Serial/Series Title
Fiscal Year 2004
15
Fiscal Year 2005
12
OIT Tip Sheets
12
Habitat Evaluation Procedures Report
10
Development of Continuous Solvent Extraction Processes for Coal Derived Carbon Products Quarterly Report
6
Small Wind Electric Systems Consumers' Guides
6
Diffusion Coatings for Corrosion-Resistant Components in Coal Gasification Systems Quarterly Report
5
Proceedings of RIKEN BNL Research Center Workshop
5
Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers Quarterly Report
5
Analysis of Devonian Black Shales in Kentucky for Potential Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Enhanced Natural Gas Production Quarterly Report
4
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Neutron Capture and Transmission Measurements and Resonance Parameter Analysis of Gadolinium
None
Date:
June 27, 2005
Creator:
Leinweber, G.; Barry, D. P.; Trbovich, M. J.; Burke, J. A.; Drindak, N. J.; Knox, H. D. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Migration and Entrapment of DNAPLs in Heterogeneous Systems: Impact of Waste and Porous Medium Composition
Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) pose a significant threat to soil and groundwater at Department of Energy (DOE) sites. Evidence suggests that subsurface wettability variations are present at many of these sites as a result of spatical and temporal variations in aqueous phase chemistry, contaminant aging, mineralogy and organic matter. The presence of such heterogeneity may significantly influence DNAPL migration and entrapment in the saturated zone.
Date:
January 10, 2005
Creator:
Abriola, Linda M. & Demond, Avery H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Aqueous Thermodynamics and Complexation Reactions of Radionuclides to High Ionic Strength: Applications in Subsurface Science and High-Level Waste Processing
This presentation was given at the DOE Office of Science-Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) High-Level Waste Workshop held on January 19-20, 2005 at the Savannah River Site.
Date:
January 20, 2005
Creator:
Felmy, A.; Wang, Z.; Cho, H.; Hess, N.; Choppin, G. & Dixon, D.
Object Type:
Presentation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High Selectivity Oxygen Delignification
The overall objective of this program was to develop improved extended oxygen delignification (EOD) technologies for current U.S. pulp mill operations. This was accomplished by: (1) Identifying pulping conditions that optimize O and OO performance; (2) Identifying structural features of lignin that enhance reactivity towards EOD of high kappa pulps; (3) Identifying factors minimizing carbohydrate degradation and improve pulp strength of EOD high kappa pulps; (4) Developing a simple, reproducible method of quantifying yield gains from EOD; and (5) Developing process conditions that significantly reduce the capital requirements of EOD while optimizing the yield benefits. Key research outcomes included, demonstrating the use of a mini-O sequence such as (E+O)Dkf:0.05(E+O) or Dkf:0.05(E+O)(E+O) without interstage washing could capture approximately 60% of the delignification efficiency of a conventional O-stage without the major capital requirements associated with an O-stage for conventional SW kraft pulps. The rate of formation and loss of fiber charge during an O-stage stage can be employed to maximize net fiber charge. Optimal fiber charge development and delignification are two independent parameters and do not parallel each other. It is possible to utilize an O-stage to enhance overall cellulosic fiber charge of low and high kappa SW kraft pulps which is …
Date:
September 30, 2005
Creator:
Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Lucia, Lucian A. & Jameel, Hasan
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ENHANCED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH CO2 SEPARATION IN A SINGLE-STAGE REACTOR
The water gas shift reaction (WGSR) plays a major role in increasing the hydrogen production from fossil fuels. However, the enhanced hydrogen production is limited by thermodynamic constrains posed by equilibrium limitations of WGSR. This project aims at using a mesoporous, tailored, highly reactive calcium based sorbent system for incessantly removing the CO{sub 2} product which drives the equilibrium limited WGSR forward. In addition, a pure sequestration ready CO{sub 2} stream is produced simultaneously. A detailed project vision with the description of integration of this concept with an existing coal gasification process for hydrogen production is presented. Conceptual reactor designs for investigating the simultaneous water gas shift and the CaO carbonation reactions are presented. In addition, the options for conducting in-situ sorbent regeneration under vacuum or steam are also reported. Preliminary, water gas shift reactions using high temperature shift catalyst and without any sorbent confirmed the equilibrium limitation beyond 600 C demonstrating a carbon monoxide conversion of about 80%. From detailed thermodynamic analyses performed for fuel gas streams from typical gasifiers the optimal operating temperature range to prevent CaO hydration and to effect its carbonation is between 575-830 C.
