Natural gas reservoirs are obvious targets for carbon sequestration by direct carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) injection by virtue of their proven record of gas production and integrity against gas escape. Carbon sequestration in depleted natural gas reservoirs can be coupled with enhanced gas production by injecting CO{sub 2} into the reservoir as it is being produced, a process called Carbon Sequestration with Enhanced Gas Recovery (CSEGR). In this process, supercritical CO{sub 2} is injected deep in the reservoir while methane (CH{sub 4}) is produced at wells some distance away. The active injection of CO{sub 2} causes repressurization and CH{sub 4} displacement to allow the control and enhancement of gas recovery relative to water-drive or depletion-drive reservoir operations. Carbon dioxide undergoes a large change in density as CO{sub 2} gas passes through the critical pressure at temperatures near the critical temperature. This feature makes CO{sub 2} a potentially effective cushion gas for gas storage reservoirs. Thus at the end of the CSEGR process when the reservoir is filled with CO{sub 2}, additional benefit of the reservoir may be obtained through its operation as a natural gas storage reservoir. In this paper, we present discussion and simulation results from TOUGH2/EOS7C of gas …

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The role of grain boundary constraint in strain localization, slip system activation, slip transmission, and the concomitant constitutive response was examined performing a series of uniaxial compression tests on tantalum bicrystals. Tantalum single crystals were diffusion bonded to form a (011) twist boundary and compressed along the [011] direction. The resulting three-dimensional deformation was analyzed via volume reconstruction. With this, both, the effective states of stress and strain over the cross-sectional area could be measured as a function of distance from the twist boundary, revealing a highly constrained grain boundary. Post-test metallurgical characterization was performed using Electron Back-Scattered-Diffraction (EBSD). The results, a spatial distribution of slip patterning and mapping of crystal rotation around the twist-boundary was analyzed and compared to the known behavior of the individual single crystals. A rather large area near the grain boundary revealed no crystal rotation. Instead, patterns of alternating crystal rotation similar to single crystal experiments were found to be some distance away ({approx} 400 m) from the immediate grain boundary region, indicating the large length scale of the rotation free region.

Three electronic personal dosimeters (EPD-N) manufactured by Siemens, serial numbers 0635, 0658, and 0683, were tested at the Radiation Calibration Laboratory for an evaluation of their response to neutron, gamma and x-ray radiation. Designed to provide real-time neutron and photon dosimetry, the EPD-N is capable of estimating and displaying neutron and gamma dose components separately for a range of energies from 50 keV to 7 MeV for photon and 0.025 eV to > 10 MeV for neutron. All tests were conducted using the factory calibrations. A technical representative of the manufacturer indicated that site-specific calibrations are required as factory settings are calibrated for the lowest neutron energy limit of 0.025 eV. This raises concerns about the reliability of these devices in measuring neutrons when calibrations are made for a specific site radiological characterization then used at another site.

The Pennsylvania State University, under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory will establish, promote, and manage a national industry-driven Stripper Well Consortium (SWC) that will be focused on improving the production performance of domestic petroleum and/or natural gas stripper wells. The consortium creates a partnership with the U.S. petroleum and natural gas industries and trade associations, state funding agencies, academia, and the National Energy Technology Laboratory. This report serves as the ninth quarterly technical progress report for the SWC. Key activities for this reporting period include: (1) organizing and hosting two fall technology transfer meetings, (2) SWC membership class expansion, and (3) planning the SWC 2003 Spring meeting. In addition, a literature search that focuses on the use of lasers, microwaves, and acoustics for potential stripper well applications continued.

A linear lens can focus a cold beam to a singular point. Unfortunately, this ideal situation would never occur in the real world. Besides nonlinearity of the lens, any deviation of the beam parameters from the ideal beam's nominal beam parameters would lead to nonzero final spot size. In other words, the final spot size of a beam focused by a focusing lens with a given focusing strength depends on its beam parameters, such as the emittance, variations in beam current, energy, envelope and envelope slopes, and nonlinearity of the focusing lens. There are many types of final focusing systems. We consider only the system using a ''thin'' solenoid lens in this notes. Generally, the net focusing force in a solenoid focusing system is not sensitive to the beam current for an emittance dominated beam. For simplicity, we will ignore the space charge forces in the discussion, and focus on the contributions of beam emittance, energy variation and nonlinearity of the lens to the final spot size here.

