Neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy has been employed to study the crystal field interaction in the pyrochlore titanate Ho{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}. The crystal field parameters and corresponding energy level scheme have been determined from a profile fit to the observed neutron spectra. The groundstate is a well separated E{sub g} doublet with a strong Ising like anisotropy, which can give rise to titration in the pyrochlore lattice. Using the crystal field parameters determined for the Ho compound as an estimate of the crystal field interaction in other pyrochlore magnets, we also find the Ising type behavior for Dy. In contrast, the almost planar like anisotropy found for Er and Yb prevents frustration, because of the continuous range of possible spin orientations in this case.

In March and September 1999, demonstrations of the irradiation, disassembly, and processing of LEU metal foil targets were performed in the Indonesian BATAN PUSPIPTEK Facilities. These demonstrations showed that (1) irradiation and disassembly can be performed so that the uranium foil can be easily removed from the target body, and (2) with only minor changes to the current process, the LEU foil can produce yield and purity of the {sup 99}Mo product at least as great as that obtained with the HEU target. Further, because of these modifications, two hours are cut from the processing time, and the liquid waste volume is reduced. Results of these demonstrations will be presented along with conclusions and plans for future work.

The new annular target performed well during irradiation. The target is inexpensive and provides good heat transfer during irradiation. Based on these and previous tests, we conclude that targets with zirconium tubes and either nickel-plated or zinc-plated foils work well. We proved that we could use aluminum target tubes, which are much cheaper and easier to work with than the zirconium tubes. In aluminum target tubes nickel-plated fission-recoil barriers work well and prevent bonding of the foil to the new target tubes during irradiation. Also, zinc-plated and aluminum-foil barriers appear promising in anodized aluminum tubes. Additional tests are anticipated to address such issues as fission-recoil barrier thickness and uranium foil composition. Overall, however, the target was successful and will provide an inexpensive, efficient way to irradiate LEU metal foil for the production of {sup 99}Mo.

Chemically prepared Pb(Zr{sub 0.951}Ti{sub 0.949}){sub 0.982}Nb{sub 0.018}O{sub 3} ceramics were fabricated that were greater than 95% dense for sintering temperatures as low as 925 C. Achieving high density at low firing temperatures permitted isolation of the effects of grain size, from those due to porosity, on both dielectric and pressure induced transformation properties. Specifically, two samples of similar high density, but with grain sizes of 0.7 {micro}m and 8.5 {micro}m, respectively, were characterized. The hydrostatic ferroelectric (FE) to antiferroelectric (AFE) transformation pressure was substantially less (150 MPa) for the lower grain size material than for the larger grain size material. In addition, the dielectric constant increased and the Curie temperature decreased for the sample with lower grain size. All three properties: dielectric constant magnitude, Curie point shift, and FE to AFE phase transformation pressure were shown to be semi-quantitatively consistent with internal stress levels on the order of 100 MPa.

An important component of EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) is iocCore, which is the core software in the IOC (input/output controller) front-end processors. Currently iocCore requires the vxWorks operating system. This paper describes the porting of iocCore to other operating systems.

Fast capillary gas chromatography has been coupled to a luminol-based chemiluminescence detection system for the rapid monitoring of nitrogen dioxide and peroxyacyl nitrates. A first-generation instrument was described recently (Gaffney et al., 1998). This system is capable of monitoring nitrogen dioxide and peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs; to and including the C4 species) with 1-min time resolution. This is an improvement by a factor of five over gas chromatography methods with electron capture detection. In addition, the luminol method is substantially less expensive than laser fluorescent detection or mass spectroscopic methods. Applications in aircraft-based research have been published electronically and will appear shortly in Environmental Science and Technology (Gaffney et al., 1999a). An improved version of the instrument that has been designed and built makes use of a Hammamatsu photon-counting system. Detection limits of this instrumentation are at the low tens of ppt. The range of the instrument can be adjusted by modifying sampling volumes and detection counting times. A review of past work and of recent application of the instrumentation to field measurements of nitrogen dioxide and PANs is presented. The data clearly indicate that the luminol approach can determine the target species with time resolution of less than 1 min. …

A Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) is established in response to a Lead Federal Agency (LFA) or State request when a radiological emergency is anticipated or has occurred. The FRMAC coordinates the off-site monitoring, assessment, and analysis activities during such an emergency. The FRMAC response is divided into three phases. FRMAC Phase 1 is a rapid, initial-response capability that can interface with Federal or State officials and is designed for a quick response time and rapid radiological data collection and assessment. FRMAC Phase 1 products provide an initial characterization of the radiological situation and information on early health effects to officials responsible for making and implementing protective action decisions.

