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A Department of Science and Technology: A Recurring Theme
Consolidation of many Federal research and development (R&D) activities into a Department of Science and Technology (S&T) has been proposed repeatedly since World War D, including in the last Congress. The trend, however, has been toward the creation of mission agencies with supporting R&D capabilities. Analyses of arguments for and against consolidation indicate that valid reasons exist on both sides of the issue. Specific consolidation proposals may be considered again during the 104th Congress.
Date:
February 3, 1995
Creator:
Boesman, William C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Summaries of Major Laws Implemented by the National Marine Fisheries Service
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is located within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Department of Commerce. NOAA and NMFS were created by President Nixon's Reorganization Plan No. 4 of July 9, 1970 (84 Stat. 2090). Programs now comprising NMFS had previously been located in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries within U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in the Department of the Interior.
Date:
March 24, 1995
Creator:
Buck, Eugene H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The U.S. Bureau of Mines Funding - FY1996
H.R. 1977, passed by the House July 18, 1995, appropriated $87 million for FY1996 for the "orderly closure" of the Bureau of Mines within the Department of Interior. However, when the Senate passed H.R. 1977 on August 9, it approved continuation of the Bureau and appropriated $128 million for FY1996.
Date:
August 30, 1995
Creator:
Thompson, Duane A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Protection Agency FY1996 Appropriations: Analyses of House-Passed Riders
On July 31, 1995, in passing H.R.2099, the VA-HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriation Bill for FY1996, the House approved numerous legislative riders, or provisions in bill language, which would prohibit EPA from spending FY1996 funds on a number of regulatory and enforcement activities. In passing H.R. 2099 on September 27, 1995, the Senate did not accept the House-passed riders but did include several other riders. On November 2, 1995, the House approved a motion to instruct the House conferees to strike the 17 major House-passed riders.
Date:
November 3, 1995
Creator:
Lee, Martin R.; Copeland, Claudia; Mayer, Susan L.; McCarthy, James E.; Schierow, Linda-Jo; Tiemann, Mary et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan's Banking Crisis: Causes and Probable Effects
Japan's banking sector currently is carrying between $400 billion and $800 billion in non-performing loans that threaten the solvency of certain financial institutions and weaken the Japanese financial system. This problem is of interest to the United States because the stability of Japan's banking system affects the health of that nation's economy, its rate of economic growth, and international capital flows. This, in turn, may affect American exports to, imports from, and investments in Japan. It also has affected Japanese investments in the United States and may affect the resolution of issues being negotiated or recently agreed to with that nation under the Framework Talks.
Date:
October 6, 1995
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Daiwa Bank Problems: Background and Policy Issues
On November 2, 1995, U.S. banking authorities ordered the Daiwa Bank to close its banking operations in the United States, and a 24-count criminal indictment was issued against it. These actions stem from the bank's admission that Toshihide Iguchi, a rogue trader at its New York branch office, had incurred $1.1 billion in losses over eleven years from trading U.S. Treasury securities and that Daiwa managers had "directed that those losses be concealed" from U.S. regulators.
Date:
November 30, 1995
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.; Jackson, William D. & Wells, F. Jean
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Food Additive Regulations: A Chronology
The 104th Congress is actively debating proposals to reform several aspects of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) process for regulating consumer products, including its approval process for food additives. In June 1995, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced at a House Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee hearing several policy shifts in its food additive pre-market approval process which will soon be implemented.
Date:
September 13, 1995
Creator:
Vogt, Donna U.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Policy Toward the China-Taiwan Relationship: Summary of a CRS Workshop
None
Date:
September 26, 1995
Creator:
Niksch, Larry A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China Policy: Crisis Over Taiwan, 1995 -- A Post-Mortem
The October 24, 1995 meeting between President Bill Clinton and China's President Jiang Zemin helped to ease the crisis in U.S.-PRC-Taiwan relations that ensued from Beijing's harsh response to Taiwan President Lee Teng-hui's June 1995 visit to Cornell University.