The stability of interfaces in lamellar TiAl (or TiAl/Ti{sub 3}Al laminate composite) by straining at ambient temperatures has been investigated using in-situ staining techniques performed in a transmission electron microscope in order to obtain direct evidence to support the previously proposed creep mechanisms in refined lamellar TiAl based upon the interface sliding in association with the cooperative motion of interfacial dislocations. It has been reported previously that the mobility of interfacial dislocations can play a crucial role in the creep deformation behavior of refined lamellar TiAl [1,2]. Since the operation of lattice dislocations within refined {alpha}{sub 2} and {gamma} lamellae is largely restricted, the motion of interfacial dislocations becomes the major strain carrier for plasticity. Results of ex-situ TEM investigation have revealed the occurrence of interface sliding in low-stress (LS) creep regime and deformation twinning in high-stress (HS) creep regime. These results have led us to propose that interface sliding associated with a viscous glide of pre-existing interfacial dislocations is the predominant creep mechanism in LS regime and interface-activated deformation twinning in {gamma} lamellae is the predominant creep mechanism in HS regime. Stress concentration resulted from the pileup of interfacial dislocations is suggested to be the cause for the interface-activated …

Although most known non-Fermi liquid (NFL) materials are structurally or chemically disordered, the role of this disorder remains unclear. In particular, very few systems have been discovered that may be stoichiometric and well ordered. To test whether U{sub 3}Ni{sub 3}Sn{sub 4} belongs in this latter class, we present measurements of the x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of polycrystalline and single-crystal U{sub 3}Ni{sub 3}Sn{sub 4} samples that are consistent with no measurable local atomic disorder. We also present temperature-dependent specific heat data in applied magnetic fields as high as 8 T that show features that are inconsistent with the antiferromagnetic Griffiths' phase model, but do support the conclusion that a Fermi liquid/NFL crossover temperature increases with applied field. These results are inconsistent with theoretical explanations that require strong disorder effects, but do support the view that U{sub 3}Ni{sub 3}Sn{sub 4} is a stoichoiometric, ordered material that exhibits NFL behavior, and is best described as being near an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point.

This report discusses the results of the coupled operation of the Pilot Scale Precipitation Test Facility and Crossflow Test Facility conducted for the Hanford River Protection Project.

This report describes the fabrication and evaluation of polyethylene plastic joints and connecting tubes used in the assembly of contained and shielded radiochemical apparatus.

Pressure diffusion wave in porous rocks are under consideration. The pressure diffusion mechanism can provide an explanation of the high attenuation of low-frequency signals in fluid-saturated rocks. Both single and dual porosity models are considered. In either case, the attenuation coefficient is a function of the frequency.

Time-lapse fluid pressure and saturation estimates are sensitive to reservoir flow properties such as permeability. In fact, given time-lapse estimates of pressure and saturation changes, one may define a linear partial differential equation for permeability variations within the reservoir. The resulting linear inverse problem can be solved quite efficiently using sparse matrix techniques. An application to a set of crosswell saturation and pressure estimates from a CO{sub 2} flood at the Lost Hills field in California demonstrates the utility of this approach. From the crosswell estimates detailed estimates of reservoir permeability are produced. The resulting permeability estimates agree with a permeability log in an adjacent well and are in accordance with water and CO{sub 2} saturation changes in the interwell region.

Multiphase flow models have been proposed for use in situations which have combined Rayleigh-Taylor (RTI) and Richtmyer-Meshkov (RMI) instabilities. Such an approach work poorly for the case of a heavy to light shock incidence on a developed interface. The physical original of this difficulty is traced to an inadequate model of the interfacial pressure term as it appears in the momentum and turbulence kinetic energy equations. Constraints on the form of a better model from a variety of sources are considered. In this context it is observed that a new constraint on closures arises. This occurs because of the discontinuity within the shock responsible for the RMI. The proposed model (Shock Scattering) is shown to give useful results.

