Crystallographic defects and phase transformations in the system Y{sub 2}Ba{sub 4}Cu{sub 6 + x}O{sub 14 + x}(0{le}{times}{le}4) are investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and static lattice, three dimensional Monte Carlo computer simulations. High resolution images of partially transformed (x = 2 to x = 1) material reveal a prevalence of CuO planar defects (stacking faults) associated with the transformation and an absence of disturbance to the perovskite Ba-Y-Ba blocks. An atomic mechanism involving the intercalculation and removal of extra CuO planes by partial dislocation climb, and requiring only a-b plane diffusion, is developed for the formation of such planar defects during changes in the layered YBaCuO crystal structure. Monte Carlo simulations based on the proposed transformation mechanism accurately reproduce the observed defects and known equilibrium structures. 24 refs., 4 figs.

Radiation generated by relativistic charges can be analyzed and described in exquisite detail. One reason that such detailed analysis is possible is because the phases of radiated photons often are determined completely by the initial conditions of the relativistic charges and the radiating system. The phase relationships between the initial charges and the radiated photons represent coherence in the emitted radiation. A previous paper described how this coherence could affect the spatial and spectral distributions of radiation generated by a single charge in a periodic radiator. The present paper discusses a complementary issue; namely, how the temporal shape of a relativistic charge bunch can emphasize specific features of the radiation generated at a single interaction site. 3 refs., 4 figs.

Midterm Syrian Hamster embryo (SHE) cells were employed to study high LET-radiation induced tumorigenesis. Normal SHE cells (secondary passage) were irradiated with accelerated helium ions at an incident energy of 22 MeV/u (9--10 keV/{mu}m). Transformed clones were isolated after growth in soft agar of cells obtained from the foci of the initial monolayer plated postirradiation. To study the progression process of malignant transformation, the transformed clones were followed by monolayer subculturing for prolonged periods of time. Subsequently, neoplasia tests in nude mice were done. In this work, however, we have focused on karyotypic changes in the banding patterns of the chromosomes during the early part of the progressive process of cell transformation for helium ion-induced transformed cells. 26 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

This work describes a number of experimental observations on the structure and behavior of {Sigma}99 and other near-90{degree} <110> tilt boundaries in bicrystals of aluminum. The continuous bicrystal structure employed in these studies is based on the symmetry properties inherent in heteroepitaxial growth. A thin film grown in this geometry consists of intertwined grains surrounding each other but with only two grain orientations.

First principles calculations of the positron lifetimes are used to interpret experimental lifetime data for Ba{sub 1-x}K{sub x}BiO{sub 3}. The observed lifetimes are found to be very sensitive to the presence of defects in the sample. The temperature dependence of the lifetime and the change in lifetime with sample aging are both attributed to defects. The qualitative differences between metal vacancy defects and oxygen vacancy defects in metal oxides are also discussed. 6 refs., 2 figs.

The search for new particles, such as the top quark, charged Higgs boson, heavy gauge bosons and supersymmetric particles, at the CERN and Fermilab proton-antiproton colliders is reviewed. A preliminary result by the CDF experiment of a reconstructed B meson mass peak from the decays B{sup {plus minus}} {yields} J/{psi}K{sup {plus minus}} and B{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}K*{sup 0} is also presented. 22 refs., 13 figs.

In plasmas the collective motion of free electrons affects the propagation of radiation by bending the light ray trajectory. The closer the light wave frequency is to the electron plasma frequency in value, the more pronounced the effect. We will present the results of radiation transport calculations in 3 spatial dimensions in the refractive plasma environment and compare the calculation to one done where the ray bending has been neglected (straight line ray paths). We also present the numerical method used for the refractive transport. 4 refs., 5 figs.

In this paper we examine the climatology of some variables which play an important role in the generation of low frequency variability in the Oregon State University coupled upper ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). The atmospheric model, representing the troposphere, consists of two equal mass layers between the surface and 200mb. The ocean model, developed by Pollard (1982), consists of two variable depth layers crudely representing the mixed layer and thermocline which overlie deep quiescent water. Entrainment between the upper two layers is parameterized according to the turbulent kinetic energy budget method of Niiler and Kraus (1977). Both ocean and atmospheric GCMs have a resolution of four degrees in latitude and five degrees in longitude. Here we examine the interseasonal variation of thermocline depth (sum of the two variable depth upper layers), mixed layer currents, and surface winds from the last 23 years of a 25-year control integration of this coupled model. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Geometric, kinetic, and trapping issues, in short and ultrashort recombination x-ray lasers, are discussed. The design of a composite target consisting of a lasant strip on a plastic backing is described. Examples of modeling showing the effect of photon trapping and uncertainties in other physical processes on calculated gain coefficients are given. A simple and accurate expression for photon trapping in cylindrical geometry is presented. Recombination lasers that have the ground state as the lower laser state are shown to have small I{sub sat}'s and corresponding low efficiencies. Scaling laws for femtosecond laser-plasma interactions are presented. 19 refs.

