This report investigates the use of x-rays and electrons to excite a CVD polycrystalline diamond detector during a double pulse experiment to levels corresponding to those expected during a successful (1D clean burn) and a typical failed ignition (2D fizzle) shot at the National Ignition Facility, NIF. The monitoring of a failed ignition shot is the main goal of the diagnostic, but nevertheless, the study of a successful ignition shot is also important. A first large neutron pulse is followed by a smaller pulse (a factor of 1000 smaller in intensity) after 50 to 300 ns. The charge carrier densities produced during a successful and failed ignition shot are about 10{sup 15} e-h+/cm{sup 3} and 2.6* 10{sup 12} e-h+/cm{sup 3} respectively, which is lower than the 10{sup 16} e-h+/cm{sup 3} needed to saturate the diamond wafer due to charge recombination. The charge carrier density and the signal induced in the diamond detector are calculated as a function of the incident x-ray and electron energy, flux, and detector dimensions. For available thicknesses of polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors (250 {micro}m to 1000 {micro}m), a flux of over 10{sup 11} x-rays/cm{sup 2} (with x-ray energies varying from 6 keV to about 10 keV) …

An explanation is given of the low value of R lambda triple bond A lambda/E(B - V), the ratio of absolute to selective extinction deduced from Type Ia supernova observations. The idea involves scattering by dust clouds located in the circumstellar environment, or at the highest velocity shells of the supernova ejecta. The scattered light tends to reduce the effective R lambda in the optical, but has an opposite effect in the ultraviolet. The presence of circumstellar dust can be tested by ultraviolet to near infrared observations and by multi-epoch spectropolarimetry of SNe Ia.

The city of Morrill, Kansas, is located in Brown County, in the northeastern corner of the state. The town lies about 7 mi east of Sabetha and about 10 mi northwest of Hiawatha (Figure 1.1). The population of Morrill as of the 2000 census was approximately 277. The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), operated a grain storage facility in the northwestern section of Morrill from 1950 until 1971. The property continued to be used for grain storage after 1971. Fourteen of the original 21 CCC/USDA circular bin structures remain today. Prior to 1986, commercial grain fumigants containing carbon tetrachloride were commonly used by the CCC/USDA and the grain storage industry to preserve grain. Contamination with carbon tetrachloride, also known as tetrachloromethane, was initially identified in groundwater at Morrill in October 1985 in public water supply well PWS5, during statewide testing of public water supply wells for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A preliminary assessment was completed by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) in 1989 to obtain background information on the Morrill public water supply and to identify potential sources of the detected carbon tetrachloride contamination (KDHE 1989). Since 1991 the …

This grant covered partial cost of the organization of the 6th International Conference on Spectral and High-Order Methods (ICOSAHOM '04) held at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island on June 21-25,2004. It was the 6th ICOSAHOM conference with the first one taking place in Como (Italy) in 1989. Many of the invited and contributed talks contained new theoretical and applications results of spectral and high-order methods which had not been published yet. The general research area of high-order and spectral methods, although relatively mature in some areas, has experienced a very rapid growth over the last few years. This is partly due to several new theoretical and algorithmic developments and partly due to a growing understanding that such methods are important and often essential when considering the solution of large scale time-dependent problems.

Our research program has involved data collection and analysis, modeling building, and the presentation of results. The data collection and analysis work was done in collaboration with our colleagues at the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in China. Each summer, we hosted on average four researchers from NBS for 3 months to work with us on the data analysis component of the research. Each summer our NBS colleagues would bring an updated data set of firm-level economic, R&D, and energy data that allowed us to explore the impacts of technological change on firm-level energy consumption. This grant also funded a number of graduate and undergraduate students to work on different elements of the analysis.

We construct a simple theory in which the fine-tuning of the standard model is significantly reduced. Radiative corrections to the quadratic part of the scalar potential are constrained to be symmetric under a global U(4) x U(4){prime} symmetry due to a discrete Z{sub 2} 'twin' parity, while the quartic part does not possess this symmetry. As a consequence, when the global symmetry is broken the Higgs fields emerge as light pseudo-Goldstone bosons, but with sizable quartic self-interactions. This structure allows the cutoff scale, {Lambda}, to be raised to the multi-TeV region without significant fine-tuning. In the minimal version of the theory, the amount of fine-tuning is about 15% for {Lambda} = 5 TeV, while it is about 30% in an extended model. This provides a solution to the little hierarchy problem. In the minimal model, the 'visible' particle content is exactly that of the two Higgs doublet standard model, while the extended model also contains extra vector-like fermions with masses {approx} (1 {approx} 2) TeV. At the LHC, our minimal model may appear exactly as the two Higgs doublet standard model, and new physics responsible for cutting off the divergences of the Higgs mass-squared parameter may not be discovered. Several …