Date:
March 10, 2005
Creator:
Gupta, H.; Iyer, M.; Sakadjian, B. & Fan, Liang-Shih
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of OTM Syngas Process and Testing of Syngas Derived Ultra-clean Fuels in Diesel Engines and Fuel Cells
This final report summarizes work accomplished in the Program from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2004. Most of the key technical objectives for this program were achieved. A breakthrough material system has lead to the development of an OTM (oxygen transport membrane) compact planar reactor design capable of producing either syngas or hydrogen. The planar reactor shows significant advantages in thermal efficiency and a step change reduction in costs compared to either autothermal reforming or steam methane reforming with CO{sub 2} recovery. Syngas derived ultra-clean transportation fuels were tested in the Nuvera fuel cell modular pressurized reactor and in International Truck and Engine single cylinder test engines. The studies compared emission and engine performance of conventional base fuels to various formulations of ultra-clean gasoline or diesel fuels. A proprietary BP oxygenate showed significant advantage in both applications for reducing emissions with minimal impact on performance. In addition, a study to evaluate new fuel formulations for an HCCI engine was completed.
Date:
May 1, 2005
Creator:
Robinson, E.T.; Sirman, John; Apte, Prasad; Gui, Xingun; Bulicz, Tytus R.; Corgard, Dan et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
QUANTUM WELL THERMOELECTRICS FOR CONVERTING WASTE HEAT TO ELECTRICITY
New thermoelectric materials using Quantum Well (QW) technology are expected to increase the energy conversion efficiency to more than 25% from the present 5%, which will allow for the low cost conversion of waste heat into electricity. Hi-Z Technology, Inc. has been developing QW technology over the past six years. It will use Caterpillar, Inc., a leader in the manufacture of large scale industrial equipment, for verification and life testing of the QW films and modules. Other members of the team are Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, who will sputter large area QW films. The Scope of Work is to develop QW materials from their present proof-of-principle technology status to a pre-production level over a proposed three year period. This work will entail fabricating the QW films through a sputtering process of 50 {micro}m thick multi layered films and depositing them on 12 inch diameter, 5 {micro}m thick Si substrates. The goal in this project is to produce a basic 10-20 watt module that can be used to build up any size generator such as: a 5-10 kW Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), a multi kW Waste Heat Recovery Generator (WHRG) for a class 8 truck or as small as a 10-20 …
Date:
March 3, 2005
Creator:
Ghamaty, Saeid & Marchetti, Sal
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Toward a Unified Treatment of Electronic Processes in Organic Semiconductors
A quantitative study of n-type doping in highly crystalline organic semiconductor films establishes the predominant influence of electrostatic forces in these low-dielectric materials. Based on these findings, a self-consistent model of doped (purposely or not) organic semiconductors is proposed in which: (1) the equilibrium free carrier density, nf, is a small fraction of the total charge density; (2) a superlinear increase in conductivity with doping density is universal; (3) nf increases with applied electric field; and (4) the carrier mobility is field-dependent regardless of crystallinity.
Date:
January 2005
Creator:
Gregg, Brian A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Integrating Deposition, Processing, and Characterization Equipment within the National Center for Photovoltaics
The purpose of the process integration project of the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) is to develop an infrastructure that will allow researchers to gain new knowledge that is difficult--if not impossible--to obtain with existing equipment. This difficulty is due, in part, to the state of our existing tool set, which lacks sufficient in-situ or real-time measurement capabilities, or lacks access to analytical tools where the sample remains in a controlled environment between deposition and processing or measurement. This new infrastructure will provide flexible and robust integration of deposition, processing (etching, annealing, etc.), and characterization tools via a standardized transfer interface such that samples move between tools in a controlled ambient. This concept will also require the cooperation of experts from various material technologies and characterization disciplines to work directly with each other to obtain answers to key scientific and technological questions. Ultimately, this synergistic effort between NREL staff, universities, and the photovoltaic (PV) industry--around an integrated tool base--will add to the PV knowledge base and help move many PV technologies forward.
Date:
January 1, 2005
Creator:
Nelson, B.; Robbins, S. & Sheldon, P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Clean Cities Around the World
This fact sheet provides an update of Clean Cities International news, including successful activities, notable accomplishments, and plans for the future. It also includes background information.