A novel high-resolution pulse-width modulator (PWM) is being developed for a new digital regulator for the Advanced Photon Source power converters. The circuit features 82-ps setability over an 80-{micro}s range. Our application requires a 50-{micro}s fill-scale range; therefore the 82-ps setability is equivalent to better than 19 bits. The circuit is presently implemented as a VME module and is an integral part of the digital regulator prototype. The design concept and performance results will be presented.

Hydrogen at high pressures and temperatures is challenging scientifically and has many real and potential applications. Minimum metallic conductivity of fluid hydrogen is observed at 140 GPa and 2600 K, based on electrical conductivity measurements to 180 GPa (1.8 Mbar), tenfold compression, and 3000 K obtained dynamically with a two-stage light-gas gun. Conditions up to 300 GPa, sixfold compression, and 30,000 K have been achieved in laser-driven Hugoniot experiments. Implications of these results for the interior of Jupiter, inertial confinement fusion, and possible uses of metastable solid hydrogen, if the metallic fluid could be quenched from high pressure, are discussed.

Both simulations and recent experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Source showed that the performance of liquid-nitrogen-cooled single-silicon crystal monochromators can degrade in a very rapid nonlinear fashion as the power and for power density is increased. As a further step towards improving the performance of silicon optics, we propose cooling with liquid helium, which dramatically improves the thermal properties of silicon beyond that of liquid nitrogen and brings the performance of single silicon-crystal-based synchrotrons radiation optics up to the ultimate limit. The benefits of liquid helium cooling as well as some of the associated technical challenges will be discussed, and results of thermal and structural finite elements simulations comparing the performance of silicon monochromators cooled with liquid nitrogen and helium will be given.

Historically, residential energy and carbon saving efforts have targeted conventional end uses such as water heating, lighting and refrigeration. The emergence of new household appliances has transformed energy use from a few large and easily identifiable end uses into a broad array of ''miscellaneous'' energy services. This group of so called miscellaneous appliances has been a major contributor to growth in electricity demand in the past two decades. We use industry shipment data, lifetimes, and wattage and usage estimates of over 90 individual products to construct a bottom-up end use model (1976-2010). The model is then used to analyze historical and forecasted growth trends, and to identify the largest individual products within the miscellaneous end use. We also use the end use model to identify and analyze policy priorities. Our forecast projects that over the period 1996 to 2010, miscellaneous consumption will increase 115 TWh, accounting for over 90 percent of future residential electricity growth. A large portion of this growth will be due to halogen torchiere lamps and consumer electronics, making these two components of miscellaneous electricity a particularly fertile area for efficiency programs. Approximately 20 percent (40 TWh) of residential miscellaneous electricity is ''leaking electricity'' or energy consumed …

Argonne National Laboratory is cooperating with the National Atomic Energy Commission of the Argentine Republic (CNEA) to convert their {sup 99}Mo production process, which uses high enriched uranium (HEU), to low-enriched uranium (LEU), The program is multifaceted; however, discussed in this paper are (1) results of laboratory experiments to develop means for substituting LEU metal-foil targets into the current process and (2) preparation of uranium-alloy or uranium-metal/aluminum-dispersion targets. Although {sup 99}Mo production is a multi-step process, the first two steps (target dissolution and primary molybdenum recovery) are by far the most important in the conversion. Commonly, once molybdenum is separated from the bulk of the uranium, the remainder of the process need not be modified. Our results show that up to this point in our study, conversion of the CNEA process to LEU appears viable.

Beryllium (Be) has been recently receiving considerable attention as the key material for a range of potential applications in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray region. Most notably, it has been successfully implemented as the spacer material in beryllium-based multilayer mirrors for EUV lithography, achieving experimental reflectivities of about 70% at wavelengths around 11.4 nm. Knowledge of the absorptive and dispersive properties of this material thus becomes important for the modeling of these optics. Experimental photoabsorption results in the region 40-250 eV, derived from transmission measurements on free-standing beryllium foils, are presented in this work. The measured absorption in the region extending a few tens eV below the K edge (111.7 eV) appears to be significantly (up to 50%) lower than the tabulated values. Fine structure above the K edge is also demonstrated in the measurements. These data are incorporated in an updated set for the atomic scattering factors of beryllium, obtained in the range 0.1-30,000 eV. Finally, the Bragg reflectivity of MO/Be multilayer optics is modeled using the new experimental results.