In this paper we reconsider the problem of the Euler parametrization for the unitary groups. After constructing the generic group element in terms of generalized angles, we compute the invariant measure on SU(N) and then we determine the full range of the parameters, using both topological and geometrical methods. In particular, we show that the given parametrization realizes the group SU(N+1) as a fibration of U(N) over the complex projective space CP{sup n}. This justifies the interpretation of the parameters as generalized Euler angles.

The production phase for the NCSX modular coil winding forms has been underway for approximately one year as of this date. This is the culmination of R&D efforts performed in 2001-4. The R&D efforts included limited manufacturing studies while NCSX was in its conceptual design phase followed by more detailed manufacturing studies by two teams which included the fabrication of full scale prototypes. This provided the foundation necessary for the production parts to be produced under a firm price and schedule contract that was issued in September 2004. This paper will describe the winding forms, the production team and team management, details of the production process, and the achievements for the first year.

The National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) is being constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in partnership with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The stellarator core is designed to produce a compact 3-D plasma that combines stellarator and tokamak physics advantages. The engineering challenges of NCSX stem from its complex geometry. From the project's start in April, 2003 to September, 2004, the fabrication specifications for the project's two long-lead components, the modular coil winding forms and the vacuum vessel, were developed. An industrial manufacturing R&D program refined the processes for their fabrication as well as production cost and schedule estimates. The project passed a series of reviews and established its performance baseline with the Department of Energy. In September 2004, fabrication was approved and contracts for these components were awarded. The suppliers have completed the engineering and tooling preparations and are in production. Meanwhile, the project completed preparations for winding the coils at PPPL by installing a coil manufacturing facility and developing all necessary processes through R&D. The main activities for the next two years will be component manufacture, coil winding, and sub-assembly of the vacuum vessel and coil subsets. Machine sector sub-assembly, machine assembly, and testing will …

Evaluating the potential for optical detection of the products of interactions of energetic electrons or other particles with the background atmosphere depends on predictions of change in atmospheric concentrations of species which would generate detectable spectral signals within the range of observation. The solar blind region of the spectrum, in the ultra violet, would be the logical band for outdoor detection (see Figure 1). The chemistry relevant to these processes is composed of ion-molecule reactions involving the initially created N{sub 2}{sup +} and O{sub 2}{sup +} ions, and their subsequent interactions with ambient trace atmospheric constituents. Effective modeling of the atmospheric chemical system acted upon by energetic particles requires knowledge of the dominant mechanism that exchange charge and associate it with atmospheric constituents, kinetic parameters of the individual processes (see e.g. Brasseur and Solomon, 1995), and a solver for the coupled differential equations that is accurate for the very stiff set of time constants involved. The LLNL box model, VOLVO, simulates the diel cycle of trace constituent photochemistry for any point on the globe over the wide range of time scales present using a stiff Gear-type ODE solver, i.e. LSODE. It has been applied to problems such as tropospheric and …

The addition of high power, low aspect ratio data from the NSTX and MAST experiments have motivated a new investigation of the effect of aspect ratio on confinement scaling. Various statistical methods, including those that incorporate estimates of measurement error, have been applied to datasets constrained by the standard set of criteria in addition to the range of ? and M(sub)eff appropriate to ITER operation. Development of scalings using engineering parameters as predictor variables results in ?-scaling coefficients that range from 0.38 to 1.29; the transformation of these scalings to physics variables results in an unfavorable dependence of ?? on ?, but a favorable dependence on ?. Because the low aspect ratio devices operate at low ?(sub)T and therefore high ?(sub)T, a strong correlation exists between ? and ?, and this makes scalings based on physics variables imprecise.

The purpose of this letter is to forward the Prometheus preconceptual Instrumentation and Control (I&C) system architecture (Enclosure (1)) to NR for information as part of the Prometheus closeout work. The preconceptual 1&C system architecture was considered a key planning document for development of the I&C system for Project Prometheus. This architecture was intended to set the technical approach for the entire I&C system. It defines interfaces to other spacecraft systems, defines hardware blocks for future development, and provides a basis for accurate cost and schedule estimates. Since the system requirements are not known at this time, it was anticipated that the architecture would evolve as the design of the reactor module was matured.