Date:
December 5, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The China-U.S. Trade Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for China-U.S. Trade Relations
The United States has pressed China over the past several years to improve its enforcement of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR) in China and to provide greater market access to intellectual property-related products, such as computer software, CDs, and audio-visual products. Trade tensions over these issues nearly led the United States to impose trade sanctions against China in 1992 and 1995. In March 1995, the United States and China signed a new and detailed IPR trade agreement, which pledges China to substantially reform its IPR enforcement regime and improve market access. This report examines the U.S.-Chinese IPR dispute and analyzes the implications of the new IPR agreement on future U.S.-Chinese trade relations
Date:
April 5, 1995
Creator:
Morrison, Wayne M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?
Over the past 30 years, U.S. trade negotiators have pressured Japan to open its market to foreign goods and services. These outside pressures, known as gaiatsu in Japan, have been based partly on economically coercive bargaining and partly on invitation. The coercive element, which has entailed threats of retaliatory market constriction should a satisfactory resolution of the market opening dispute not be forthcoming, generally has been a necessary ingredient in obtaining concessions from Japan. The invitational component, which has included requests for U.S. pressures from Japanese interests who favor reforms, generally has facilitated Japanese concessions and made the gaiatsu process unique.
Date:
June 12, 1995
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. 1995 Automotive Dispute: Impact of 100 Percent Tariffs on Automobile Dealers by State
There have been varying estimates of the number of U.S. automobile dealerships that would be affected by the Administration's recently announced plan to impose a 100-percent tariff on imported Japanese luxury automobiles. This report examines the assumptions which result in some of the differences. also provides a State-by-State estimate of numbers of dealers potentially affected if the higher tariffs are imposed.
Date:
June 16, 1995
Creator:
Heavner, Penelope Fay
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China Policy: Managing U.S.-PRC-Taiwan Relations After President Lee's Visit to the U.S.
fallout of Taiwan President Lee Teng-hui's June 1995 visit to the United States has included a carefully calibrated PRC effort to cut off or suspend contacts and communications with the United States and Taiwan over a range of important policy questions. Prospects for a resumption of these contacts are unclear, especially since domestic politics in Beijing,
Date:
June 19, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China's Sinister View of U.S. Policy: Origins, Implications and Options
Chinese officials and opinion leaders claim that recent U.S. actions contrary to the interests of the People's Republic of China (PRC) have convinced the Beijing regime that the U.S. Government is determined to do what it can to weaken and hold back China's growing power. Dismissing evidence of often fractious debate over China policy in the United States, Beijing leaders are said to see a consensus among policymakers in the The United States that is directed at working against China's emerging strength and influence in world affairs. The U.S. specialists are unsure if Chinese leaders are misguided but sincere in their views, or if Chinese leaders are using anti-U.S. themes for tactical advantage in boosting their political standing at home, in seeking concessions from the United States, or as a defensive strategy to deflect criticism of Chinese actions seen by many international experts as bordering on irresponsible. Regardless of Chinese motives, some Americans urge that the United States make concessions and take steps to reassure Beijing of U.S. intentions and restore the wide range of U.S.-China contacts cut off as a result of U.S.-Chinese friction in recent weeks. Other Americans judge that U.S. interests would be better served by a …
Date:
June 26, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Taiwan-Mainland China Relations: Status, Prospects, U.S. Interests, and Options
Concerned with Taiwan's growing assertiveness in world affairs, symbolized recently by Taiwan President Lee Teng-hui's June 1995 visit to the United States, Beijing has shifted to a harder line toward Taiwan.
