We present a measurement of the shapes of b-jets using 300 pb{sup -1} of data obtained with the upgraded Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF II) in p{bar p} collisions at center of mass energy {radical}s = 1.96 TeV. This measurement covers a wide transverse momentum range, from 52 to 300 GeV/c. Samples of heavy-flavor enhanced jets together with inclusive jets are used to extract the average shapes of b-jets. The b-jets are expected to be broader than inclusive jets. Moreover, b-jets containing a single b-quark are expected to be narrower than those containing a b{bar b} pair from gluon splitting. The measured b-jet shapes are found to be significantly broader than expected from the pythia and HERWIG Monte Carlo simulations. This effect may arise from an underestimation of the fraction of b-jets originating from gluon splitting in these simulations.

Reconstructable final state kinematics and charge assignment in the reaction p{bar p} {yields} t{bar t} allows tests of discrete strong interaction symmetries at high energy. We define frame dependent forward-backward asymmetries for the outgoing top quark in both the p{bar p} and t{bar t} rest frames, correct for experimental distortions, and derive values at the parton-level. Using 1.9 fb{sup -1} of p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV recorded with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron, we measure forward-backward top quark production asymmetries in the p{bar p} and t{bar t} rest frames of A{sub FB}{sup p{bar p}} = 0.17 {+-} 0.08 and A{sub FB}{sup t{bar t}} = 0.24 {+-} 0.14.

In this Letter we report on a search for long-lived particles that decay into final states with two electrons or photons. Such long-lived particles arise in a variety of theoretical models, like hidden valleys and supersymmetry with gauge-mediated breaking. By precisely reconstructing the direction of the electromagnetic shower we are able to probe much longer lifetimes than previously explored. We see no evidence of the existence of such long-lived particles and interpret this search as a quasi model-independent limit on their production cross section, as well as a limit on a long-lived fourth generation quark.

The heavy ion beam at RHIC undergoes strong quadrupole oscillations just after it crosses transition, which leads to an increase in bunch length making rebucketing less effective. A feedback system was built to damp these quadrupole oscillations and in this paper the characteristics of the system and the results obtained are presented and discussed.

To compensate the effects from the head-on beam-beam interactions in the polarized proton operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), an electron lens (elens) is proposed to collide head-on with the proton beam. We used an extended version of SixTrack for multiparticle beam-beam simulation in order to study the effect of the e-lens on the stochastic boundary and also on diffusion. The stochastic boundary was analyzed using Lyapunov exponents and the diffusion was characterized as the increase in the rms spread of the action. For both studies the simulations were performed with and without the e-lens and with full and partial compensation. Using the simulated values of the diffusion an attempt to calculate the emittance growth rate is presented.

The total energy loss of coasting gold ion beams was measured at RHIC at two energies, corresponding to a gamma of 75.2 and 107.4. We describe the experiment and observations and compare the measured total energy loss with expectations from ionization losses at the residual gas, the energy loss due to impedance and synchrotron radiation. We find that the measured energy losses are below what is expected from free space synchrotron radiation. We believe that this shows evidence for suppression of synchrotron radiation which is cut off at long wavelength by the presence of the conducting beam pipe.

Ceramic beam tubes are utilized in numerous kicker magnets in different accelerator rings at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Kovar flanges are brazed onto each beam tube end, since kovar and high alumina ceramic have similar expansion curves. The tube, kovar flange, end piece, and braze foil (titanium/incusil) alloy brazing material are stacked in the furnace and then brazed in the furnace at 1000 C. The ceramic specified is 99.8% Alumina, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, a strong recrystallized high-alumina fabricated by slip casting. Recent experience at Fermilab with the fabrication and brazing of these tubes has brought to light numerous problems including tube breakage and cracking and also the difficulty of brazing the tube to produce a leak-tight joint. These problems may be due to the ceramic quality, voids in the ceramic, thinness of the wall, and micro-cracks in the ends which make it difficult to braze because it cannot fill tiny surface cracks which are caused by grain pullout during the cutting process. Solutions which are being investigated include lapping the ends of the tubes before brazing to eliminate the micro-cracks and also metallization of the tubes.

