A 1.5-GeV Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient (FFAG) proton Accelerator is being studied as a new injector to the Alternating-Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The major benefit is that it would considerably shorten the overall AGS acceleration cycle, and, consequently, may yield to an improvement of beam stability, intensity and size. The AGS-FFAG will also facilitate the proposed upgrade of the AGS facility toward a 1-MW average proton beam power at the top energy of 28 GeV. This paper describes the FFAG design for acceleration of protons from 400 MeV to 1.5 GeV, with the same circumference of the AGS, and entirely housed in the AGS tunnel.

Acceleration of polarized protons in the energy range of 5 to 25 GeV is particularly difficult since depolarizing spin resonances are strong enough to cause significant depolarization but full Siberian snakes cause intolerably large orbit excursions. Using a 20-30% partial Siberian snake both imperfection and intrinsic resonances can be overcome. Such a strong partial Siberian snake was designed for the Brookhaven AGS using a dual pitch helical superconducting dipole. Multiple strong partial snakes are also discussed for spin matching at beam injection and extraction.

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Pressure rises with high intense beams are among the main luminosity limitations at RHIC. Observations during the latest runs show beam induced electron multipacting as one of the causes for these pressure rises. Experimental studies are carried out at RHIC using devoted instrumentation to understand the mechanism leading to electron clouds. In the following, we report the experimental electron cloud data and the analyzed results using computer simulation codes.

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The next generation of large-scale free-electron lasers (FELs) such as Euro-XFEL and LCLS are to be devices which produce coherent X-rays using Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE). The performance of these devices is limited by the spread in longitudinal velocities of the beam. In the case where this spread arises primarily from large transverse oscillation amplitudes, beam conditioning can significantly enhance FEL performance. Future X-ray sources may also exploit harmonic generation starting from laser-seeded modulation. Preliminary analysis of such devices is discussed, based on a novel trial-function/variational-principle approach, which shows good agreement with more lengthy numerical simulations.

One of the intensity limiting factor of RHIC polarized proton beam is the electron cloud induced pressure rise. A beam scrubbing study shows that with a reasonable period of time of running high intensity 112-bunch proton beam, the pressure rise can be reduced, allowing higher beam intensity.

The RHIC luminosity is limited by pressure rises with high intensity beams. At injection and store, the dominating cause for the pressure rise was shown to be electron clouds. We discuss bunch distributions along the circumference that minimize the electron cloud effect in RHIC. Simulation results are compared with operational observations.

In this paper we describe a mechanism using the clearing electrodes to remove the electron cloud in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring, where strong multipacting could happen at median clearing fields. A similar phenomenon was reported in an experimental study at Los Alamos laboratory's Proton Synchrotron Ring (PSR). We also investigated the effectiveness of the solenoid's clearing mechanism in the SNS, which differs from the short bunch case, such as in B-factories. The titanium nitride (TiN) coating of the chamber walls was applied to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY).

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) ring is designed to accumulate beam pulses of 1.5 x 10{sup 14} protons of 1 GeV kinetic energy at a repetition rate of 60 Hz [1]. At such beam intensity and power, key design challenges include control of beam loss and radio-activation, construction of high-quality large-aperture magnets and power supplies, design of robust injection and extraction systems, minimization of beam-coupling impedances, and mitigation of electron-cloud effects. This paper discusses the status of the ring systems with emphasis on technical challenges and issues, and presents future perspectives towards a next-generation high-intensity facility.

Since the RHIC Au-Au run in the year 2001 the 200 MHz cavity system was used at storage and a 28 MHz system during injection and acceleration. The rebucketing procedure potentially causes a higher debunching rate of heavy ion beams in addition to amplifying debunching due to other mechanisms. At the end of a four hour store, debunched beam can easily account for more than 50% of the total beam intensity. This effect is even stronger with the achieved high intensities of the RHIC Au-Au run in 2004. A beam abort at the presence of a lot of debunched beam bears the risk of magnet quenching and experimental detector damage due to uncontrolled beam losses. Thus it is desirable to avoid any accumulation of debunched beam from the beginning of each store, in particular to anticipate cases of unscheduled beam aborts due to a system failure. A combination of a fast transverse kickers and the new 2-stage copper collimator system are used to clean the abort gap continuously throughout the store with a repetition rate of 1 Hz. This report gives. an overview of the new gap cleaning procedure and the achieved performance.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring is a high intensity ring and must have low uncontrolled losses for hands on maintenance. To achieve these low losses one needs very tight tolerance. These tight tolerances have been achieved through shimming the magnets and sorting. Dipoles are solid core magnets and had very good field quality but magnet to magnet variation were sorted out according to ITF, since all the dipole are powered with one power supply. Typically, sorting is done to minimize linear effects in beam dynamics. Here, sorting of quadrupoles was done according to a scheme, which allows reducing unwanted strength of nonlinear resonances. As a result, the strength of sextupole resonances for our base line tune-box was strongly reduced which was confirmed by a subsequent beam dynamics simulation.

