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The Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit (open access)

The Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit

In FY1998, federal budget receipts exceeded outlays for the first time since 1969. Those surpluses continued through FY2001. At one time, those surpluses had been projected to continue, but conditions have since changed. The economy went into recession in 2001, and a stimulus package was enacted. Since then, the budget has been in deficit. The actual unified budget deficit for FY2004 was $412.1 billion. In January 2005, the Congressional Budget Office projected that there would be a budget deficit of $368 billion in FY2005, and a deficit of $295 billion in FY2006.
Date: January 28, 2005
Creator: Cashell, Brian W.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Detention of U.S. Citizens (open access)

Detention of U.S. Citizens

In 1971, Congress passed legislation to repeal the Emergency Detention Act of 1950 and to enact the following language: “No citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress.” The new language, codified at 18 U.S.C. §4001(a), is called the Non-Detention Act. This statutory provision received attention after the 9/11 terrorist attacks when the Administration designated certain U.S. citizens as “enemy combatants” and claimed the right to detain them indefinitely without charging them, bringing them to trial, or giving them access to counsel. In litigation over Yaser Esam Hamdi and Jose Padilla, both designated enemy combatants, the Administration has argued that the Non-Detention Act restricts only imprisonments and detentions by the Attorney General, not by the President or military authorities.
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Fisher, Louis
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pakistan-U.S. Relations (open access)

Pakistan-U.S. Relations

None
Date: January 28, 2005
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Renditions: Constraints Imposed by Laws on Torture (open access)

Renditions: Constraints Imposed by Laws on Torture

None
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Garcia, Michael John
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Lawsuits Against State Supporters of Terrorism: An Overview (open access)

Lawsuits Against State Supporters of Terrorism: An Overview

None
Date: March 28, 2005
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Organization of American States: A Primer (open access)

Organization of American States: A Primer

None
Date: March 28, 2005
Creator: Ribando, Clare
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Balkan Cooperation on War Crimes Issues: 2005 Update (open access)

Balkan Cooperation on War Crimes Issues: 2005 Update

A combination of intensified international pressure and deadlines associated with Euro-Atlantic integration processes has prompted a spate of transfers of persons indicted for war crimes to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague in late 2004-early 2005. Full cooperation with The Hague tribunal has been established as a key prerequisite to further progress toward a shared long-term goal for the western Balkan countries: closer association with and eventual membership in the European Union (EU) and NATO. This report is updated as the number of individuals indicted for war crimes have been transferred to The Hague from Serbia, Kosovo, and Bosnia.
Date: March 28, 2005
Creator: Kim, Julie
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance (open access)

Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance

None
Date: January 28, 2005
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests (open access)

Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests

U.S. attention has focused on Russia's fitful democratization since Russia emerged in 1991 from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many observers have argued that a democratic Russia with free markets would be a cooperative bilateral and multilateral partner rather than an insular and hostile national security threat. President Putin's 2004 proposal to restructure the government has been supported by international observers. The U.S. Administration and Congress have welcomed some cooperation with Russia on vital U.S. national security concerns, including the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, among other issues.
Date: January 28, 2005
Creator: Nichol, Jim
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 109th Congress (open access)

Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 109th Congress

None
Date: March 28, 2005
Creator: Smith, Marcia S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial (open access)

U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial

None
Date: February 28, 2005
Creator: Smith, Marcia S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Israeli-United States Relations (open access)

Israeli-United States Relations

None
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Mark, Clyde R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Sudan:  Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy (open access)

Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy

None
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Dagne, Ted
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nigeria in Political Transition (open access)

Nigeria in Political Transition

None
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Dagne, Ted
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Clean Air Act Issues in the 109th Congress (open access)

Clean Air Act Issues in the 109th Congress

Major amendments to the Clean Air Act were among the first items on the agenda of the 109th Congress, with S. 131 (the Clear Skies Act) scheduled for markup by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee March 9. The most prominent air quality issues discussed in this report are; Clear Skies / Multi-Pollutant Legislation, Mercury from Power Plants, New Source Review (NSR), MTBE and Ethanol, Ozone Nonattainment Area Deadlines, and Conformity of Transportation Plans and SIPs.
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: McCarthy, James E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Saudi Arabia: Current Issues and U.S. Relations (open access)

