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Management of waste cladding hulls. Part II. An assessment of zirconium pyrophoricity and recommendations for handling waste hulls
This report reviews experience and research related to the pyrophoricity of zirconium and zirconium alloys. The results of recent investigations of the behavior of Zircaloy and some observations of industrial handling and treatment of Zircaloy tubing and scrap are also discussed. A model for the management of waste Zircaloy cladding hulls from light water reactor fuel reprocessing is offered, based on an evaluation of the reviewed information. It is concluded that waste Zircaloy cladding hulls do not constitute a pyrophoric hazard if, following the model flow sheet, finely divided metal is oxidized during the management procedure. Steps alternative to the model are described which yield zirconium in deactivated form and also accomplish varying degrees of transuranic decontamination. Information collected into appendixes is (1) a collation of zirconium pyrophoricity data from the literature, (2) calculated radioactivity contents in Zircaloy cladding hulls from spent LWR fuels, and (3) results of a laboratory study on volatilization of zirconium from Zircaloy using HCl or Cl/sub 2/.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Kullen, B J; Levitz, N M & Steindler, M J
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Research and development activities Waste Fixation Program. Quarterly progress report, January--March 1977
Research and Development activities of the Waste Fixation Program for January through March 1977 are described in this report. The objective of this program is to develop processes to convert high-level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW) to solid forms that are demonstrated to be physically, chemically, and radiolytically stable and inert. Several significant results were obtained during this reporting period.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
McElroy, J.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Interim design report: fuel particle crushing. [Double-roll crusher]
The double-roll fuel particle crusher was developed to fracture the silicon carbide coatings of Fort St. Vrain (FSV) fertile and fissile and large high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (LHTGR) fissile fuel particles. The report details the design task for the fuel particle crusher, including historical test information on double-roll crushers for carbide-coated fuels and the design approach selected for the cold pilot plant crusher, and shows how the design addresses the equipment goals and operational objectives. Design calculations and considerations are included to support the selection of crusher drive and gearing, the materials chosen for crushing rolls and housing, and the bearing selection. The results of the initial testing for compliance with design objectives and operational capabilities are also presented. 8 figures, 4 tables.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Baer, J. W.; Strand, J. B.; Cook, E. J. & Miller, C. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electron cyclotron heating in tokamaks
Tokamaks may be efficiently heated at electron cyclotron resonance by launching of the extraordinary wave from the inside of the torus with a simple waveguide aperture. For typical tokamak parameters, 90% of the incident energy is absorbed in one traversal of the resonant surface. There is an effective maximum density for linear heating at the point where the plasma frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The bulk of the plasma electrons is heated, increasing the perpendicular energy with no tendency to accelerate a high energy tail of the velocity distribution. The ordinary wave may be launched from outside the torus with somewhat smaller heating efficiency. Heating rates and velocity diffusion coefficients are presented.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Eldridge, O.; Namkung, W. & England, A. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Neutron-induced mutation experiments. Progress report, March 1, 1977--February 28, 1978. [Drosophila female gonial cell exposure]
Experiments have been carried out to study the relative mutagenic effectiveness for Drosophila female germ cells of neutrons of different energies employing X-linked recessive lethal and specific locus mutation tests. The energies and doses employed to date to study X-linked lethals are 0.43 MeV (500, 1000, 1500, 1900 R (in progress)), 0.68 MeV (250, 500, 1000, 1500 R), 2 MeV (250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 R), 6 MeV (250, 500, 1500, 3000 R) and 15 MeV (250, 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 R). 0.43-MeV neutrons appear to have an RBE in the range 1.9 to 4.7, 0.68 MeV 2.8 to 4.3, 2 MeV (incomplete data), 6 MeV 1.7 to 3.2, and 15 MeV 1.7 to 2.2. The data for 0.43-MeV and 0.68-MeV neutrons do not yet differentiate between a linear and a quadratic dose/frequency response curve for the doses studied, but suggest a quadratic relationship. The data for 2, 6 and 15 MeV are inconclusive. The specific locus mutation data indicate the highest RBE for 0.68-MeV neutrons, followed by 2 and 6 MeV, respectively.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Abrahamson, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-related doctoral scientists and engineers in the United States, 1975
The pursuit of a vigorous research and development program to provide renewable and other resources to meet U. S. energy needs in the next century is an important objective of President Carter's National Energy Plan. A highly educated and motivated pool of engineers and scientists must be available for energy research and development if this objective is to be achieved. This report provides, for the first time, information about the number and characteristics of doctoral-level engineers and scientists in primarily energy-related activities. These data for the year 1975 will become part of the data base for a program of continuing studies on the employment and utilization of all scientists and engineers involved in energy-related activities. Information is provided for employment in the following fields: mathematics; physics/astronomy; chemistry; Earth, Environment, and Marine Sciences; Engineering; Life Sciences; Psychology; Social Sciences; Arts and Humanities; and Education and Business.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of a time-series methodology to Federal program allocations. [Modified Box and Jenkins method]
Time-series analysis provides a useful tool in the evaluation of public policy outputs. It is shown that the general Box and Jenkins method, when extended to allow for multiple interrupts, enables researchers simultaneously to examine changes in drift and level of a series, and to select the best fit model for the series. As applied to urban renewal allocations, results show significant changes in the level of the series, corresponding to changes in party control of the Executive. No support is given to the ''incrementalism'' hypotheses as no significant changes in drift are found.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Bronfman, B. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary report on Battelle Northwest Liquid Level Probes (LLP)
The Battelle Northwest Liquid Level Probe was evaluated for possible use in the LOFT Blowdown Suppression Tank. The results from the test indicate that the probe will measure the liquid level to +-/sup 1///sub 4/ inch, over a range of 50 inches. The next step is to test the functionability of the probe under simulated LOFT-Blowdown Suppression Tank operating conditions.