Fine particulate matter and tropospheric ozone levels are of concern because of their potential for health impacts, as well as their radiative effects. Both ozone and PM-2.5 standards are being exceeded in many urban and regional areas where transport and background levels can appreciably affect observed concentrations. Anthropogenic nitrogen oxides and other primary pollutant species can interact with natural organics to form secondary aerosol products via synthesis of nitric acid and its subsequent reaction with ammonia to yield ammonium nitrate. In addition, natural organics and lower-reactivity organic compounds, particularly aromatic species and monoterpenes, can generate secondary organic aerosols, both of which contribute to the formation of PM-2.5. Long-range transport and chemical transformation of hydrocarbons and NO{sub x} via both photochemical reactions and nighttime chemistry can generate significant regional levels of ozone (O{sub 3}) and other oxidants, such as peroxyacyl nitrates.

The surface of a divertor plate has usually a certain degree of ''roughness.'' Depending on the material and the exposure time, the size of surface features may range from submicrons to a fraction of a millimeter, covering a range of spatial scales from well below the electron gyroradius, {rho}{sub e} to significantly above the ion gyroradius, {rho}{sub i}. The plasma approaches the divertor plate along a magnetic field which forms a shallow angle, {alpha} << 1, with the plate surface. Under such circumstances, a significant ''shadowing'' effect takes place, with only a small part of the surface being accessible to the plasma particles. A methodology is presented that allows one to find the fraction ({var_epsilon}{sub e} and {var_epsilon}{sub i}) of the surface geometrically accessible for the electrons and the ions. At small {alpha}, {var_epsilon}{sub e,i} are typically small, meaning a strong local enhancement of heat and particle fluxes. In a broad range of parameters, {var_epsilon}{sub e}, is also much smaller than {var_epsilon}{sub i}. As the surface features are usually greater than the Debye radius, this leads to the formation of an ambipolar potential which causes reflection of part of the ions from the surface. The resulting albedo of the divertor …

A high power pulsed Nd:YAG laser and special optics were used to produce surface hardening on 1045 steel and gray cast iron by varying the process parameters. Unlike CO{sub 2} lasers, where absorptive coatings are required, the higher absorptivity of ferrous alloys at the Nd:YAG laser wavelength eliminates the necessity of applying a coating before processing. Metallurgical analysis of the treated tracks showed that very fine and hard martensitic microstructure (1045 steel) or inhomogeneous martensite (gray cast iron) were obtained without surface melting, giving maximum hardness of HRC 61 and HRC 40 for 1045 steel and gray cast iron respectively. The corresponding maximum case depths for both alloys at the above hardness are 0.6 mm. Gray cast iron was more difficult to harden without surface melting because of its lower melting temperature and a significantly longer time-at-temperature required to diffuse carbon atoms from the graphite flakes into the austenite matrix during laser heating. The thermal distortion was characterized in term of flatness changes after surface hardening.

Issues in maintaining readiness of instruments for deployment and use in emergency response situations often differ from those in maintaining instruments for normal operations. Confunding circumstances include use or non-availability of check sources, ensuring instruments are always in calibration and operable, possible use of instruments in different climates, packaging of instrumentation for deployment, transport of instrumentation and check sources, and ensuring users are familiar with the instruments. Methods and procedures for addressing these issues are presented. Instrumentation used for survey, in situ measurements, electronic dosimetry, and air monitoring are discussed.

An infrared process monitor was used to monitor in real-time the infrared emissions during laser surface hardening of gray cast iron and 1045 steel. The signal from the monitor was correlated with the hardness and case depth of the laser-treated tracks. Test data show that a linear relationship exists between the monitor output DC level voltage and hardness up to the maximum hardness possible and also between the monitor output DC level voltage and case depth. This simple relationship of the monitor voltage signal with hardness and case depth makes it easy to monitor process hardness, case depth and quality. A calibration test on prototypic material can be used to determine at what voltage level melting occurs and the heat treating process hardness and case depth can be monitored easily by setting an upper and lower bound for the voltage signal. The monitor is also capable of tracking changes in surface quality or flatness of the part that is being treated.

