The objective of the North Carolina's PV Bonus Team was to develop and demonstrate a commercially viable, building-integrated, photovoltaic system that, in addition to providing electricity, would capture and effectively utilize the thermal energy produced by the photovoltaic array. This project objective was successfully achieved by designing, testing, constructing, and monitoring two roof integrated photovoltaic systems--one on a Applebee's Restaurant in Salisbury, North Carolina and the second on a Central Carolina Bank in Bessemer City, North Carolina. The goal of Innovative Design is to now use these successful demonstrations to facilitate entry of building integrated, pv/thermal systems into the marketplace. The strategy was to develop the two systems that could be utilized in future applications. Both systems were designed and then constructed at the North Carolina Solar Center at North Carolina State University. After extensive testing at the North Carolina Solar Center, the systems were moved to the actual construction sites and implemented. The Applebee's Restaurant system was designed to substitute for the roof assembly of a low sloping, south-facing sunspace roof that typically incorporated clay tile. After monitoring the installed system for one year it was determined that the 1.2 kilowatt (peak) system produces an average peak reduction of …

The authors report on two spectroscopy results from CDF. First, they observe the orbitally excited B** mesons in B {r_arrow} {ell}D(*) X events. They find 28 {+-} 6 {+-} 3% of light B mesons produced are B** states. A collective mass fit results in a B{sub 1} mass of 5.71 {+-} 0.02 GeV/c{sup 2}. Secondly, they observe 20.4{sub {minus}5.5}{sup +0.18} {+-} 0.03 ps lifetime. The production rate is in reasonable accordance with expectations.

Recent discussions of the NuMI groundwater problem have been concerned with the effect of inflow of water into the tunnel on the overall groundwater concentration. The purpose of this note is to document calculations of these effects using simple mathematical models. These results can, then, be compared with the results obtained using more elaborate methods such as computer modeling techniques. At Fermilab, a concentration model has been developed to address groundwater activation concerns. While this model has evolved to some degree over time, the main features have remained stable.

Thin-film electrodes of a plasma-sprayed Li-Si alloy were evaluated for use as anodes in high-temperature thermally activated (thermal) batteries. These anodes were prepared using 44% Li/56% Si (w/w) material as feed material in a special plasma-spray apparatus under helium or hydrogen, to protect this air- and moisture-sensitive material during deposition. Anodes were tested in single cells using conventional pressed-powder separators and lithiated pyrite cathodes at temperatures of 400 to 550 C at several different current densities. A limited number of 5-cell battery tests were also conducted. The data for the plasma-sprayed anodes was compared to that for conventional pressed-powder anodes. The performance of the plasma-sprayed anodes was inferior to that of conventional pressed-powder anodes, in that the cell emfs were lower (due to the lack of formation of the desired alloy phases) and the small porosity of these materials severely limited their rate capability. Consequently, plasma-sprayed Li-Si anodes would not be practical for use in thermal batteries.

Fiberglass tape and borosilicate filter discs impregnated with molten LiCl-KCl eutectic were examined for potential use as separators for high-temperature LiSi/LiCl-KCl/FeS{sub 2} thermal batteries. Test discs were punched from these materials and evaluated at 400 C in single cells at a steady-state current of 63 mA/cm{sup 2}. The performance generally improved with electrolyte loading for most of the materials. Better results were obtained with the filter discs than with the tape. The best overall results were obtained with Whatman GF/A discs. Active lives for cells with these separators were about 85% of the standard cells with pressed-powder separators. More work with other materials and electrolytes over a wider temperature range is underway, along with 5-cell-battery tests.

The fuel cell has many potential applications, from power sources for electric hybrid vehicles to small power plants for commercial buildings. The choice of fuel will be critical to the pace of its commercialization. This paper reviews the various liquid fuels being considered as an alternative to direct hydrogen gas for the fuel cell application, presents calculations of the hydrogen and carbon dioxide yields from autothermal reforming of candidate liquid fuels, and reports the product gas composition measured from the autothermal reforming of a synthetic fuel in a micro-reactor. The hydrogen yield for a synthetic paraffin fuel produced by a cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch process was found to be similar to that of retail gasoline. The advantages of the synthetic fuel are that it contains no contaminants that would poison the fuel cell catalyst, is relatively benign to the environment, and could be transported in the existing fuel distribution system.

