None

None

Electron beam (EB) curing is a technology that promises, in certain applications, to deliver lower cost and higher performance polymer matrix composite (PMC) structures compared to conventional thermal curing processes. PMCs enhance performance by making products lighter, stronger, more durable, and less energy demanding. They are essential in weight- and performance-dominated applications. Affordable PMCs can enhance US economic prosperity and national security. US industry expects rapid implementation of electron beam cured composites in aircraft and aerospace applications as satisfactory properties are demonstrated, and implementation in lower performance applications will likely follow thereafter. In fact, at this time and partly because of discoveries made in this project, field demonstrations are underway that may result in the first fielded applications of electron beam cured composites. Serious obstacles preventing the widespread use of electron beam cured PMCs in many applications are their relatively poor interfacial properties and resin toughness. The composite shear strength and resin toughness of electron beam cured carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites were about 25% and 50% lower, respectively, than those of thermally cured composites of similar formulations. The essential purpose of this project was to improve the mechanical properties of electron beam cured, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites, with …

Recently, we have derived light-cone sum rules for exclusive B-meson decays into light energetic hadrons from correlation functions within soft-collinear effective theory [1]. In these sum rules the short-distance scale refers to ''hard-collinear'' interactions with virtualities of order {Lambda}{sub QCD}m{sub b}. Hard scales (related to virtualities of order m{sub b}{sup 2}) are integrated out and enter via external coefficient functions in the sum rule. Soft dynamics is encoded in light-cone distribution amplitudes for the B-meson, which describe both the factorizable and non-factorizable contributions to exclusive B-meson decay amplitudes. Factorization of the correlation function has been verified to one-loop accuracy. Thus, a systematic separation of hard, hard-collinear, and soft dynamics in the heavy-quark limit is possible.

The FY04 LLNL study of Z-IFE [1] proposed and evaluated a design that deviated from SNL's previous baseline design. The FY04 study included analyses of shock mitigation, stress in the first wall, neutronics and systems studies. In FY05, the subject of this report, we build on our work and the theme of last year. Our emphasis continues to be on alternatives that hold promise of considerable improvements in design and economics compared to the base-line design. Our key results are summarized here.

The first hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using the first four laser beams have activated the indirect drive experimental capabilities and tested radiation temperature limits imposed by hohlraum plasma filling. Vacuum hohlraums have been irradiated with laser powers up to 6 TW, 1 ns to 9 ns long square pulses and energies of up to 17 kJ to activate several diagnostics, to study the hohlraum radiation temperature scaling with the laser power and hohlraum size, and to make contact with hohlraum experiments performed at the NOVA and Omega laser facilities. Furthermore, for a variety of hohlraum sizes and pulse lengths, the measured x-ray flux shows signatures of plasma filling that coincide with hard x-ray emission from plasma streaming out of the hohlraum. These observations agree with hydrodynamic simulations and with analytical modeling that includes hydrodynamic and coronal radiative losses. The modeling predicts radiation temperature limits on full NIF (1.8 MJ) that are significantly greater than required for ignition hohlraums.

None

QDO, the final focus (FF) magnet closest to the interaction point (P) for the ILC 20 mr crossing angle layout, must provide strong focusing yet be adjustable to accommodate collision energy changes for energy scans and low energy calibration ruling. But it must be compact to allow disrupted beam and Beamstrahlung coming from the IP to pass outside into an independent instrumented beam line to a high-power beam absorber. The QDO design builds upon BNL experience making direct wind superconducting magnets. We present test results for a QDO magnetic test prototype and introduce a new shielded magnet design, to replace the previous side-by-side design concept, that greatly simplifies the field correction scheme and holds promise of working for crossing angles as small as 14 mr.

One of the concerns in using compact superconducting magnets in the final focus region of the ILC is the influence of the cryogen flow on the vibration characteristics. As a first step towards characterizing such motion at nanometer levels, a project was undertaken at BNL to measure the vibrations in a spare RHIC quadrupole under cryogenic conditions. Given the constraints of cryogenic operation, and limited space available, it was decided to use a dual head laser Doppler vibrometer for this work. The performance of the laser vibrometer was tested in a series of room temperature tests and compared with results from Mark L4 geophones. The laser system was then used to measure the vibration of the cold mass of the quadrupole with respect to the outside warm enclosure. These measurements were carried out both with and without the flow of cold helium through the magnet. The results indicate only a minor increase in motion in the horizontal direction (where the cold mass is relatively free to move).