Date:
November 11, 1977
Creator:
Coffin, G.R. & Ford, R.E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Impact of alternate fusion fuels on fusion reactor technology: an initial assessment study. [Catalyzed D, D-/sup 3/He, p-/sup 6/Li, p-/sup 7/Li, D-/sup 6/Li, p-/sup 11/B, /sup 3/He-/sup 3/He]
The initial results of a study carried out to assess some of the technology implications of non-D-T fusion fuel cycles are presented. The primary emphasis in this report is on D-D, catalyzed-D and D-/sup 3/He fuel cycles. Tokamaks and field-reversed mirrors have been selected as sample confinement concepts. A new technique of employing neutronic computer codes to study the transport of cyclotron radiation for cases of non-uniform density and temperature profiles is described. The technology areas considered include first wall design considerations, shielding requirements, fuel cycle requirements and some safety and environmental considerations. Conclusions resulting from the study are also presented.
Date:
November 1, 1979
Creator:
Baker, C. C.; Bolon, A. & Clemmer, R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radian remote sampling system digital processor system. Software detail documentation: Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
Software documentation for the DART data acquisition system is provided. This system runs on a minicomputer. After an overview of the system and file structures, the various subprograms are discussed individually; flow charts are included. 37 figures. (RWR)
Date:
November 1, 1979
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Biological conversion of organic refuse to methane. Final report, July 1, 1973--November 30, 1976
In order to predict accurately the cost of producing methane from urban refuse, studies were initiated on the dewatering of the fermentor residue and the disposal of the residue from the system. Results of the research are reported under the following subject headings: fermentation system; rheological properties of reactor slurry; filterability of reactor effluent; residue dewatering--vacuum filtration; settleability of solids in the reactor effluent; settleability of sludges from centrate treatment; centrifugation of reactor effluent; leachate potential of dewatered reactor residue; calorific value of the reactor residue; residue incineration; the production of panelboards; caustic treatment of digester feed; and, treatment of filtrate--centrate. Appendixes A, B, D, and E are included; Appendix C, which includes computer programs and documentation, is bound separately as Volume II of this report. (JGB)
Date:
November 1, 1976
Creator:
Brown, J W; Pfeffer, J T & Liebman, J C
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
MFAULT: a computer program for analyzing fault trees. [In FORTRAN IV for CDC CYBER 74]
A description and user instructions are presented for MFAULT, a FORTRAN computer program for fault tree analysis. MFAULT identifies the cut sets of a fault tree, calculates their probabilities, and screens the cut sets on the basis of specified cut-offs on probability and/or cut set length. MFAULT is based on an efficient upward-working algorithm for cut set identification. The probability calculations are based on the assumption of small probabilities and constant hazard rates (i.e., exponential failure distributions). Cut sets consisting of repairable components (basic events) only, non-repairable components only, or mixtures of both types can be evaluated. Components can be on-line or standby. Unavailability contributions from pre-existing failures, failures on demand, and testing and maintenance down-time can be handled. MFAULT can analyze fault trees with AND gates, OR gates, inhibit gates, on switches (houses) and off switches. The code is presently capable of finding up to ten event cut sets from a fault tree with up to 512 basic events and 400 gates. It is operational on the CONTROL DATA CYBER 74 computer. 11 figures.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Pelto, P. J. & Purcell, W. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
General Chemistry Division quarterly report, July--September 1977
Analytical research and development work is reported on multielement analysis, time-resolved spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis, ionization potential of NP, excited state chemistry, polarized x ray sources, potentiometric titration of Na, determination of TATB in DMSO, determination of nitrobenzene in TATB, analysis of explosive composites, mass spectrometer automation, mass spectra calculation, solids formation in geothermal brine, water quality laboratory automation, aerosol coagulation, and multiple-gas analyzers. (JRD)
Date:
November 30, 1977
Creator:
Harrar, J.E. (ed.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Catalysis studies
