The fascinating shapes and hierarchical designs of biomineralized structures have long been an inspiration to materials scientists because of the potential they suggest for biomolecular control over synthesis of crystalline materials. One prevailing view is that mineral-associated macromolecules are responsible for initiating and stabilizing non-equilibrium crystal polymorphs and morphologies through interactions between anionic moieties and cations in solution or at mineral surfaces. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated that bio-organic additives can dramatically alter crystal shapes and growth-rates in vitro. However, previous molecular-scale studies revealing mechanisms of growth modification focused on small molecules such as amino acids or peptides and always observed growth inhibition. In contrast, studies using full proteins were non-quantitative and underlying sources of growth modification were ill-defined. Here we investigate interactions between proteins isolated from abalone shell nacre and growing surfaces of calcite. We find that these proteins significantly accelerate the molecular-scale kinetics and, though much larger than atomic steps, alter growth morphology through step-specific interactions that lower their free energies. We propose that these proteins act as surfactants to promote ion attachment at calcite surfaces.

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Those working with alternating-gradient (A-G) systems look for simple, accurate ways to analyze A-G performance for matched beams. The useful K-V equations are easily solved in the smooth approximation. This approximate solution becomes quite inaccurate for applications with large focusing fields and phase advances. Results of efforts to improve the accuracy have tended to be indirect or complex. Their generalizations presented previously gave better accuracy in a simple explicit format. However, the method used to derive their results (expansion in powers of a small parameter) was complex and hard to follow; also, reference 7 only gave low-order correction formulas. The present paper uses a straightforward iteration method and obtains equations of higher order than shown in their previous paper.

This report is about the Actinide Thermodynamics at Higher Temperatures

The knowledge of both activation energy and diffusion coefficient is needed for a predictive processing of grain size in coatings. However, for metals as Bismuth there is insufficient information available in the literature for these parameters. To determine these values, a method is adopted wherein an examination of the grain size is conducted for coatings deposited isothermally. The exponent for grain growth with time is determined, thereby enabling quantification of the activation energy and diffusion coefficient. Bismuth coatings that range from 10 {micro}m to 1 mm thick are deposited using electron-beam evaporation onto temperature-controlled substrate surfaces of glass and lithium fluoride. The grain size of each coating is measured upon examination of the microstructure in cross-section using the intercept method. Ideal grain growth is observed over the experimental range of deposition temperatures examined from 317 to 491 K. The activation energy (Q) for grain growth in bismuth is fit as 0.47 eV {center_dot} atom{sup -1} with a diffusion coefficient (D{sub 0}) of 3.3 x 10{sup -4} cm{sup 2} {center_dot} sec{sup -1}.

The inventory of dust in next-step magnetic fusion devices will be regulated for safety reasons, however diagnostics to measure in-vessel dust are still in their infancy. Advances in dust particle detection on remote surfaces are reported. Two grids of interlocking circuit traces with spacing in the range 125 mu m to 25 mu m are biased to 30 V. Impinging dust creates a short circuit and the result current pulse is recorded. The detector response was measured with particles scraped from a carbon fiber composite tile and sorted by size category. The finest 25 mu m grid showed a sensitivity more than an order of magnitude higher than the 125 mu m grid. The response to the finest particle categories (5 –30 mu m) was two orders of magnitude higher than the largest (125 –250 mu m) category. Longer duration current pulses were observed from the coarser particles. The results indicate a detection threshold for fine particles below 1 mu g/cm^2.

This report describes final progress made on measurements of advective CO2 flux to the overall forest carbon budget at the Niwot Ridge Ameriflux site in Colorado.

This report talks about AEM Analysis of SCC in Alloy 690 Tested in 10% Caustic and 10% Caustic + PbO.

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that shock-induced void collapse in copper occurs by emission of shear loops. These loops carry away the vacancies which comprise the void. The growth of the loops continues even after they collide and form sessile junctions, creating a hardened region around the collapsing void. The scenario seen in our simulations differs from current models that assume that prismatic loop emission is responsible for void collapse. We propose a new dislocation-based model that gives excellent agreement with the stress threshold found in the MD simulations for void collapse as a function of void radius.

This report talks about Auger Spectroscopy Results from Ductility Dip Cracks Opened Under Ultra-High Vacuum.

When supersymmetry is broken by condensates with a single condensing gauge group, there is a nonanomalous R-symmetry that prevents the universal axion from acquiring a mass. It has been argued that, in the context of supergravity, higher dimension operators will break this symmetry and may generate an axion mass too large to allow the identification of the universal axion with the QCD axion. We show that such contributions to the axion mass are highly suppressed in a class of models where the effective Lagrangian for gaugino and matter condensation respects modular invariance (T-duality).

