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European Union Enlargement
On May 1, 2004, 10 states joined the European Union (EU), enlarging the Union to 25 members. The EU views the enlargement process as an historic opportunity to promote stability in Europe and further the integration of the continent by peaceful means. In addition to the 10 new members (Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), three other states — Bulgaria, Romania, and Croatia — hope to accede to the EU by 2007. Turkey is also a candidate and is expected to begin accession negotiations in 2005. Macedonia has also applied for EU membership.
Date:
March 7, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The European Union in 2005 and Beyond
The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations.
Date:
March 7, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The European Union: Questions and Answers
This report provides answers to key questions related to the European Union (EU). It describes the EU’s evolution, its governing institutions, trade policy, and efforts to forge common foreign and defense policies. The report also addresses the EU-U.S. and EU-NATO relationships.
Date:
March 7, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The European Union's "Constitution"
In June 2004, the European Union (EU) concluded work on a constitutional treaty that contains changes to the EU’s governing institutions and decision-making processes. This new “constitution” grew out of the 2002-2003 Convention on the Future of Europe and previous EU efforts to institute internal reforms ahead of the Union’s expansion from 15 members to 25 in May 2004. The “constitution” aims to enable a larger EU to operate effectively and prevent gridlock, but it must still be ratified by all member states before it enters into force. This report provides background information on the Convention and describes the EU “constitution,” its key provisions, next steps, and possible implications for the U.S.-EU relationship.
Date:
March 7, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
European Views and Policies Toward the Middle East
Managing policy differences on a range of issues emanating from the Middle East poses serious challenges for the United States and its European allies and friends. The most vitriolic dispute has centered on the conflict in Iraq. However, divisions over how best to approach the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, manage Iran and Syria, and combat terrorism also persist. How deep and lasting the clash over Iraq and subsequent Middle East policies will be to transatlantic relations will likely depend on several factors, including whether Washington and European capitals can cooperate more robustly to rebuild Iraq; whether Europeans perceive a renewed U.S. commitment to revive the Middle East peace process; and whether differences over Mideast issues spill over into NATO or impede EU efforts to forge a deeper Union.
Date:
March 9, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The United States and Europe: Possible Options for U.S. Policy
None
Date:
March 8, 2005
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Endangered Species Act: A Primer
The Endangered Species Act (ESA)1 receives significant congressional attention. The associated power and reach of its comprehensive protection for species identified as endangered or threatened with extinction has ignited concern that there be appropriate bounds on this power. The following discussion provides an overview and background on the various features of the ESA that contribute to its stature and yet spark an ongoing debate over its implementation.
Date:
March 31, 2005
Creator:
Baldwin, Pamela; Buck, Eugene H. & Corn, M. Lynne
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Endangered Species Act: A Primer
The Endangered Species Act (ESA)1 receives significant congressional attention. The associated power and reach of its comprehensive protection for species identified as endangered or threatened with extinction has ignited concern that there be appropriate bounds on this power. The following discussion provides an overview and background on the various features of the ESA that contribute to its stature and yet spark an ongoing debate over its implementation.
Date:
March 31, 2005
Creator:
Baldwin, Pamela; Buck, Eugene H. & Corn, M. Lynne
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abandoned Mine Land Fund Reauthorization: Selected Issues
This report provides a summary of the structure of the Abandon Mine Land (AML) program, distribution of funds, and discusses major proposals considered in the 108th Congress.
Date:
March 8, 2005
Creator:
Bamberger, Robert L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
National Environmental Education Act of 1990: Overview, Implementation, and Reauthorization Issues
This report presents an overview of the National Environmental Education Act of 1990, discusses appropriations, examines Environmental Protection Agency (EPA's) implementation of the act, and analyzes potential issues for reauthorization that may be considered in the 109th Congress.
Date:
March 14, 2005
Creator:
Bearden, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues
Since the first genetically engineered (GE) crops (also called GM [genetically modified] crops, or GMOs, genetically modified organisms) became commercially available in the mid-1990s, U.S. soybean, cotton, and corn farmers have rapidly adopted them. As adoption has spread, there have been policy debates over the costs and benefits of GE products. Issues include the impacts of GE crops on the environment and food safety, and whether GE foods should be specially labeled. Congress generally has been supportive of GE agricultural products, although some Members have expressed wariness about their adoption and regulation. The 109th Congress will likely continue to follow trade developments, particularly the U.S.-EU dispute, as well as U.S. regulatory mechanisms for approving biotech foods.