The New Research Initiatives Program (NRIP) project on catalysis in Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Group CMB-8 has made significant progress towards performing the first basic in situ experimental studies of heterogeneous catalysis on solid compound surfaces in a LEED-Auger system. To further understand the surface crystallography of a possible catalyst compound, LEED-Auger measurements were made on UO/sub 2/(approximately 100) vicinal surfaces. These (approximately 100) vicinal surfaces were shown to decompose irreversibly into lower index facets, including prominent (100) facets, at temperatures below those needed for creation of lowest index faceting on (approximately 111) vicinal surfaces. LEED examination of fully faceted surfaces from both types of UO/sub 2/ vicinal cuts did not show evidence of cyclopropane or propene chemisorption. The existing LEED-Auger system was modified to allow catalytic reactions at approximately less than 10/sup -3/ torr. A sample holder, specifically designed for catalysis measurements in the modified system, was tested while examining single crystals of CoO and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Extensive LEED-Auger measurements were made on CoO in vacuo and in the presence of light hydrocarbons and alcohols plus H/sub 2/O, NO, and NH/sub 3/. No chemisorptive behavior was observed except with H/sub 2/O in the presence of the electron …
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Taylor, T. N. & Ellis, W. P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Errors in measuring level and density with purged dip tubes
Measurement of liquid level and density and dip-tube sensors was evaluated by analysis and experiment. A model was developed to predict the characteristic error caused by the purge-gas bubble (dip-tube bias). Experimental results are presented to support these predictions and are also compared with data reported in the literature. It was shown that properly designed and calibrated dip tubes do not make significant contributions to the error in dip-tube level and density-measurement systems.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Bradley, N.C.; Murray, W.P. & Googe, J.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Materials aspects of SRP waste storage: corrosion and mechanical failure
Studies were made on the causes of observed leaks in mild steel tanks used to store liquid waste from nuclear fuel reprocessing at the Savannah River Plant. Leaks were observed in the walls of some primary vessels and in some cooling coils. The studies revealed that: wall leaks resulted from nitrate stress corrosion cracking caused by alkaline nitrate solution; and coil leaks resulted from pitting corrosion caused by diluted waste solutions during sludge removal. Stresses that caused wall cracking were residual stresses, primarily those produced during tank fabrication. Pitting of coils was caused by the concurrent dilution of nitrite in the waste supernate, and leaching of sulfate from the sludge. Results of these studies provided the bases for modifications in fabrication and operation of waste tanks. The modifications included: selection of more stress corrosion resistant steels for tank fabrication, heat treatment of newly fabricated tanks to relieve stresses, operation of tanks at temperatures above the nil ductility transition temperature of the steel to preclude brittle fast fracture, operation of tanks at temperatures below specified upper limits to reduce incidence of nitrate stress corrosion cracking, specification of limits on concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and hydroxide ions in waste supernate to prevent …
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Donovan, J.A. (comp.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Coal derived fuel gases for molten carbonate fuel cells
Product streams from state-of-the-art and future coal gasification systems are characterized to guide fuel cell program planners and researchers in establishing performance goals and developing materials for molten carbonate fuel cells that will be compatible with gasifier product gases. Results are presented on: (1) the range of gasifier raw-gas compositions available from the major classes of coal gasifiers; (2) the degree of gas clean-up achievable with state-of-the-art and future gas clean-up systems; and (3) the energy penalties associated with gas clean-up. The study encompasses fixed-bed, fluid-bed, entrained-bed, and molten salt gasifiers operating with Eastern bituminous and Western subbituminous coals. Gasifiers operating with air and oxygen blowing are evaluated, and the coal gasification product streams are characterized with respect to: (1) major gas stream constituents, e.g., CO, H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, N/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O; (2) major gas stream contaminants, e.g., H/sub 2/S, COS, particulates, tars, etc.; and (3) trace element contaminants, e.g., Na, K, V, Cl, Hg, etc.
Date:
November 1, 1979
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Air-sea interaction experiments (1976) at an offshore platform near Atlantic City, New Jersey
Air-sea interaction experiments conducted at an offshore platform near Atlantic City, New Jersey, during September 14-23, 1976, are described in this report. Momentum flux was measured by the eddy correlation method. Wave height, slope, and direction spectra were estimated from wave height variations measured by an array of wave staffs positioned in the corners of an equilateral triangle. Some preliminary results of the analysis are also presented.