The Booster Neutrino Experiment (MiniBooNE) searches for {nu}{sub {mu}} {yields} {nu}{sub e} oscillations using the {Omicron}(1 GeV) neutrino beam produced by the Booster synchrotron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL). The Booster delivers protons with 8 GeV kinetic energy (8.89 GeV=c momentum) to a beryllium target, producing neutrinos from the decay of secondary particles in the beam line. We describe the Monte Carlo simulation methods used to estimate the flux of neutrinos from the beamline incident on the MiniBooNE detector for both polarities of the focusing horn. The simulation uses the Geant4 framework for propagating particles, accounting for electromagnetic processes and hadronic interactions in the beamline materials, as well as the decay of particles. The absolute double differential cross sections of pion and kaon production in the simulation have been tuned to match external measurements, as have the hadronic cross sections for nucleons and pions. The statistical precision of the flux predictions is enhanced through reweighting and resampling techniques. Systematic errors in the flux estimation have been determined by varying parameters within their uncertainties, accounting for correlations where appropriate.

A small set of final prototypes of the ATLAS Inner Detector silicon tracking system(Pixel Detector and SemiConductor Tracker), were used to take data during the 2004 Combined Test Beam. Data were collected from runs with beams of different flavour (electrons, pions, muons and photons) with a momentum range of 2 to 180 GeV/c. Four independent methods were used to align the silicon modules. The corrections obtained were validated using the known momenta of the beam particles and were shown to yield consistent results among the different alignment approaches. From the residual distributions, it is concluded that the precision attained in the alignmentof the silicon modules is of the order of 5 mm in their most precise coordinate.

We show here that a purely kinetic approach to the excitation of waves by cosmic rays in the vicinity of a shock front leads to predict the appearance of a non-alfvenic fastly growing mode which has the same dispersion relation as that previously found by Bell (2004) by treating the plasma in the MHD approximation. The kinetic approach allows us to investigate the dependence of the dispersion relation of these waves on the microphysics of the current which compensates the cosmic ray flow. We also show that a resonant and a non-resonant mode may appear at the same time and one of the two may become dominant on the other depending on the conditions in the acceleration region. We discuss the role of the unstable modes for magnetic field amplification and particle acceleration in supernova remnants at different stages of the remnant evolution.

A major milestone for the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) is the test, by the end of 2009, of two 4m-long quadrupole magnets (LQ) wound with Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor. The goal of these magnets is to be a proof of principle that Nb{sub 3}Sn is a viable technology for a possible LHC luminosity upgrade. The design of the LQ is based on the design of the LARP Technological Quadrupoles, presently under development at FNAL and LBNL, with 90-mm aperture and gradient higher than 200 T/m. The design of the first LQ model will be completed by the end of 2007 with the selection of a mechanical design. In this paper we present the coil design addressing some fabrication technology issues, the quench protection study, and three designs of the support structure.

The LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) is currently developing 4 m long Nb{sub 3}Sn quadrupole magnets for a possible upgrade of the LHC Interaction Regions (IR). In order to provide a reliable test bed for the fabrication and test of long Nb{sub 3}Sn coils, LARP has started the development of the long racetrack magnet LRS01. The magnet is composed of two 3.6 m long racetrack coils contained in a support structure based on an aluminum shell pre-tensioned with water-pressurized bladders and interference keys. For the phase-one test of the assembly procedure and loading operation, the structure was pre-stressed at room temperature and cooled down to 77 K with instrumented, solid aluminum 'dummy coils'. Mechanical behavior and stress homogeneity were monitored with strain gauges mounted on the shell and the dummy coils. The dummy coils were replaced with reacted and impregnated Nb{sub 3}Sn coils in a second assembly procedure, followed by cool-down to 4.5 K and powered magnet test. This paper report on the assembly and loading procedures of the support structure as well as the comparison between strain gauge data and 3D model predictions.