The objective of this task is to assess the applicability of the current PCCS durability model to the anticipated compositional region of interest to SB3. This study will demonstrate the applicability of durability predictions for specific SB3 compositions.

Responsive load is the most underutilized reliability resource available to the power system today. It is currently not used at all to provide spinning reserve. Historically there were good reasons for this, but recent technological advances in communications and controls have provided new capabilities and eliminated many of the old obstacles. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC), Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC), New York State Reliability Council (NYSRC), and New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) rules are beginning to recognize these changes and are starting to encourage responsive load provision of reliability services. The Carrier ComfortChoice responsive thermostats provide an example of these technological advances. This is a technology aimed at reducing summer peak demand through central control of residential and small commercial air-conditioning loads. It is being utilized by Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), Consolidated Edison (ConEd), Southern California Edison (SCE), and San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E). The technology is capable of delivering even greater response in the faster spinning reserve time frame (while still providing peak reduction). Analysis of demand reduction testing results from LIPA during the summer of 2002 provides evidence to back up this claim. It also demonstrates that loads …

This report documents a review of State practices of reporting International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) data to the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The purpose of the review is described in a notice published in the Federal Register (Vol. 65, No. 160, August 17, 2000, 50269-50272). The purpose is ''to increase the understanding of States on the importance of reporting adjusted IFTA data to the FHWA'', and ''to develop additional guidance on IFTA reporting''. The purpose is not to critique IFTA or any State. The review includes a survey of the forty eight IFTA member States, which was conducted January-April 2002. The States' responses to the survey are discussed in this report. The organization of the report follows further discussion in the Federal Register notice. Section 2 of the report is a general overview of IFTA. Section 3 describes in more detail how each State collects IFTA revenues. Section 4 is about how States separate out revenues not related to gallons of motor-fuel and direct motor-fuel gallon taxes. Section 5 describes how States calculate net IFTA gallons and the time delay in the processing. Section 6 is about difficulties in processing and reporting IFTA data. Timeliness is discussed further in …

The purpose of this document is to summarize the primary results of the Hg compatibility research in support of the SNS target. In the absence of possible synergisms resulting from beam/irradiation effects, wetting of 316L/316LN stainless steel under SNS conditions by the Hg target is expected to be very limited. As a result, significant interactions such as dissolution, mass transfer, and embrittlement affecting general compatibility are not anticipated. A wide range of experiments on 316L/316LN stainless steel, including thermal convection and pumped loops, confirmed low corrosion/penetration rates in Hg up to 305 C and little or no wetting or mass transfer below about 250 C. A variety of standard mechanical tests comparing behavior of 316L in air and Hg revealed limited wetting and no degradation of mechanical properties such as reduced elongation or development of brittle fracture features. Preliminary fatigue tests indicated a negative effect (reduced cycles to failure and intergranular cracking) at very high loads for 316LN, but little or no effect at more modest loading. Annealed 316LN was found to be somewhat susceptible to cavitation-erosion damage, but significant improvement was realized with a kolsterizing surface treatment or coldworking the material. Within the scope of these test conditions, no …

Accumulations of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate) and sodium diuranate, in the form of scale, caused the SRS 2H Evaporator pot to become completely inoperable in October 1999. The accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase, which selectively precipitated with the aluminosilicate phase, caused criticality concerns in the 2H Evaporator. In order to understand the role of steady state saturation on the scale formation, solutions processed from the SRS 2H, 2F, and 3H Evaporators were evaluated with a commercially available thermodynamic equilibrium code known as Geochemist's Workbench.

Accumulations of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate) and sodium diuranate, in the form of scale, caused the SRS 2H Evaporator pot to become completely inoperable in October 1999. The accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase, which selectively precipitated with the aluminosilicate phase, caused criticality concerns in the 2H Evaporator. In order to understand the role of steady state saturation on the scale formation, solutions processed from the SRS 2H, 2F, and 3H Evaporators were evaluated with a commercially available thermodynamic equilibrium code known as Geochemist's Workbench