The proposed cooling system for the muon collider will consist of a 200 meter long line of alternating field straight solenoids interspersed with bent solenoids. The muons are cooled in all directions using a 400 mm long section liquid hydrogen at high field. The muons are accelerated in the forward direction by about 900 mm long, 805 MHz RF cavities in a gradient field that goes from 6 T to -6 T in about 300 mm. The high field section in the channel starts out at an induction of about 2 T in the hydrogen. As the muons proceed down the cooling channel, the induction in the liquid hydrogen section increases to inductions as high as 30 T. The diameter of the liquid hydrogen section starts at 750 mm when the induction is 2 T. As the induction in the cooling section goes up, the diameter of the liquid hydrogen section decreases. When the high field induction is 30 T, the diameter of the liquid hydrogen section is about 80 mm. When the high field solenoid induction is below 8.5 T or 9T, niobium titanium coils are proposed for generating .the magnetic field. Above 8.5 T or 9 T to …

High-temperature oxygen diffusion and internal oxidation in Ag, Ag/1.2 at.% Mg (Ag-Mg), and Ag/0.25 at.% Mg-0.25 at.% Ni (Ag-Mg-Ni) have been studied, mostly in air and 8% O{sub 2}, at 450-835 C. The focus of the studies was on thermogravimetric analysis, microhardness tests, and optical and electron microscopy observations of grain growth and its inhibition by oxidation. The internal oxidation of both alloys exhibited nearly identical activation energies (0.81 eV for Ag-Mg and 0.83 eV for Ag-Mg-Ni) and rate constants. The maximum O content of both alloys was superstoichiometric (e.g., O/Mg > 1.0) and the maximum O/Mg ratios were higher at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures (e.g., 1.25 at 500 C and 1.05 at 800 C). Diffusion of O in pure Ag was {approx}60 times faster at 825 C and {approx}400 times faster at 500 C than internal oxidation of either of the Ag alloys. Grain growth of both alloys and of the Ag was quantified between 450-800 C and related to internal oxidation.

The use of Second Harmonic (SH) rf is being investigated to increase the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) current limit. Hofmann-Pedersen distributions are employed to provide analytical guidance. The SH phase {theta}, is optimized using a numerical analysis to maximize transmission and minimize instabilities. The effect of the RCS stainless steel liner on the impedance of the machine is also discussed.

We have made a precise measurement of the inclusive jet cross section at {radical}s=1800 GeV. The result is based on an integrated luminosity of 92 pb^-1 collected at the Fermilab Tevatron {anti p}p Collider with the D0 detector. The measurement is reported as a function of jet transverse energy (60 GeV {<=} E_T {<=} 500 GeV ), and in the pseudo- rapidity intervals |{eta}| {<=} 0.5 and 0.1 {<=} |{eta}| {<=} 0.7. A preliminary measurement of the pseudorapidity dependence of inclusive jet production ( |{eta}| {<=} 1.5 ) is also discussed. The results are in good agreement with predictions from next-to-leading order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD). D0 has also determined the ratio of jet cross sections at {radical}s=630 GeV and {radical}s=1800 GeV ( |{eta}| {<=} 0.5). This preliminary measurement differs from NLO QCD predictions.

Dynamics of the longitudinal relaxation oscillations of a single bunch above the threshold of microwave instability is discussed.

Within the framework of thermodynamic theory of plasticity and specific structural-variables (associated with individual dislocations), a transition has been made to an expression containing one internal variable of the averaging type--the density of glissile dislocations, N{sub g}. This expression should be considered a tensorial generalization of the well-known Orowan's equation and relates it directly to the simplest possible case of normal flow in metallic materials. Since most metals display deviations from normality in the flow rule{sup 7} it also clearly indicates that more rigorous assessment of the relation between plastic strain rate and dislocation populations is required especially for materials displaying plastic instabilities in the form of dislocation patterning, strain-softening and strain-rate softening phenomena. The obtained result could be a useful starting point in establishing such rigorous macroscopic relations from microscopic considerations associated with individual dislocations and to find useful applications in dislocation density-related constitutive modeling of plastic deformation.

We describe the online event monitoring systems using ROOT [1] for the CDF and D0 collaborations in the upcoming Fermilab Tevatron runII. The CDF and D0 experiments consist of many detector subsystems and will run in a high rate large bandwidth data transfer environment. In the experiments, it is crucial to monitor the performance of each subsystem and the integrity of the data, in real time with minimal interruption. ROOT is used as the main analysis tool for the monitoring systems and its GUI is used to browse the results via socket, allowing multiple GUI client connections.