A series of tests has been performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) with the goal of assessing the influence of coil axial pre-load on Nb{sub 3}Sn magnet training. The tests involved two subscale Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets: SQ02, a quadrupole magnet fabricated as part of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), and SD01, a dipole magnet developed in collaboration between CEA/Saclay and LBNL. Both magnets used similar Nb{sub 3}Sn flat racetrack coils from LBNL Subscale Magnet Program, and implemented an axial support system composed of stainless steel end-plates and aluminum rods. The system was designed to withstand full longitudinal electro-magnetic forces and provide controllable preloads. Quench performances, training, and quench locations have been recorded in various axial loading conditions. Test results are reported.

A long-probe technique was utilized to record the expansion and retreat of the dynamic sheath around a spherical substrate immersed in pulsed cathode arc metal plasma. Positively biased, long cylindrical probes were placed on the side and downstream of a negatively pulsed biased stainless steel sphere of 1" (25.4 mm) diameter. The amplitude and width of the negative high voltage pulses (HVP) were 2 kV, 5 kV, 10 kV, and 2 mu s, 4 mu s, 10 mu s, respectively. The variation of the probe (electron) current during the HVP is a direct measure for the sheath expansion and retreat. Maximum sheath sizes were determined for the different parameters of the HVP. The expected rarefaction zone behind the biased sphere (wake) due to the fast plasma flow was clearly established and quantified.

The deprotection blur of Rohm and Haas XP 5435, XP 5271, and XP5496 extreme ultraviolet photoresists has been determined as their base weight percent is varied. They have also determined the deprotection blur of TOK EUVR P1123 photoresist as the post-exposure bake temperature is varied from 80 C to 120 C. In Rohm and Haas XP 5435 and XP5271 resists 7x and 3x (respective) increases in base weight percent reduce the size of successfully patterned 1:1 line-space features by 16 nm and 8 nm with corresponding reductions in deprotection blur of 7 nm and 4 nm. In XP 5496 a 7x increase in base weight percent reduces the size of successfully patterned 1:1 line-space features from 48 nm to 38 nm without changing deprotection blur. In TOK EUVR P1123 resist, a reduction in post-exposure bake temperature from 100 C to 80 C reduces deprotection blur from 21 nm to 10 nm and reduces patterned LER from 4.8 nm to 4.1 nm.

A corner rounding metric has been used to determine the deprotection blur of Rohm and Haas XP 5435, XP 5271, and XP 5496 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresists as base weight percent is varied; an experimental open platform photoresist (EH27) as base weight percent is varied; and TOK EUVR P1123 and FUJI 1195 photoresists as post-exposure bake (PEB) temperature is varied. In the XP 5435, XP 5271, XP 5496, and EH27 resist platforms, a 6 times increase in base weight percent reduces the size of successfully patterned 1:1 lines by over 10 nm and lowers intrinsic line-edge roughness (LER) by over 2.5 nm without changing deprotection blur. In TOK EUVR P1123 photoresist, lowering the PEB temperature from 100 C to 80 C reduces measured deprotection blur (using the corner metric) from 30 nm to 20 nm and reduces the LER of 50 nm 1:1 lines from 4.8 nm to 4.3 nm. These data are used to drive a lengthy discussion about the relationships between deprotection blur, LER, and shot noise in EUV photoresists. We provide two separate conclusions: (1) shot noise is probably not the dominant mechanism causing the 3-4 nm EUV LER floor that has been observed over the past …

A contact-hole deprotection blur metric has been used to monitor the deprotection blur of an experimental open platform resist (EH27) as the weight percent of base and photo acid generator (PAG) were varied. A 6x increase in base weight percent is shown to reduce the size of successfully patterned 1:1 line-space features from 52 nm to 39 nm without changing deprotection blur. Corresponding isolated line-edge-roughness is reduced from 6.9 nm to 4.1 nm. A 2x increase in PAG weight percent is shown to improve 1:1 line-space patterning from 47 nm to 40 nm without changing deprotection blur or isolated LER. A discussion of improved patterning performance as related to shot noise and deprotection blur concludes with a speculation that the spatial distribution of PAG molecules has been playing some role, perhaps a dominant one, in determining the uniformity of photo generated acids in the resists that have been studied.