The standard model of cosmology, the big bang, is now being tested and confirmed to remarkable accuracy. Recent high precision measurements relate to the microwave background; and big bang nucleosynthesis. This paper focuses on the latter since that relates more directly to high energy experiments. In particular, the recent LEP (and SLC) results on the number of neutrinos are discussed as a positive laboratory test of the standard cosmology scenario. Discussion is presented on the improved light element observational data as well as the improved neutron lifetime data. alternate nucleosynthesis scenarios of decaying matter or of quark-hadron induced inhomogeneities are discussed. It is shown that when these scenarios are made to fit the observed abundances accurately, the resulting conclusions on the baryonic density relative to the critical density, {Omega}{sub b}, remain approximately the same as in the standard homogeneous case, thus, adding to the robustness of the standard model conclusion that {Omega}{sub b} {approximately} 0.06. This latter point is the deriving force behind the need for non-baryonic dark matter (assuming {Omega}{sub total} = 1) and the need for dark baryonic matter, since {Omega}{sub visible} < {Omega}{sub b}. Recent accelerator constraints on non-baryonic matter are discussed, showing that any massive cold …

New results from a number of final states ({eta}{pi}{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup +},{bar K}*K*,{phi}{phi}) produced by hypercharge exchange in LASS by an 11 GeV/cK{sup {minus}} beam are described, and compared with results from other hadroproduction modes and from G/{psi} decay.

A new product development technology is emerging which could have a major impact on the investment casting industry. It's identified by several names, the most common of which is STEREOLITHOGRAPHY.'' This technology involves a three-dimensional printing process which will yield plastic parts (polymer models) from solid, surface, or wireframe CAD files. The concept links a CAD database to a process which guides a laser beam to solidify liquid photo-curable polymer into a programmed shaped. The process can produce models in far less time and at far less cost than can be done by other known (conventional) model producing methods. Parts that would normally require weeks or months to prototype with conventional processes can be produced in a matter of hours by Stereolithography. The Allied-Signal Inc., Kansas City Division, is engaged in a development project (funded by the Department of Energy) which is aimed at establishing this process as a practical, expedient, and cost-effective method fabricating prototype investment castings. The early phases of the project include procurement of a special designed test unit for several companies (Service Centers) involved in fabrication of models. These models are produced in various materials and used in experimental casting programs being conducted with four casting …

Preliminary results of a mass independent amplitude analysis of J/{psi} radiative decays into K {bar K} final states are presented. A large component of spin zero is observed at the f{sub 2}/{theta}(1720) mass region; however, a small spin two component at this mass region cannot be excluded with the present statistics. 9 refs., 7 figs.

We report the recent results of our simulation of strong coupling QED, with non-compact action, on lattices 10{sup 4} and 16{sup 4}. Since we are dealing with two staggered fermionic flavors, we use hybrid algorithm to do the simulation. In addition to the measurement of the chiral order parameter {l angle}{bar {psi}}{psi}{r angle}, we also measure magnetic monopole susceptibility, {chi}, throughout the region of chiral transition. 6 refs., 6 figs.

Comparisons of general circulation model (GCM) results with each other and with climate data are routinely made on a variety of spatial scales. In bridging the gap from larger scale behavior (global, hemispheric) to the regional, zonal statistics are commonly used. Here, statistics are developed using values at all longitudinal gridpoints at a specified latitude and these are displayed as a function of latitude. The zonal average is the most routinely used of these statistics, but there are many other statistics available, few of which are ever examined. These provide a rich array of diagnostic measures for intercomparing models with each other and with observational data. Several of these measures are explored here: (1) histograms or boxplots displaying the detailed distributions, (2) rms or average absolute pointwise differences between model and data sets and (3) cross correlations and auto correlations. 5 figs.

The advent of nanocrystalline ceramics prepared by a variety of solution-chemical and vapor deposition methods offers a unique opportunity for the determination grain boundary properties by bulk'' thermodynamic methods. In this paper we discuss results from two types of measurements on model nanocrystalline ceramics. The first is a solution thermodynamic measurement of the activity of nanocrystalline SiC in polycarbosilane-derived silicon carbide fibers (Nicalon). Structural studies have shown that Nicalon consists of well-ordered cubic ({beta} or 3C polytype) SiC grains separated by a very thin grain boundary layer (<1 nm thick) containing the oxygen. The physical properties and chemical reactivity of these fibers are distinctly different from that of bulk silicon carbide. Direct measurement of the alloy composition and analysis of the microstructure has allowed the dissolution reaction to be identified and a lower limit for the SiC activity in the nanocrystalline form to be determined. A second method of measuring grain boundary properties we have investigated for nanocrystalline Si and TiO{sub 2} is high temperature calorimetry. In appropriate samples the grain boundary enthalpy can be measured through the heat evolved during grain growth. Preliminary results on nanocrystalline Si prepared by the recrystallization of amorphous evaporated films and on TiO{sub 2} …