Date:
November 1, 2005
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Applying Current Human Factors Engineering Guidance to Control Room Design
The Westinghouse Savannah River Company, a contractor to the Department of Energy, has compared Revisions 1 and 2 of NUREG-0700-Human System Interface Design Review Guideline, from the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Nuclear Regulatory Guide. The comparison has been made with respect to which guidelines remained the same, the guidelines that were reformatted or reworded, additional guidelines, and deleted guidelines. This comparison was made in preparation of revising the previously developed Human Factors Engineering Analysis Tool for automating the review, analysis, and evaluation of human system interface designs. This tool has been described at previous conferences on human factors and the merits and benefits of the tool described. The tool has been successfully applied to over eight facilities at WSRC. This paper describes the methodology and results of the comparison and the plans to enhance the already successful automation tool. The number of criteria in NUREG-0700 increased from approximately 1650 in Revision 1 to almost 2200 in Revision 2. Approximately 1600 criteria remained the same, though they were significantly reorganized; while about 100 were reworded or reformatted to clarify or expand the guidance provided. Around 600 guidelines were added and approximately 70 deleted. The majority of the changes and additions …
Date:
January 31, 2005
Creator:
Leo, Geary
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Use of TOUGHREACT to Simulate Effects of Fluid Chemistry onInjectivity in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs with High Ionic StrengthFluids
Recent studies suggest that mineral dissolution/precipitation and clay swelling effects could have a major impact on the performance of hot dry rock (HDR) and hot fractured rock (HFR) reservoirs. A major concern is achieving and maintaining adequate injectivity, while avoiding the development of preferential short-circuiting flow paths. A Pitzer ionic interaction model has been introduced into the publicly available TOUGHREACT code for solving non-isothermal multi-phase reactive geochemical transport problems under conditions of high ionic strength, expected in typical HDR and HFR systems. To explore chemically-induced effects of fluid circulation in these systems, we examine ways in which the chemical composition of reinjected waters can be modified to improve reservoir performance. We performed a number of coupled thermo-hydrologic-chemical simulations in which the fractured medium was represented by a one-dimensional MINC model (multiple interacting continua). Results obtained with the Pitzer activity coefficient model were compared with those using an extended Debye-Hueckel equation. Our simulations show that non-ideal activity effects can be significant even at modest ionic strength, and can have major impacts on permeability evolution in injection-production systems. Alteration of injection water chemistry, for example by dilution with fresh water, can greatly alter precipitation and dissolution effects, and can offer a powerful …
Date:
February 9, 2005
Creator:
Xu, Tianfu; Zhang, Guoxiang & Pruess, Karsten
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Short-term Variability of Extinction by Broadband Stellar Photometry
Aerosol optical depth variation over short-term time intervals is determined from broadband observations of stars with a whole sky imager. The main difficulty in such measurements consists of accurately separating the star flux value from the non-stellar diffuse skylight. Using correction method to overcome this difficulty, the monochromatic extinction at the ground due to aerosols is extracted from heterochromatic measurements. A form of closure is achieved by comparison with simultaneous or temporally close measurements with other instruments, and the total error of the method, as a combination of random error of measurements and systematic error of calibration and model, is assessed as being between 2.6 and 3% rms.
Date:
March 18, 2005
Creator:
Musat, I.C. & Ellingson, R.G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gas Storage Technology Consortium Quarterly Report: July-September 2005
Gas storage is a critical element in the natural gas industry. Producers, transmission and distribution companies, marketers, and end users all benefit directly from the load balancing function of storage. The unbundling process has fundamentally changed the way storage is used and valued. As an unbundled service, the value of storage is being recovered at rates that reflect its value. Moreover, the marketplace has differentiated between various types of storage services, and has increasingly rewarded flexibility, safety, and reliability. The size of the natural gas market has increased and is projected to continue to increase towards 30 trillion cubic feet (TCF) over the next 10 to 15 years. Much of this increase is projected to come from electric generation, particularly peaking units. Gas storage, particularly the flexible services that are most suited to electric loads, is critical in meeting the needs of these new markets. In order to address the gas storage needs of the natural gas industry, an industry-driven consortium was created--the Gas Storage Technology Consortium (GSTC). The objective of the GSTC is to provide a means to accomplish industry-driven research and development designed to enhance operational flexibility and deliverability of the Nation's gas storage system, and provide a …
Date:
October 24, 2005
Creator:
Morrison, Joel L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITIES AND PALEO FLUID FLOW IN AN ANALOG SANDSTONE RESERVOIR 2001-2004
Fractures and faults are brittle structural heterogeneities that can act both as conduits and barriers with respect to fluid flow in rock. This range in the hydraulic effects of fractures and faults greatly complicates the challenges faced by geoscientists working on important problems: from groundwater aquifer and hydrocarbon reservoir management, to subsurface contaminant fate and transport, to underground nuclear waste isolation, to the subsurface sequestration of CO2 produced during fossil-fuel combustion. The research performed under DOE grant DE-FG03-94ER14462 aimed to address these challenges by laying a solid foundation, based on detailed geological mapping, laboratory experiments, and physical process modeling, on which to build our interpretive and predictive capabilities regarding the structure, patterns, and fluid flow properties of fractures and faults in sandstone reservoirs. The material in this final technical report focuses on the period of the investigation from July 1, 2001 to October 31, 2004. The Aztec Sandstone at the Valley of Fire, Nevada, provides an unusually rich natural laboratory in which exposures of joints, shear deformation bands, compaction bands and faults at scales ranging from centimeters to kilometers can be studied in an analog for sandstone aquifers and reservoirs. The suite of structures there has been documented and studied …
Date:
February 22, 2005
Creator:
Pollard, David & Aydin, Atilla
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of Advanced Electrochemical Emission Spectroscopy for Monitoring Corrosion in Simulated DOE Liquid Waste
This presentation was given at the DOE Office of Science-Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) High-Level Waste Workshop held on January 19-20, 2005 at the Savannah River Site.
