the 183-KE and KW buildings. These facilities will produce the chemical coagulant used in the treatment of Columbia River water in the water plants; they will replace existing liquid alum feed systems. The treated water will be used as reactor coolant.

The main goal of this contract is to develop a catalyst and technology that will produce iC{sub 4=} directly from coal-derived syngas and that is capable of using a lower H{sub 2}/CO ratio (0.5 to 1.0). The research will identify and optimize the key catalyst and process characteristics that give improved performance for CO conversion by a non-Fischer-Tropsch process. This report, which is the Technical Progress Report No. 4 for contract DE-AC22-91PC90042, covers the testing of various ZrO{sub 2}-based catalyst systems designed to examine the effects of catalyst preparation and process variables, especially the H{sub 2}/CO ratio. Testing of sol-gel ZrO{sub 2} catalysts with 1 or 2% cesium (Cs) addition indicates decreased stability at a H{sub 2}:CO ratio of 0.5. The addition of cobalt (Co) or copper (Cu) to the base ZrO{sub 2} catalyst results in a small activity gain, but a selectivity loss. This gain in Cu catalyst activity is mostly due to increased methane production. The Co catalyst shifts selectivity toward saturated products. The addition of water to the feed stream had a beneficial effect on stability. The addition of a basic clay had no effect on the activity or selectivity.

The main goal of this contract is to develop a catalyst and technology that will produce iC4{sub 4}{sup =} directly from coal-derived syngas and that is capable of using a lower H{sub 2}/CO ratio (0.5 to 1.0). The research will identify and optimize the key catalyst and process characteristics that give improved performance for CO conversion by a non-Fischer-Tropsch process. This report, which is Quarterly Report No. 5 for contract DE-AC22-91PC90042, covers the testing of various zirconia (ZrO{sub 2}) and bismuth oxide (Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}) based catalyst systems designed to examine the effects of catalyst preparation and process variables, especially the H{sub 2}/Co ratio. Testing of sol-gel ZrO{sub 2} catalysts with lanthanum (La) or yttrium (Y) addition indicates a decrease in isobutene yield. An attempt to increase catalyst surface area by impregnating Zr on a sol-gel SiO{sub 2} catalyst was unsuccessful. A Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst was very low in activity as a result of complete reduction to Bi metal. Increasing the H{sub 2}/CO ratio to 2:1 slightly increased the isobutene yield and improved catalyst stability.

Goal is to develop a catalyst and technology that will produce iC{sub 4}{double_bond} directly from coal-derived syngas and that is capable of using a lower H{sub 2}/CO ratio (0.5 to 1.0). This report covers the testing of various zirconia (ZrO{sub 2}) based catalyst systems designed to examine effects of catalyst preparation and process variables, especially feed additives. Testing sol-gel ZrO{sub 2} catalysts calcined at 475 C instead of 500 C increases the isobutene yield. Supporting zirconia on high-surface-area sol-gel silica or silica-alumina results in low activity catalysts. Addition of ethylene, propylene, ethanol to feed produces hydrogenation, dimerization, and metathesis products, but little or no isobutene.

The University of Michigan reports its progress on this project on a bimonthly or quarterly reporting frequency. As a result, the detailed annual summary of activity is derived from the integration of these progress reports. They are attached here to form a permanent record of the University's contribution to this program.

The University of Michigan reports its progress on this project on a bimonthly or quarterly reporting frequency. As a result, the detailed annual summary of activity is derived from the integration of these progress reports. They are attached here to form a permanent record of the University`s contribution to this program.

The Earth`s capacity to support life depends on the moderating influences of gases that envelop the planet and warm its surface and protect it from harmful radiation. These gases are referred to as ``greenhouse gases.`` Their warming capacity, called ``the greenhouse effect,`` is essential to maintaining a climate hospitable to all plant, animal, and human life. In recent years, however, there has been increasing concern that human activity may be affecting the intricate balance between the Earth`s absorption of heat from the sun and its capacity to reradiate excess heat back into space. Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities may be an important mechanism that affects global climate. Thus, research is intensifying to improve our understanding of the role human activities might play in influencing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. On the basis of scientific findings of the past few decades, the US Government and the international community at large are now taking steps toward stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions. This report contributes to that process. Mandated by Congress this report provides estimates of US emissions of the principal greenhouse gases--carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorcarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds. Estimates are for the period …

Sierra Energy Company`s targeted goals during the third quarter of this Cooperative Agreement included the following objectives from the Statement of Work: in Phase 2A, completion of subtask 2.1.2--acquire best possible field data in the 3-D seismic program; and initiation of Subtask 2.1.3--process acquired 3-D seismic data. Technical progress is described for these tasks.