Identification of single-particle states in the heaviest known nuclei is important because their energies can be used to test the single-particle potential in these high-Z elements. These states can be identified by studying the decay schemes of very heavy odd-mass nuclides. For neutrons, the heaviest odd-mass nuclide available in milliCurie quantities is the 20-h {sup 255}Fm and for protons the heaviest nuclide available is the 20-d {sup 253}Es. These two isotopes were obtained from the Transplutonium Element Production Program at Oak Ridge and their spectra were measured with high-resolution germanium spectrometers. From the results of these measurements we have identified states in {sup 251}Cf and {sup 249}Bk up to 1 MeV excitation energy.

Numerous small wind turbines are being used by homeowners in Colorado. Some of these installations are quite recent while others date back to the federal tax-credit era of the early 1980s. Through visits with small wind turbine owners in Colorado, I have developed case studies of six small wind energy applications focusing on the wind turbine technology, wind turbine siting, the power systems and electric loads, regulatory issues, and motivations about wind energy. These case studies offer a glimpse into the current state-of-the-art of small-scale wind energy and provide some insight into issues affecting development of a wider market.

An interlaboratory comparison exercise for {sup 129}I was organized and conducted. Nine laboratories participated in the exercise to either a full or limited extent. In Phase I of the comparison, 11 samples were measured. The suite of samples contained both synthetic ''standard type'' materials (i.e., AgI) and environmental materials. The isotopic {sup 129}I/{sup 127}I ratios of the samples varied from 10{sup {minus}8} to 10{sup {minus}14}. In this phase, each laboratory was responsible for its own chemical preparation of the samples. In Phase I, the {sup 129}I AMS measurements for prepared AgI were in good agreement. However, large discrepancies were seen in {sup 129}I AMS measurements of environmental samples. Because of the large discrepancies seen in the Phase I {sup 129}I intercomparison, a subsequent study was conducted. In Phase II of the {sup 129}I intercomparison, three separate laboratories prepared AgI from two environmental samples (IAEA 375 soil and maples leaves). Each laboratory used its own chemical preparation method with each of the methods being distinctly different. The resulting six samples (two sets of three) were then re-distributed to the participating {sup 129}I AMS facilities and {sup 129}I/{sup 127}I ratios measured. Results and discussion of both the Phase I and Phase II …

Understanding the fate of heavy-metal contaminants in the environment is of fundamental importance in the development and evaluation of effective remediation and sequestration strategies. Among the factors influencing the transport of these contaminants are their chemical separation and the chemical and physical attributes of the surrounding medium. Bacteria and the extracellular material associated with them are thought to play a key role in determining a contaminant's speciation and thus its mobility in the environment. In addition, the microenvironment at and adjacent to actively metabolizing cell surfaces can be significantly different from the bulk environment. Thus, the spatial distribution and chemical separation of contaminants and elements that are key to biological processes must be characterized at micron and submicron resolution in order to understand the microscopic physical, geological, chemical, and biological interfaces that determine a contaminant's macroscopic fate. Hard X-ray microimaging is a powerful technique for the element-specific investigation of complex environmental samples at th needed micron and submicron resolution. An important advantage of this technique results from the large penetration depth of hard X-rays in water. This advantage minimizes the requirements for sample preparation and allows the detailed study of hydrated samples. This paper presents results of studies of the …

In a PM/HTS bearing, locating a thin-film HTS above a bulk HTS was expected to maintain the large levitation force provided by the bulk with a lower rotational drag provided by the very high current density of the film. For low drag to be achieved, the thin film must shield the bulk from inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Measurement of rotational drag of a PM/HTS bearing that used a combination of bulk and film HTS showed that the thin film is not effective in reducing the rotational drag. Subsequent experiments, in which an AC coil was placed above the thin-film HTS and the magnetic field on the other side of the film was measured, showed that the thin film provides good shielding when the coil axis is perpendicular to the film surface but poor shielding when the coil axis is parallel to the surface. This is consistent with the lack of reduction in rotational drag being due to a horizontal magnetic moment of the permanent magnet. The poor shielding with the coil axis parallel to the film surface is attributed to the aspect ratio of the film and the three-dimensional nature of the current flow in the film for this coil orientation.

X-ray diffraction studies at megabar pressures are limited by the sample thickness between the diamond anvils. High strength gaskets are desirable to improve the quality of x-ray diffraction data. We present a technique which employs a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposited diamond layer on one side of a rhenium gasket. As a test case, we show energy dispersive x-ray diffraction data on rare earth metal neodymium to 153 GPa using a synchrotron source. The increased sample thickness results in an unambiguous crystal structure determination of a monoclinic phase in neodymium above 75 GPa. [chemical vapor deposition, diamond, rhenium gasket, x-ray diffraction, neodymium]