Deprotection blur in EUV resists fundamentally limits the smallest sized dense features that can be patterned in a single exposure and development step. Several metrics have recently been developed to explore the ways that different resist and process parameters affect the deprotection blur in EUV resists. One of these metrics is based on the imaging fidelity of a sharp corner on a large feature. As this metric has involved the close inspection of printing fidelity of corner features, it has brought attention to an interesting phenomena: corners print differently whether or not the remaining resist edge contains 270 degrees of resist or 90 degrees of resist. Here we present experimental data across a wide sampling of leading resists to show this effect is real and reproducible. They provide aerial image modeling results assuming thin and realistic mask models that show no corner bias between the aerial images in the 90-degree and 270-degree configurations. They also compare modeled patterning results assuming several resist models including the single blur, dual blur, and Prolith models, none of which reproduce the corner biasing that is observed experimentally.

The candidate division Korarchaeota comprises a group of uncultivated microorganisms that, by their small subunit rRNA phylogeny, may have diverged early from the major archaeal phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Here, we report the initial characterization of a member of the Korarchaeota with the proposed name,"Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum," which exhibits an ultrathin filamentous morphology. To investigate possible ancestral relationships between deep-branching Korarchaeota and other phyla, we used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to construct a complete composite korarchaeal genome from enriched cells. The genome was assembled into a single contig 1.59 Mb in length with a G + C content of 49percent. Of the 1,617 predicted protein-coding genes, 1,382 (85percent) could be assigned to a revised set of archaeal Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs). The predicted gene functions suggest that the organism relies on a simple mode of peptide fermentation for carbon and energy and lacks the ability to synthesize de novo purines, CoA, and several other cofactors. Phylogenetic analyses based on conserved single genes and concatenated protein sequences positioned the korarchaeote as a deep archaeal lineage with an apparent affinity to the Crenarchaeota. However, the predicted gene content revealed that several conserved cellular systems, such as cell division, DNA replication, and tRNA …

With the growing demand for multigroup covariances, the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) has been experiencing an upsurge in its covariance data processing activities using the two US codes NJOY-99 (LANL) and PUFF-IV (ORNL). The code NJOY-99 was upgraded by incorporating the new module ERRORJ-2.3, while the NNDC served as the active user and provided feedback. The NNDC has been primarily processing neutron cross section covariances on its 64-bit Linux cluster in support of two DOE programs, the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) and the Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP). For GNEP, the NNDC used NJOY-99.259 to generate multigroup covariance matrices of {sup 56}Fe, {sup 23}Na, {sup 239}Pu, {sup 235}U and {sup 238}U from the JENDL-3.3 library using the 15-, 33-, and 230-energy group structures. These covariance matrices will be used to test a new collapsing algorithm which will subsequently be employed to calculate uncertainties on integral parameters in different fast neutron-based systems. For NCSP, we used PUFF-IV 1.0.4 to verify the processability of new evaluated covariance data of {sup 55}Mn, {sup 239}Pu, {sup 233}U, {sup 235}U and {sup 238}U generated by a collaboration of ORNL and LANL. For the data end-users at large, the NNDC has made available a …