Date:
September 8, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks
The U.S. Federal Reserve reportedly has an arrangement with the Bank of Japan to provide emergency loans to Japanese banks operating overseas in exchange for U.S. Treasury securities. The collateralized loans would be extended on short notice for banks facing emergency liquidity needs. The purpose of the arrangement is to forestall the possible sale by Japanese banks of large amounts of U.S. Government securities (thereby raising U.S. interest rates) and to boost confidence in Japan's financial system. The loans would not risk U.S. taxpayers' funds. The Chairmen of both House and Senate Banking Committees have made statements about the arrangement, thus making it a matter oflegislative interest.
Date:
December 27, 1995
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China-U.S. Trade Issues
U.S.-China economic ties have expanded substantially over the past several years. China is now the third largest U.S. trading partner, its second largest source of imports, and its fourth largest export market. However, U.S.-China commercial ties have been strained by a number of issues, including a surging U.S. trade deficit with China, China's refusal to float its currency, and failure to fully comply with its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, especially its failure to provide protection for U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR). This report explores these issues in detail, especially concerning the lack of protection for U.S. IPR.
Date:
February 6, 1995
Creator:
Morrison, Wayne M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China-U.S. Trade Issues
U.S.-China economic ties have expanded substantially over the past several years. China is now the third largest U.S. trading partner, its second largest source of imports, and its fourth largest export market. However, U.S.-China commercial ties have been strained by a number of issues, including a surging U.S. trade deficit with China, China's refusal to float its currency, and failure to fully comply with its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, especially its failure to provide protection for U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR). This report explores these issues in detail, especially concerning the lack of protection for U.S. IPR.
Date:
May 26, 1995
Creator:
Morrison, Wayne M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vietnam-U.S. Relations: The Debate Over Normalization
U.S. policymakers face continued debate over normalizing U.S. relations with Vietnam. Some favor greater U.S. flexibility and forward movement in relations with Vietnam; others oppose such changes until Vietnam meets long-standing U.S. conditions, especially accounting more fully for U.S. prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/MIA) from the Vietnam War.
Date:
November 8, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
India-U.S. Relations
Although the end of the Cold War has freed U.S.-India relations from the constraints of a bipolar world, relations continue to be affected by the burden of history, most notably the longstanding India-Pakistan regional rivalry. The main areas of U.S. and congressional interest in India include nuclear weapons and missile proliferation, regional stability, human rights, and economic policy issues.
Date:
April 21, 1995
Creator:
LePoer, Barbara Leitch
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China-U.S. Relations
This report discusses the background information and most recent development in U.S.-China relations since mid-1996. The relations also have been marred by continuing allegations of Chinese espionage, ongoing controversy over human rights, charges that China continues to violate its non-proliferation commitments, controversy over the accidental NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, and renewed tensions over Taiwan. The report describes current issues in U.S.-China relations such as; Human Rights Issues, Issues in U.S.-China Security Relations, Economic Issues, and Sovereignty Issues: Taiwan, Tibet, Hong Kong.
Date:
July 14, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G. & Dumbaugh, Kerry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China-U.S. Relations
This report discusses the background information and most recent development in U.S.-China relations since mid-1996. The relations also have been marred by continuing allegations of Chinese espionage, ongoing controversy over human rights, charges that China continues to violate its non-proliferation commitments, controversy over the accidental NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, and renewed tensions over Taiwan. The report describes current issues in U.S.-China relations such as; Human Rights Issues, Issues in U.S.-China Security Relations, Economic Issues, and Sovereignty Issues: Taiwan, Tibet, Hong Kong.
Date:
September 15, 1995
Creator:
Dumbaugh, Kerry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Korea: U.S.-South Korean Issues in the 1990's
U.S. policymakers in Congress face a series of often interrelated security, economic, and political issues in relations with South Korea. U.S. policy concern on the Korean peninsula has focused over the past 3 years on the serious security implications of North Korea's nuclear program (see CRS Issue Brief 91141).
Date:
May 18, 1995
Creator:
Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U.S.-Japan Trade: Framework Talks and Other Issues
None
Date:
January 19, 1995
Creator:
Cooper, William H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library