Benchmarking is a methodology for searching out industry best practices that lead to superior performance. It is exchanging information, not just with any organization, but with organizations known to be the best within PNNL, in industry, or in dissimilar industries with equivalent functions. It is used as a continuous improvement tool for business and technical processes, products, and services. Information technology--comprising all computer and electronic communication products and services--underpins the development and/or delivery of many PNNL products and services. This document describes the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's (PNNL's) approach to information technology (IT) benchmarking. The purpose is to engage other organizations in the collaborative process of benchmarking in order to improve the value of IT services provided to customers. TM document's intended audience consists of other US Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories and their IT staff. Although the individual participants must define the scope of collaborative benchmarking, an outline of IT service areas for possible benchmarking is described.

Both during September 15-30, 1996 and September 15-October 5, 1997, the Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) participated in experiments at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site that was designed to study many of the ways that ARM is measuring water vapor. Because of some inconsistencies between ETL and ARM Microwave radiometers (MWR) during these experiments, called the Water Vapor Intensive Operating Periods (WVIOPs), we applied to both sets of data a newly developed correction algorithm for tipping curve calibration. We found that this algorithm reduces the differences between the radiometers, there are still some unexplained features of scanning ARM MWR data. Measurements of water vapor at the North Slope of Alaska and Adjacent Arctic Ocean (NSA/AAO) CART site in Barrow, Alaska, area potential problem because of the difficulty of radiosondes to measure low amounts of vapor during cold and extremely dry conditions. The applicability of MWR scaling to radiosondes is questionable because of the low sensitivity of these instrument during dry conditions. It has been suggested by the ARM Instantaneous Radiative Flux Working Group and others that measurements of brightness temperature around 183 GHz could be used to scale radiosondes during the coldest and driest periods. …

This is the second issue of the second volume (Fall 1999) of a quarterly bulletin produced under the Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). It's intended for Federal solar energy champions, i.e., all those who are planning or working on projects in which solar and other renewable energy technologies are being installed in Federal government facilities. Contents include articles describing the implications of Executive Order 13123 for Federal renewable energy installations, and recent solar energy projects of the Departments of Defense and the Interior, the General Services Administration, and the U.S. Postal Service.

We have refined and tested a previously developed x-ray fluorescence analysis technique for uranium and plutonium solutions that compensates for variations in the absorption of the exciting gamma rays and fluorescent x-rays. We use {sup 57}Co to efficiently excite the K lines of the elements, and a mixed {sup 57}Co plus {sup 153}Gd transmission source to correct for variations in absorption. The absorption correction is a unique feature of our technique. It is possible to accurately calibrate the system with a single solution standard. There does not need to be a close match in composition (i.e., absorption) between the standard(s) and solutions to be analyzed. Specially designed equipment incorporates a planar intrinsic germanium detector, excitation and transmission radioisotopes, and specimen holder. The apparatus can be inserted into a rubber glove of a glovebox, keeping the apparatus outside and the solutions inside the glovebox, thereby protecting the user and the equipment from possible contamination. An alternate design may be used in chemical reprocessing plants, providing continuous monitoring, by measuring the trans-actinides through stainless steel piping. This technique has been tested at the Bochvar Research Institute of Inorganic Materials in Moscow for possible use in the Russian complex of nuclear facilities. This …

We explore the phenomenology associated with the recently proposed localized gravity model of Randall and Sundrum where gravity propagates in a 5-dimensional non-factorizable geometry and generates the 4-dimensional weak-Planck scale hierarchy by an exponential function of the compactification radius, called a warp factor. The Kaluza-Klein tower of gravitons which emerge in this scenario have strikingly different properties than in the factorizable case with large extra dimensions. We derive the form of the graviton tower interactions with the Standard Model fields and examine their direct production in Drell-Yan and dijet events at the Tevatron and LHC as well as the KK spectrum line-shape at high-energy linear colliders. In the case where the first KK excitation is observed, we outline the procedure to uniquely determine the parameters of this scenario. We also investigate the effect of KK tower exchanges in contact interaction searches. We find that present experiments can place meaningful constraints on the parameters of this model.

High temperature XRD has been employed to monitor the devitrification of Dupont 951 low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) and Dupont E84005 resistor ink. The LTCC underwent devitrification to an anorthite phase in the range of 835-875 C with activation energy of 180 kJ/mol as calculated from kinetic data. The resistor paste underwent devitrification in the 835-875 C range forming monoclinic and hexagonal celcian phases plus a phase believed to be a zinc-silicate. RuO{sub 2} appeared to be stable within this devitrified resistor matrix. X-ray radiography of a co-fired circuit indicated good structural/chemical compatibility between the resistor and LTCC.