Date:
January 20, 2005
Creator:
Macdonld, Digby D.; Marx, Brian; Soundararajan, Balaji; Smith, Morgan; Cheng, Jeng-Kuei; Ahn, Sejin et al.
Object Type:
Presentation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
FTIR Laboratory in Support of the PV Program
The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Laboratory supports the Solar Energy Technologies Program through the measurement and characterization of solar energy-related materials and devices. The FTIR technique is a fast, accurate, and reliable method for studying molecular structure and composition. This ability to identify atomic species and their bonding environment is a powerful combination that finds use in many research and development efforts. A brief overview of the technical approach used is contained in Section 2 of this report. Because of its versatility and accessibility, the FTIR Laboratory is a valuable contributor to the Solar Energy Technologies Program. The laboratory provides support for, and collaborates with, several in-house programs as well as our industry and university partners. By the end of FY 2004, the FTIR Laboratory performed over 1100 measurements on PV-related materials. These contributions resulted in conference and workshop presentations and several peer-reviewed publications. A brief summary of a few of these efforts is contained in Section 3 of this report.
Date:
January 1, 2005
Creator:
Keyes, B. M.; Gedvilas, L. M.; Bhattacharya, R.; Xu, Y.; Li, X. & Wang, Q.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Materials for PEM-Based Fuel Cell Systems
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are quickly becoming attractive alternative energy sources for transportation, stationary power, and small electronics due to the increasing cost and environmental hazards of traditional fossil fuels. Two main classes of PEMFCs include hydrogen/air or hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The current benchmark membrane for both types of PEMFCs is Nafion, a perfluorinated sulfonated copolymer made by DuPont. Nafion copolymers exhibit good thermal and chemical stability, as well as very high proton conductivity under hydrated conditions at temperatures below 80 degrees C. However, application of these membranes is limited due to their high methanol permeability and loss of conductivity at high temperatures and low relative humidities. These deficiencies have led to the search for improved materials for proton exchange membranes. Potential PEMs should have good thermal, hydrolytic, and oxidative stability, high proton conductivity, selective permeability, and mechanical durability over long periods of time. Poly(arylene ether)s, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, and polyphenylenes are among the most widely investigated candidates for PEMs. Poly(arylene ether)s are a promising class of proton exchange membranes due to their excellent thermal and chemical stability and high glass transition temperatures. High proton conductivity can be achieved through post-sulfonation of poly(arylene …
Date:
October 26, 2005
Creator:
McGrath, James E.; Baird, Donald G. & Spakovsky, Michael von
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preparation, crystallography, magnetic and magnetothermal properties of Ce5SiGe4-x alloys
An investigation of the crystal structure and the phase relationships in the Ce{sub 5}Si{sub 4-x}Ge{sub x} system has been carried out. The crystal structures of the single phase intermetallics were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and subsequent refinement employing the Rietveld analysis technique was performed. The intermetallic system was found to crystallize in three distinct crystal structures. The Ce{sub 5}Si{sub 4}-based solid solution extends from x = 0 to x = 2.15 and it was found to crystallize in the well-known Zr{sub 5}Si{sub 4}-type tetragonal structure. The germanium rich alloys, where 3.1 {le} x {le} 4, crystallized in the Sm{sub 5}Ge{sub 4}-type orthorhombic structure. The crystal structure of the intermediate phase, when 2.35 {le} x {le} 2.8, was found out to be of the Gd{sub 5}Si{sub 2}Ge{sub 2}-type monoclinic structure. Microhardness tests were conducted on the samples in order to probe the trend in mechanical properties in this alloy system as a function of Ge concentration. The magnetic, thermal and magnetocaloric properties of the Ce{sub 5}Si{sub 4-x}Ge{sub x} alloy system have been investigated for x = 0, 1.0, 1.8, 2.5, 2.8, 3.5, 3.8 and 4.0. The phases with x = 0, 1.0 and 1.8 crystallize in the tetragonal Zr{sub 5}Si{sub …
Date:
May 1, 2005
Creator:
Vijayaraghavan, Rangarajan
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Raman Studies of Nanocrystalline CdS:O Film
Oxygenated nanocrystalline CdS films show improved solar cell performance, but the physics and mechanism underlying this are not yet clearly understood. Raman study provides complementary information to the understanding obtained from other experimental investigations. A comprehensive analysis of the existing experimental data (including x-ray diffraction, transmission, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman) has led to the following conclusions: (1) The O-incorporation forms CdS1-xOx alloy nano-particles. (2) The observed evolution of the electronic structure is the result of the interplay between the alloy and quantum confinement effect. (3) The blue-shift of the LO phonon Raman peak is primarily due to the alloying effect. (4) Some oxygen atoms have taken the interstitial sites.