Saudi Arabia: Current Issues and U.S. Relations

None
Date: April 28, 2005
Creator: Prados, Alfred B.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Amendments: 109th Congress (open access)

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Amendments: 109th Congress

This report addresses Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Amendments of 109th Congress.
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: Relyea, Harold C.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Coast Guard Deepwater Program: Background and Issues for Congress (open access)

Coast Guard Deepwater Program: Background and Issues for Congress

The Deepwater program is a $24-billion, 25-year acquisition program to replace or modernize 93 Coast Guard ships and 207 Coast Guard aircraft. The Coast Guard’s FY2006 budget requests $966 million for the program. Some Members of Congress have strongly criticized the Deepwater program on several grounds. The House version of H.R. 2360, the FY2006 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations bill, reduces the FY2006 Deepwater funding request to $500 million; the Senate version reduces it to $905.6 million.
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Treatment of "Battlefield Detainees" in the War on Terrorism (open access)

Treatment of "Battlefield Detainees" in the War on Terrorism

None
Date: July 28, 2005
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy - Background, Issues, and Options for Congress (open access)

Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy - Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

The full funding policy is a federal budgeting rule imposed on DOD by Congress in the 1950s that requires the entire procurement cost of a weapon or piece of military equipment to be funded in the year in which the item is procured. Although technical in nature, the policy relates to Congress’ power of the purse and its responsibility for conducting oversight of Department of Defense (DOD) programs. Support for the policy has been periodically reaffirmed over the years by Congress, the Government Accountability Office, and DOD.
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald & Daggett, Stephen
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cruise Missile Proliferation (open access)

Cruise Missile Proliferation

Upon the submission of this report, about 75 countries possessed cruise missiles. Many experts predict that anti — ship and land attack cruise missile proliferation will increase in terms of both scope and technological sophistication.
Date: July 28, 2005
Creator: Feickert, Andrew
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy Policy: Comprehensive Energy Legislation (H.R. 6, S. 10) in the 109th Congress (open access)

Energy Policy: Comprehensive Energy Legislation (H.R. 6, S. 10) in the 109th Congress

The House passed H.R. 6, the Energy Policy Act of 2005, on April 21, 2005 (249-183). The legislation includes a “safe harbor” provision to protect methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) refiners from product liability suits, which was retained after a close vote on an amendment to drop the language (213-219). In the 108th Congress, there was opposition to this provision in the Senate. It is unclear how its inclusion may affect Senate passage of an energy bill in the 109th Congress. House Republicans have indicated that a compromise will be sought to satisfy the other body. Language in the House-passed bill would also authorize opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to exploration and development. An amendment to delete the ANWR provisions from H.R. 6 was defeated (200-231).
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: Bamberger, Robert L. & Behrens, Carl E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy - Background, Issues, and Options for Congress (open access)

Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy - Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

The full funding policy is a federal budgeting rule imposed on DOD by Congress in the 1950s that requires the entire procurement cost of a weapon or piece of military equipment to be funded in the year in which the item is procured. Although technical in nature, the policy relates to Congress’ power of the purse and its responsibility for conducting oversight of Department of Defense (DOD) programs. Support for the policy has been periodically reaffirmed over the years by Congress, the Government Accountability Office, and DOD.
Date: June 28, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald & Daggett, Stephen
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Syria: Political Conditions and Relations with the United States After the Iraq War (open access)

Syria: Political Conditions and Relations with the United States After the Iraq War

This report focuses on Syria’s internal politics and the impact of hostilities in Iraq on Syria’s stability and U.S.-Syrian relations. It outlines the development of the the regime currently headed by President Bashar al-Asad and its support base; describes potential challenges to the regime; examines the effect of the Iraq war on Syrian domestic politics and U.S.-Syrian relations; and reviews U.S. policy options toward Syria. It will be updated when significant changes take place and affect these relationships. For more information on Syrian foreign policy issues, see CRS Issue Brief IB92075, Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues, by Alfred B. Prados.
Date: February 28, 2005
Creator: Prados, Alfred B. & Sharp, Jeremy M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library