Careful optics studies and stringent lattice control have been identified as two key components to increasing PEP-II luminosity. An accurate, trusted BPM system is required for both of these strategies. To validate the existing BPM system and to better understand some optical anomalies in the PEP-II rings, an aggressive program of beam-based alignment (BBA) has been initiated. Using a quad-shunt BBA procedure in which a quadrupole's field strength is varied over a range of beam positions, relative offsets are determined by the BPM readings at which quadrupole field changes no longer induce a closed orbit shift. This procedure was verified in the HER and is well underway in the LER IR. We have found several surprisingly large BPM offsets, one over one centimeter, as well as a number of locations where the current nominal orbit is several millimeters from the design. Tune versus quadrupole field data were taken during the BBA process in the LER IR, and the non-linear response in each case is compared to simulation to infer local beta functions.

The beam emittance in future linear accelerators for high energy physics and SASE-FEL applications depends highly on the field performance in the accelerating structures, i.e. the damping of higher order modes (HOM). Besides theoretical and laboratory analysis, a beam based analysis technique was established [1] at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) linac. It uses a charge modulated beam of variable modulation frequency to excite dipole modes. This causes a modulation of the transverse beam displacement, which is observed at a downstream BPM and associated with a direct analysis of the modes at the HOM-couplers. A brief introduction of eigenmodes of a resonator and the concept of the wake potential is given. Emphasis is put on beam instrumentation and signal analysis aspects, required for this beam based HOM measurement technique.

Using dielectric wall accelerator technology, we are developing a compact induction accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. The accelerator would provide a 2-kA beam with an energy of 8 MeV, for a 20-30 ns flat-top. The design goal is to generate a 2-mm diameter, 10-rad x-ray source. We have a physics design of the system from injector to the x-ray converter. We present the results of injector modeling and PIC simulations of beam transport. We also discuss the predicted spot size and the on-axis x-ray dose.

This research compared three wipe sampling techniques currently used to test for beryllium contamination on room and equipment surfaces in Department of Energy facilities. Efficiencies of removal of beryllium contamination from typical painted surfaces were tested by wipe sampling without a wetting agent, with water-moistened wipe materials, and by methanol-moistened wipes. Analysis indicated that methanol-moistened wipe sampling removed about twice as much beryllium/oil-film surface contamination as water-moistened wipes, which removed about twice as much residue as dry wipes. Criteria at 10 CFR 850.30 and .31 were established on unspecified wipe sampling method(s). The results of this study reveal a need to identify criteria-setting method and equivalency factors. As facilities change wipe sampling methods among the three compared in this study, these results may be useful for approximate correlations. Accurate decontamination decision-making depends on the selection of appropriate wetting agents for the types of residues and surfaces. Evidence for beryllium sensitization via skin exposure argues in favor of wipe sampling with wetting agents that provide enhanced removal efficiency such as methanol when surface contamination includes oil mist residue.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (DUF{sub 6}) Management Program evaluated alternatives for managing its inventory of DUF{sub 6} and issued the ''Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Alternative Strategies for the Long-Term Management and Use of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride'' (DUF{sub 6} PEIS) in April 1999 (DOE 1999). The DUF{sub 6} inventory is stored in cylinders at three DOE sites: Paducah, Kentucky; Portsmouth, Ohio; and East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In the Record of Decision for the DUF{sub 6} PEIS, DOE stated its decision to promptly convert the DUF6 inventory to a more stable chemical form. Subsequently, the U.S. Congress passed, and the President signed, the ''2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States'' (Public Law No. 107-206). This law stipulated in part that, within 30 days of enactment, DOE must award a contract for the design, construction, and operation of a DUF{sub 6} conversion plant at the Department's Paducah, Kentucky, and Portsmouth, Ohio, sites, and for the shipment of DUF{sub 6} cylinders stored at ETTP to the Portsmouth site for conversion. This biological assessment (BA) has been prepared by DOE, pursuant to the National …

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (DUF{sub 6}) Management Program evaluated alternatives for managing its inventory of DUF{sub 6} and issued the ''Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Alternative Strategies for the Long-Term Management and Use of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride'' (DUF{sub 6} PEIS) in April 1999 (DOE 1999). The DUF{sub 6} inventory is stored in cylinders at three DOE sites: Paducah, Kentucky; Portsmouth, Ohio; and East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In the Record of Decision for the DUF{sub 6} PEIS, DOE stated its decision to promptly convert the DUF{sub 6} inventory to a more stable chemical form. Subsequently, the U.S. Congress passed, and the President signed, the ''2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States'' (Public Law No. 107-206). This law stipulated in part that, within 30 days of enactment, DOE must award a contract for the design, construction, and operation of a DUF{sub 6} conversion plant at the Department's Paducah, Kentucky, and Portsmouth, Ohio, sites, and for the shipment of DUF{sub 6} cylinders stored at ETTP to the Portsmouth site for conversion. This biological assessment (BA) has been prepared by DOE, pursuant to the …

A Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA) model has been developed to support the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) for the Yucca Mountain High-Level Waste Repository. The TSPA model forecasts repository performance over a 20,000-year simulation period. It has a high degree of complexity due to the complexity of its underlying process and abstraction models. This is reflected in the size of the model (a 27,000 element GoldSim file), its use of dynamic-linked libraries (14 DLLs), the number and size of its input files (659 files totaling 4.7 GB), and the number of model input parameters (2541 input database entries). TSPA model development and subsequent simulations with the final version of the model were performed to a set of Quality Assurance (QA) procedures. Due to the complexity of the model, comments on previous TSPAs, and the number of analysts involved (22 analysts in seven cities across four time zones), additional controls for the entire life-cycle of the TSPA model, including management, physical, model change, and input controls were developed and documented. These controls did not replace the QA. procedures, rather they provided guidance for implementing the requirements of the QA procedures with the specific intent of ensuring that the model development process …

The number of bunches in the PEP-II B-Factory has increased over the years. The luminosity has followed roughly linearly that increase or even faster since we have also lowered the spot size at the interaction point. The recent steps from 939 bunches in June of 2003 to about 1320 in February 2004 (and 1585 in May) should have been followed by a similar rise in luminosity from 6.5 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} l/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s to 9.1 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} 1/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s (or even 11 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} 1/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s in May). This didn't happen so far and a peak luminosity of ''only'' 7.3 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} 1/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s (or 9.2 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} 1/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s in May) was achieved with less bunch currents. By filling the then partially filled by-3 pattern to a completely filled by-3 pattern (1133 bunches) we should get 7.9 {center_dot} 10{sup 33} 1/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} 1/s with scaled currents of 1400 mA (HER) on 1900 mA (LER). We were typically running about 1300 mA on 1900 mA with 15% more bunches in February (and 1550 mA on 2450 mA with 40% more bunches in May). The bunch …

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The purpose of this technical feasibility study was to develop and evaluate robust microgenomic tools for investigations of genome-wide expression of very small numbers of cells isolated from whole tissue sections. Tissues contain large numbers of cell-types that play varied roles in organ function and responses to endogenous and exogenous toxicants whether bacterial, viral, chemical or radiation. Expression studies of whole tissue biopsy are severely limited because heterogeneous cell-types result in an averaging of molecular signals masking subtle but important changes in gene expression in any one cell type(s) or group of cells. Accurate gene expression analysis requires the study of specific cell types in their tissue environment but without contamination from surrounding cells. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a new technology to isolate morphologically distinct cells from tissue sections. Alternative methods are available for isolating single cells but not yet for their reliable genome-wide expression analyses. The tasks of this feasibility project were to: (1) Develop efficient protocols for laser capture microdissection of cells from tissues identified by antibody label, or morphological stain. (2) Develop reproducible gene-transcript analyses techniques for single cell-types and determine the numbers of cells needed for reliable genome-wide analyses. (3) Validate the technology for epithelial …

The LCLS Photoinjector produces a 100A, 10 ps long electron bunch which is later compressed down to 230 fs to produce the peak current required for generating SASE radiation. SASE saturation will be reached in the LCLS only if the emittance and uncorrelated energy spread remain respectively below 1.2 mm.mrad and 5.10{sup -4}. This high beam quality will not be met if the Longitudinal Space Charge (LSC) instability develops in the injector and gets amplified in the compressors. The LSC instability originates in the injector beamline, from an initial modulation on top of the photoelectron pulse leaving the cathode. Numerical computations, performed with Multiparticle Space Charge tracking codes, showing the evolution of the longitudinal phase space along the LCLS injector beamline, are discussed. Their results are compared with those deduced from theoretical models in different regimes of energy and acceleration and for different modulation wavelengths. This study justifies the necessity to insert a ''laser heater'' in the LCLS Photoinjector beamline.

The beam distribution of particles in a storage ring can be distorted in the presence of nonlinear resonances. Computer simulation is used to study the equilibrium distribution of an electron beam in the presence of a single 4th order nonlinear resonance in a storage ring. Its result is compared with that obtained using an analytical approach by solving the Fokker-Planck equation to first order in the resonance strength. The effect of resonance on quantum lifetime of electron beam is also compared and investigated.