The authors report measurements of branching fractions for the decays B {yields} P{ell}{nu}{sub {ell}}, where P are the pseudoscalar charmless mesons {pi}{sup -}, {pi}{sup 0}, {eta} and {eta}{prime}, based on 348 fb{sup -1} of data collected with the BABAR detector, using B{sup 0} and B{sup +} mesons found in the recoil of a second B meson decaying as B {yields} D{sup (*)}{ell}{nu}{sub {ell}}. Assuming isospin symmetry, they combine pionic branching fractions to obtain {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup -} {ell}{sup +} {nu}{sub {ell}}) = (1.54 {+-} 0.17{sub (stat)} {+-} 0.09{sub (syst)}) x 10{sup -4}; they find 3.2{sigma} evidence of the decay B{sup +} {yields} {eta}{ell}{sup +}{nu}{sub {ell}} and measure its branching fraction to be (0.64 {+-} 0.20{sub (stat)} {+-} 0.3{sub (syst)}) x 10{sup -4}, and determine {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} {eta}{prime}{ell}{sup +}{nu}{sub {ell}}) < 0.47 x 10{sup -4} to 90% confidence level. Using partial branching fractions for the pionic decays in ranges of the momentum transfer and a recent form factor calculation, they obtain the magnitude of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |V{sub ub}| = (4.0 {+-} 0.5{sub (stat)} {+-} 0.2{sub (syst){sub -0.5}{sup +0.7}(theory)}) x 10{sup -3}.

The authors report the first observation of e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} {rho}{sup +}{rho}{sup -}, in a data sample of 379 fb{sup -1} collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e{sup +}e{sup -} storage ring at center-of-mass energies near {radical}s = 10.58 GeV. The authors measure a cross section of {sigma}(e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} {rho}{sup +}{rho}{sup -}) = 19.5 {+-} 1.6(stat) {+-} 3.2(syst) fb. Assuming production through single-photon annihilation, there are three independent helicity amplitudes. They measure the ratios of their squared moduli to be |F{sub 00}|{sup 2} : |F{sub 10}|{sup 2} : |F{sub 11}|{sup 2} = 0.51 {+-} 0.14(stat) {+-} 0.07(syst) : 0.10 {+-} 0.04(stat) {+-} 0.01(syst) : 0.04 {+-} 0.03(stat) {+-} 0.01(syst). The |F{sub 00}|{sup 2} result is inconsistent with the prediction of 1.0 made by QCD models with a significance of 3.1 standard deviations including systematic uncertainties.

The authors present a measurement of the angle {gamma} of the Unitarity Triangle with a Dalitz analysis of neutral D decays to K{sub S}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} from the processes B{sup 0} {yields} {bar D}{sup 0}(D{sup 0})K*{sup 0} ({bar B}{sup 0} {yields} D{sup 0}({bar D}{sup 0}){bar K}*{sup 0}) with K*{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -} ({bar K}*{sup 0} {yields} K{sup -} {pi}{sup +}). Using a sample of 371 x 10{sup 6} B{bar B} pairs collected with the BABAR detector at PEP II, they measure the angle {gamma} as a function of r{sub S}, the magnitude of the average ratio between b {yields} u and b {yields} c amplitudes. Combining this result with the available information on r{sub S}, they obtain {gamma} = (162 {+-} 56){sup o} or (342 {+-} 56){sup o} and r{sub S} < 0.55 at 95% probability.

Understanding the structure of the nucleon is a fundamental question in subatomic physics, and it has been under intensive investigation for the last several years. Modern research focuses in particular on the spin structure of the nucleon. Experimental and theoretical investigations worldwide over the last few decades have established that, contrary to nave quark model expectations, quarks carry only about 30% of the totd spin of the proton. The origin of the remaining spin is the key question in current hadronic physics and also the major driving forces for the current and future experiments, such as RHIC and CEBAF in US, JPARC in Japan, COMPASS at CERN in Europe, FAIR at GSI in Germany. Among these studies, the transverse-spin physics develops actively and rapidly in the last few years. Recent studies reveal that transverse-spin physics is closely related to many fundamental properties of the QCD dynamics such as the factorization, the non-trivial universality of the parton distribution and fragmentation functions. It was very timely to bring together the theorists and experimentalists in this field at this workshop to review and discuss the latest developments and future perspective in hadronic spin physics. This workshop was very success iu many aspects. First …