None

Equivalent dipole polarizabilities are a succinct way tosummarize the inductive response of an isolated conductive body atdistances greater than the scale of the body. Their estimation requiresmeasurement of secondary magnetic fields due to currents induced in thebody by time varying magnetic fields in at least three linearlyindependent (e.g., orthogonal) directions. Secondary fields due to anobject are typically orders of magnitude smaller than the primaryinducing fields near the primary field sources (transmitters). Receivercoils may be oriented orthogonal to primary fields from one or twotransmitters, nulling their response to those fields, but simultaneouslynulling to fields of additional transmitters is problematic. Iftransmitter coils are constructed symmetrically with respect to inversionin a point, their magnetic fields are symmetric with respect to thatpoint. If receiver coils are operated in pairs symmetric with respect toinversion in the same point, then their differenced output is insensitiveto the primary fields of any symmetrically constructed transmitters,allowing nulling to three (or more) transmitters. With a sufficientnumber of receivers pairs, object equivalent dipole polarizabilities canbe estimated in situ from measurements at a single instrument sitting,eliminating effects of inaccurate instrument location on polarizabilityestimates. The method is illustrated with data from a multi-transmittermulti-receiver system with primary field nulling through differencedreceiver pairs, interpreted in …

None

The determination of climate policy is a decision under uncertainty. The uncertainty in future climate change impacts is large, as is the uncertainty in the costs of potential policies. Rational and economically efficient policy choices will therefore seek to balance the expected marginal costs with the expected marginal benefits. This approach requires that the risks of future climate change be assessed. The decision process need not be formal or quantitative for descriptions of the risks to be useful. Whatever the decision procedure, a useful starting point is to have as accurate a description of climate risks as possible. Given the goal of describing uncertainty in future climate change, we need to characterize the uncertainty in the main causes of uncertainty in climate impacts. One of the major drivers of uncertainty in future climate change is the uncertainty in future emissions, both of greenhouse gases and other radiatively important species such as sulfur dioxide. In turn, the drivers of uncertainty in emissions are uncertainties in the determinants of the rate of economic growth and in the technologies of production and how those technologies will change over time. This project uses historical experience and observations from a large number of countries to …

The one-loop self-energy is evaluated for d{sub 3/2} and d{sub 5/2} states in hydrogenic ions, and good agreement found with previous calculations. Results are compared to what is known of the Z{alpha} expansion and higher-order binding corrections inferred for these states as well as for their fine structures. Screened Kohn-Sham potentials are then used to evaluate the one-loop self-energy corrections to n = 2 states of lithiumlike ions for Z = 10 - 100, n = 3 states of sodiumlike ions for Z = 20 - 100, and n = 4 states of copperlike ions for Z = 40 - 100. The importance of these screened calculations for the interpretation of recent high accuracy experiments is emphasized.

Two-dimensional simulations with the BZOHAR [B.I. Cohen, B.F. Lasinski, A.B. Langdon, and E.A. Williams, Phys. Plasmas 4, 956 (1997)] hybrid code (kinetic particle ions and Boltzmann fluid electrons) have been used to investigate the saturation of stimulated Brillouin backscatter (SBBS) instability including the effects of ion-ion collisions and inhomogeneity. Ion-ion collisions tend to increase ion-wave dissipation, which decreases the gain exponent for stimulated Brillouin backscattering; and the peak Brillouin backscatter reflectivities tend to decrease with increasing collisionality in the simulations. Two types of Langevin-operator, ion-ion collision models were implemented in the simulations. In both models used the collisions are functions of the local ion temperature and density, but the collisions have no velocity dependence in the first model. In the second model, the collisions are also functions of the energy of the ion that is being scattered so as to represent a Fokker-Planck collision operator. Collisions decorrelate the ions from the acoustic waves in SBS, which disrupts ion trapping in the acoustic wave. Nevertheless, ion trapping leading to a hot ion tail and two-dimensional physics that allows the SBS ion waves to nonlinearly scatter remain robust saturation mechanisms for SBBS in a high-gain limit over a range of ion collisionality. …

None