Date:
November 1, 1979
Creator:
SethuRaman, S.; Tuthill, W. A. & McNeil, J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fast neutron capture cross sections of /sup 169/Tm, /sup 191/Ir, /sup 193/Ir, and /sup 175/Lu for 3 less than or equal to E/sub n/ less than or equal to 2000 keV
Fast neutron capture cross sections of /sup 169/Tm, /sup 191/Ir, /sup 193/Ir, and /sup 175/Lu, and the /sup 6/Li(n,..cap alpha..)/sup 3/H cross sections to which they are normalized are presented in tabular form for neutron energies between 3 and 2000 keV.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Macklin, R.L.; Drake, D.M. & Malanify, J.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of airborne plutonium-bearing particles from a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant
The elemental compositions, sizes, structures, and /sup 239/Pu contents were determined for 299 plutonium-bearing particles isolated from airborne particles collected at various locations in the exhaust from a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility. These data were compared with data from natural aerosol particles. Most of the collected particles were composed of aggregates of crustal materials. Seven percent of the particles were organic and 3% were metallic, viz., iron, chromium, and nickel. High enrichment factors for titanium, manganese, chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper were evidence of the anthropic nature of some of the particles. The amount of plutonium in most particles was very small (less than one femtocurie of /sup 239/Pu). Plutonium concentrations were determined by the fission track counting method. Only one particle contained sufficient plutonium for detection by electron microprobe analysis. This was a 1-..mu..m-diameter particle containing 73% PuO/sub 2/ by weight (estimated to be 170 fCi of /sup 239/Pu) in combination with Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and mica. The plutonium-bearing particles were generally larger than natural aerosols. The geometric mean diameter of those collected from the mechanical line exhaust point where plutonium is converted to the metal was larger than that of particles collected from the wet cabinet exhaust (13.7 …
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Sanders, S.M. Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Engineering problems in the development of fusion power reactors
This paper reviews current progress in the development of fusion power from the engineering point of view and highlights the most outstanding technical issues which must be resolved. (MOW)
Date:
November 2, 1976
Creator:
Varljen, T. C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Automated computer analysis of plasma-streak traces from SCYLLAC
An automated computer analysis technique that locates and references the approximate centroid of single- or dual-streak traces from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory SCYLLAC facility is described. The technique also determines the plasma-trace width over a limited self-adjusting region. The plasma traces are recorded with streak cameras on Polaroid film, then scanned and digitized for processing. The analysis technique uses scene segmentation to separate the plasma trace from a reference fiducial trace. The technique employs two methods of peak detection; one for the plasma trace and one for the fiducial trace. The width is obtained using an edge-detection, or slope, method. Timing data are derived from the intensity modulation of the fiducial trace. To smooth (despike) the output graphs showing the plasma-trace centroid and width, a technique of ''twicing'' developed by Tukey was employed. In addition, an interactive sorting algorithm allows retrieval of the centroid, width, and fiducial data from any test shot plasma for post analysis. As yet, only a limited set of the plasma traces has been processed with this technique.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Whiteman, R. L.; Jahoda, F. C. & Kruger, R. P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Degradation of cellulosic biomass and its subsequent utilization for the production of chemical feedstocks
Progress in studies on the production of reducing sugars and other products by Clostridium thermocellum on cellulosic biomass is reported. The rate of reducing sugar production using corn residue was found to be equal if not greater than on solka floc. Current work is being devoted towards elucidating discrepancies between reducing sugar analysis and high pressure liquid chromatography sugar analysis in order to permit accurate material balances to be completed. Studies are reported in further characterizing the plasmics of C. thermocellum and in the development of protoplasts of the same microorganism. A process and economic analysis for the production of 200 x 10/sup 6/ pounds (90 x 10/sup 6/ kilograms) per year of soluble reducing sugars from corn stover cellulose, using enzymes derived from Clostridium thermocellum was designed. Acrylic acid was produced in resting cell preparation of Clostridium propionicum from both ..beta..-alanine and from propionic acid. Results from the conversion of corn stover hydrolyzates to lactic acid, a precursor to acrylic acid, show that up to 70% of the sugars produced are converted to lactic acid. Efforts are proceeding to improve the conversion yield and carry out the overall conversion of corn stover to acrylic acid in the same fermentor. …
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Wang, D. I. C.; Cooney, C. L.; Demain, A. L.; Gomez, R. F. & Sinskey, A. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Charged particle fusion targets. [Energy requirements for inertial confinement fusion]
The power, voltage, energy and other requirements of electron and ion beam fusion targets are reviewed. Single shell, multiple shell and magnetically insulated target designs are discussed. Questions of stability are also considered. In particular, it is shown that ion beam targets are stabilized by an energy spread in the ion beam.
Date:
November 9, 1977
Creator:
Bangerter, R.O. & Meeker, D.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library