A sufficiently large acceptance is critical for the NLC Main Damping Rings (MDR) as the high power carried by the beams demands very high injection efficiency. Chromatic sextupoles and wiggler insertions (needed for rapid damping) are substantial sources of nonlinearities limiting the dynamic aperture. We report on the techniques we are using for analysis of single-particle beam dynamics in the presence of wiggler fields with significant nonlinear components. We demonstrate that our approach gives results in good agreement with experimental data when applied to the BL11 wiggler in SPEAR2, and discuss the present status of studies for the NLC MDR.

A non-scaling FFAG lattice design to accelerate electrons from 3.2 to 10 GeV is described. This is one of possible solutions for the future electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collier (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The e-RHIC proposal requires acceleration of the low emittance electrons up to energy of 10 GeV. To reduce a high cost of the full energy super-conducting linear accelerator an alternative approach with the FFAG is considered. The report describes the 1277 meters circumference non-scaling FFAG ring. The Courant-Snyder functions, orbit offsets, momentum compaction, and path length dependences on momentum during acceleration are presented.

The authors review recent progress in the design of eRHIC, a proposed high luminosity, polarized electron-ion collider which would make use of the existing RHIC machine. The eRHIC collider aims to provide collisions of electrons and positrons on ions and protons in the center-of-mass energy range of 30-100 GeV, with a luminosity of 10{sup 32}-10{sup 34} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1} for e-p and 10{sup 30}-10{sup 32} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1} for e-Au collisions. An essential design requirement is to provide longitudinally polarized beams of electrons and protons (and, possibly lighter ions) at the collisions point. An eRHIC ZDR [1] has been prepared which considers various aspects of the accelerator design. An electron accelerator, which delivers about 0.5A polarized electron beam current in the electron energy range of 5 to 10 GeV, would be constructed at BNL, near the existing RHIC complex and would intersect an ion ring in at least one of the available ion ring interaction regions. In order to reach the luminosity goals, some upgrades in the ion rings would also be required.

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Next-generation light sources and accelerators are being proposed that set unique requirements for the electron source parameters. No single source is suitable for the diverse applications, which have operating characteristics ranging from high-average-current, quasi-CW, to high-peak-current, single-pulse electron beams. Advanced Energy Systems, in collaboration with our various partners, is developing a variety of electron gun concepts for these important applications.

A five-cell high current superconducting cavity for the electron cooling project at RHIC is under fabrication. Higher order modes (HOMs), one of main limiting factors for high current energy-recovery operation, are under investigation. Calculations of HOMs using time-domain methods in Mafia will be discussed and compared to calculations in the frequency domain. Beam breakup thresholds determined from numerical codes for the five-cell cavity will be presented. A possible motivation towards a 2 x 2 superstructure using the current five-cell design will also be discussed.

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) requires a low noise rf source to ensure that beam lifetime during a store is not limited by the rf system. The beam is particularly sensitive to noise from power line harmonics. Additionally, the rf source must be flexible enough to handle the frequency jump required for rebucketing (transferring bunches from the acceleration to the storage rf systems). This paper will describe the design of a Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) based system that provides both the noise performance and the flexibility required.

After an exploratory phase, during which a number of beam parameters were varied, the RHIC experiments now demand higher luminosity to study heavy ion collisions in detail. In gold-gold, operation, RHIC delivers now twice the design luminosity. During the last gold-gold operating period (Run-4) the machine delivered 15 times more luminosity than during the previous gold-gold operating period (Run-2), two years ago. We give an overview of the changes that increased the instantaneous luminosity and luminosity lifetime, raised the reliability, and improved the operational efficiency.

The goal of the RHIC 2004 Au-Au run was to maximize the achieved integrated luminosity. One way is to increase beam currents and minimize beam transverse emittances. Another important ingredient is the minimization of time spent on activities postponing the declaration of ''physics conditions'', i.e. stable beam conditions allowing the experimental detectors to take data. Since collision rates are particularly high in the beginning of the store the integrated luminosity benefits considerably from any minute saved early in the store. In the RHIC run 2004 a new IR steering application uses luminosity monitor signals as a feedback for a fully automated steering procedure. This report gives an overview of the used procedure and summarizes the achieved results.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), currently under construction at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is a collaborative effort between six US Department of Energy partner laboratories. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is responsible for the Ring and Transport Lines requiring 312 magnets and 251 power supplies. The challenge is to maintain a closed communication loop among stakeholders for the variable parameters integral to these two major systems. This paper provides an overview of the organization and functional responsibilities used to define, update and communicate specific design parameters related to the SNS magnet, power supply, and other critical systems.

Luminosity in several colliders, including RHIC, is limited by the electron cloud effect. A careful re-distribution of the bunch pattern around the azimuth of a ring can decrease the average electron density for a fixed total bunch current, allowing the luminosity to be increased. In the search for a bunch pattern that maximizes the luminosity, a fast computer simulation is a key requirement. We discuss the use of fast polynomial maps to simulate the bunch to bunch evolution of the electron density at RHIC. Such maps are empirically derived from existing conventional slow simulation codes.