Date:
March 7, 2005
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Animal Identification and Meat Traceability
Animal identification refers to marking individual or groups of farm animals so that they can be tracked from birth to slaughter. Animal identification is one segment of meat traceability, generally the tracking of identifiable products through the entire marketing chain to the ultimate consumer. This report details an overview of animal identification in the U.S., current programs to enforce animal identification, development of a National Identification Plan, the Foreign Trade Commission, and other selected issues.
Date:
March 29, 2005
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mad Cow Disease: Agricultural Issues for Congress
This report provides information on how most of the countries banned United States beef after the first report of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in a Canadian-born cow after the December 2003 U.S. report. This explains all the steps USDA has taken to reduce the positive cases of BSE by starting special programs. Updated March 24, 2005.
Date:
March 24, 2005
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Regulation of Plant-Based Pharmaceuticals
None
Date:
March 8, 2005
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S. & Vogt, Donna U.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Cost of Operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Enhanced Security
This CRS report estimates that the Department of Defense (DOD) has received over $201 billion for combat operations, occupation, and support for military personnel deployed or supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and for enhanced security at military installations, collectively called the “global war on terrorism.”
Date:
March 14, 2005
Creator:
Belasco, Amy
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Intelligence Issues for Congress
This report discusses intelligence issues for Congress including coordination among intelligence agencies, terrorism, and Iraq. Updated March 22, 2005.
Date:
March 22, 2005
Creator:
Best, Richard A., Jr.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
“Entrenchment” of Senate Procedure and the “Nuclear Option” for Change: Possible Proceedings and Their Implications
None
Date:
March 28, 2005
Creator:
Beth, Richard S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Flat Tax Proposals and Fundamental Tax Reform: An Overview
President George W. Bush has stated that tax reform is one of his top priorities in the 109th Congress. On January 7, 2005, he appointed a nine-member bipartisan panel to study the “complicated mess” posed by the federal tax code and to propose options to reform the code.
Date:
March 23, 2005
Creator:
Bickley, James M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Air Force FB-22 Bomber Concept
The Air Force has expressed interest in developing a bomber variant of the F-22A Raptor to "bridge the gap" between today's bombers and a follow-on bomber in 2037. Questions exist regarding the FB-22's feasibility, cost, and combat potential.
Date:
March 21, 2005
Creator:
Bolkcom, Christopher
System:
The UNT Digital Library
F/A-22 Raptor
The F-22A Raptor is a next-generation fighter/attack aircraft that features the latest stealth technology to reduce detection by radar. Using more advanced engines and avionics than the current F-15 Eagle, the F-22A is intended to maintain U.S. Air Force capabilities against more sophisticated enemy aircraft and air defenses in the 21st century. This report examines the Air Force’s F-22A Raptor program, including costs and schedule; considers several key issues, and concludes with a synopsis of recent legislative activity on the program.
Date:
March 3, 2005
Creator:
Bolkcom, Christopher
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Arts and Humanities: Background on Funding
This report includes a brief description regarding funding for the arts and humanities as a perennial issue in Congress. Although arts funding represents less than 1% of the Bush Administration’s FY2006 total estimated budget authority, Congress continues to address the concern of whether federal funding is crucial to sustain arts institutions.
Date:
March 8, 2005
Creator:
Boren, Susan
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Iraq: U.S. Military Operations
None
Date:
March 9, 2005
Creator:
Bowman, Steven R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An Overview of the Administration's Strengthening America's Communities Initiative
This report discusses administration’s proposed base program called strengthening America’s communities initiative intended to award funds in support of job creation and economic development.
Date:
March 24, 2005
Creator:
Boyd, Eugene; Mulock, Bruce K.; Smale, Pauline; Cowan, Tadlock; Laney, Garrine P. & Foote, Bruce E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Contracts and Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt: Agency Discretion to Fund Contract Support Costs
On March 1, 2005, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Cherokee The nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt. The conflicts in the case (actually two consolidated cases) involved federal agencies’ duty to fund contract support costs for contracts with Indian tribes under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDA).
Date:
March 31, 2005
Creator:
Brooks, Nathan
System:
The UNT Digital Library