This paper presents an engineering and economic evaluation of using thermal energy storage (TES) with coal-fired conventional and combined cycle power plants. In the first case, conventional pulverized coal combustion equipment was assumed to continuously operate to heat molten nitrate salt which was then stored in a tank. During intermediate-load demand periods, hot salt was withdrawn from storage and used to generate steam for a Rankine steam power cycle. This allowed the coal-fired salt heater to be approximately one-third the size of a coal-fired boiler in a conventional cycling plant. The use of nitrate salt TES also reduced the levelized cost of power by between 5% and 24% depends on the operating schedule. The second case evaluate the use of thermal energy storage with an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. In this concept, the nitrate salt was heated by a combination of the gas turbine exhaust and the hot fuel gas. The IGCC plant also contained a low-temperature storage unit that uses a mixture of oil and rock as the thermal storage medium. Thermal energy stored in the low-temperature TES was used to preheat the feedwater after it leaves the condenser and to produce process steam for other …

A Response Matrix Monte Carol (RMMC) method has been developed for solving electron transport problems. This method was born of the need to have a reliable, computationally efficient transport method for low energy electrons (below a few hundred keV) in all materials. Today, condensed history methods are used which reduce the computation time by modeling the combined effect of many collisions but fail at low energy because of the assumptions required to characterize the electron scattering. Analog Monte Carlo simulations are prohibitively expensive since electrons undergo coulombic scattering with little state change after a collision. The RMMC method attempts to combine the accuracy of an analog Monte Carlo simulation with the speed of the condensed history methods. The combined effect of many collisions is modeled, like condensed history, except it is precalculated via an analog Monte Carol simulation. This avoids the scattering kernel assumptions associated with condensed history methods. Results show good agreement between the RMMC method and analog Monte Carlo. 11 refs., 7 figs., 1 tabs.

Development of the All Particle Method, a project to simulate the transport of particles via the Monte Carlo method, has proceeded on two fronts: data collection and algorithm development. In this paper we report on the status of the data libraries. The data collection is nearly complete with the addition of electron, photon, and atomic data libraries to the existing neutron, gamma ray, and charged particle libraries. The contents of these libraries are summarized.

We describe the deterministic solution of the neutron transport equation and the computation of the effective criticality of three-dimensional assemblies using the BBN TC2000 killer micros. We observe that the performance of our research code PTRAN running on 48 processors of the TC2000 is competitive with the partially vectorizable version running on a single Cray Y/MP processor. This performance scales well with the number of processors on real problems, including those that are not load balanced a priori. To obtain this performance, we explicitly specify and exploit data locality and data dependence using domain decomposition and dynamic job scheduling. 3 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

Phase stability in the calcium carbonate system was investigated as a simultaneous function of pressure and temperature up to 40 kbar and several hundred degrees Kelvin using micro-Raman techniques to interrogate samples constrained within a resistively heated diamond anvil cell. Measured spectra allow unequivocal identification of crystalline phases and are used to refine the P,T phase diagram. Calcium carbonate was found to exhibit both reversible and irreversible transformation phenomena among the four known phases which exist under these conditions. Time-dependent Raman intensity variations as the material is perturbed from its equilibrium state allow real-time kinetics measurements to be performed. Evidence suggests that the order of certain observed transformations may be pressure dependent. The utility of Raman spectroscopy to follow transformation phenomena and to estimate fundamental thermophysical properties from the stress dependence of vibrational mode frequencies is demonstrated. 14 refs., 3 figs.

It was suggested by Zisman that the combination of the two systems (double rf system) may be more effective to shorten a bunch, compromising between the desirable and the undesirable effects mentioned above. In this paper, we demonstrate that a double rf system is, in fact, quite effective in optimizing the rf performance. The parameters used are explained, and some handy formulae for bunch parameters are derived. We consider an example of bunch shortening by adding a higher-harmonic rf system to the main rf system. The parameters of the main rf system are unchanged. The double rf system, however, can be used for another purpose. Namely, the original bunch length can be obtained with a main rf voltage substantially lower than for a single rf system without necessitating a high-power source for the higher-harmonic cavities. Using a double rf system, the momentum acceptance remains large enough for ample beam lifetime. Moreover, the increase in nonlinearity of the rf waveform increases the synchrotron tune spread, which potentially helps a beam to be stabilized against longitudinal coupled-bunch instabilities. We will show some examples of this application. We discuss the choice of the higher-harmonic frequency.

This paper discusses some of the criteria by which an observer judges whether to believe a signal or limit that has been reported for a cosmic ray source. The importance of specifying the test before looking at the data is emphasized. 5 refs.

A large-scale test of the in situ vitrification (ISV) process was performed on a mixed radioactive and hazardous-chemical contaminated waste site on the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. A mixed-waste site was selected for this large-scale test to demonstrate the applicability of ISV to mixed wastes common to many US Department of Energy (DOE) sites. In situ vitrification is a thermal process that converts contaminated soil into a durable, leach-resistant product. Electrodes are inserted into the ground. The goals of the test are to demonstrate at least 99% retention of fission products and hazardous metals in the ISV glass during the test; demonstrate the ability of the ISV off-gas treatment system to process a waste site containing significant quantities of combustible material and demonstrate the ability of ISV to vitrify the site to a depth of 20 ft or greater. The test was completed in April 1990. 5 figs.