Date:
January 1, 2005
Creator:
Zhang, Y.; Wu, X.; Dhere, R.; Zhou, J.; Yan, Y. & Mascarenhas, A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnetotelluric Data, Across Quartzite Ridge, Nevada Test Site, Nevada
Nuclear weapons are integral to the defense of the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy, as the steward of these devices, must continue to gauge the efficacy of the individual weapons. This could be accomplished by occasional testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in Nevada, northwest of Las Vegas. Yucca Flat Basin is one of the testing areas at the NTS. One issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre-Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow in the area subsequent to a nuclear test. Ground-water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Yucca Flat Corrective Action Unit (CAU). During 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected and processed Magnetotelluric (MT) and Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat to help characterize this pre-Tertiary geology. That work will help to define the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal has been to define the upper clastic confining unit (UCCU) in the Yucca Flat area. Interpretation will include a three-dimensional (3-D) character analysis and two-dimensional …
Date:
November 23, 2005
Creator:
Williams, J. M. & Rodriguez, B. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Water-Level Data Analysis for the Saturated Zone Site-Scale Flow and Transport Model
None
Date:
February 10, 2005
Creator:
Nieder-Westermann, G.H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assistance to States on Policies Related to Wind Energy Issues
This final report summarizes work carried out under agreement with the US Department of Energy, related to wind energy policy issues. This project has involved a combination of outreach and publications on wind energy, with a specific focus on educating state-level policymakers. Education of state policymakers is vitally important because state policy (in the form of incentives or regulation) is a crucial part of the success of wind energy. State policymakers wield a significant influence over all of these policies. They are also in need of high quality, non-biased educational resources which this project provided. This project provided outreach to legislatures, in the form of meetings designed specifically for state legislators and legislative staff, responses to information requests on wind energy, and publications. The publications addressed: renewable energy portfolio standards, wind energy transmission, wind energy siting, case studies of wind energy policy, avian issues, economic development, and other related issues. These publications were distributed to legislative energy committee members, and chairs, legislative staff, legislative libraries, and other related state officials. The effect of this effort has been to provide an extensive resource of information about wind information for state policymakers in a form that is useful to them. This non-partisan …
Date:
July 15, 2005
Creator:
Brown, Matthew H.; Decesaro, Jennifer & Bennett, Keith
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation: Subsidence Study for Non-Crushable Containers in Slit Trenches (U)
The Closure Plan for the E-Area low-level waste facility assumes that dynamic compaction performed at the end of the 100-year institutional control period will adequately stabilize all waste in Slit Trenches. However, some non-crushable waste containers with significant void space will not be stabilized by dynamic compaction. These non-crushable containers will gradually corrode, eventually collapse and cause the final closure cap to subside resulting in an increase of the infiltration rates. After subsidence occurs, the waste zone will be significantly reduced to concentrate waste in the lower portion of the slit trench, therefore increasing waste concentration. The trench subsidence may have an adverse impact on the 1000-year compliance specified in DOE Order 435.1. This study addresses the issue of trench subsidence, evaluates the resulting concentrations at the hypothetical 100-m well against those obtained based on the PA approach, and provides the maximum number of trenches that can subside without causing the well concentrations to be out of compliance.
Date:
March 15, 2005
Creator:
THONG, HANG
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library