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Spectrum of the microwave background radiation
A review is given of the present status of measurements of the spectrum of the microwave background. Factors which limit experimental accuracy are discussed with particular reference to high frequency measurements. A selection of the available measurements yields a data set which is reasonably consistent with the blackbody spectrum for a temperature of 2.9 K. A simple statistical analysis suggests either that there are errors in the data set, or that deviations from a blackbody spectrum exist. The difficulties inherent in property averaging the results from different observers are described. Prospects for improved measurements will be summarized.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Richards, P.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Milliwatt generator heat source. Progress report, July-December 1981
As part of the Milliwatt Generator (MWG) Program, a second series of pressure burst capsules welded offsite was tested; the resulting data indicate that the welds are very similar to those in the first series of capsules. Sufficient hardware was fabricated to meet all scheduled commitments. To provide a unit for feasibility testing, a heat source clad with Hastelloy C was reclad with Inconel 600. Forming development tests on Inconel 600 were conducted with favorable results. A QAS-3 survey was conducted and a satisfactory rating was received. Lot 11 qualification began on T-111 materials. The production period ended with an overall process yield of 99.6%, and a dollar percent defective rate of 0.60%.
Date:
April 8, 1982
Creator:
Mershad, E.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Technical evaluation report on the monitoring of electric power to the reactor-protection system for the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
This report documents the technical evaluation of the monitoring of electric power to the reactor protection system (RPS) at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. The evaluation is to determine if the proposed design modification will protect the RPS from abnormal voltage and frequency conditions which could be supplied from the power supplies and will meet certain requirements set forth by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The proposed design modifications will protect the RPS from sustained abnormal voltage and frequency conditions from the supplying sources.
Date:
April 29, 1982
Creator:
Selan, J.C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Project Integration Office for the electric and hybrid vehicle R and D program. Eighth progress report, March 1982
The Project Integration Office (PIO) was established to assist the US DOE with the direction and coordination of its multiple electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle research programs in order to get the maximum payoff from these research efforts. In addition, the PIO performs objective independent technical and economic studies, analyses and modeling, and maintains a technical information liaison service to facilitate information exchange between the program participants and industry. Progress in each of these activities is reported. (LCL)
Date:
April 19, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Review of subsidence prediction research conducted at Sandia National Laboratories
This paper reviews the results of the subsidence research program at Sandia National Laboratories. The manuscript highlights the following: the application of empirical methods (profile functions) to the subsidence above longwall panels in the US; the use of the rubble model to describe the behavior of broken strata as it distends when it falls to the mine floor (or top of the rubble pile) and then is subsequently compacted as it is loaded by overlying elements of strata; and, the application of physical modeling techniques (centrifuge simulations) and numerical techniques to study the failure mechanisms in highly structured stratigraphy. The capabilities of the latter two are illustrated by comparing their predictions to the results of a field case that has complicated stratigraphy.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Sutherland, H.J. & Schuler, K.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Laboratory evaluation of polyurethane foam for geothermal lost-circulation plugging
To evaluate polyurethane foam formulations for use in plugging hot (such as geothermal) formations when lost circulation is encountered during drilling, laboratory tests of three foams were performed. Foams were mixed at high temperature (up to 300/sup 0/F) and high pressure (up to 900 psig); the mechanical and fluid loss properties of the foams were subsequently determined. The results show that polyurethane foams can be mixed at downhole conditions and yield acceptable plugging properties.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Tschoepe, E. III
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
RAYS: a geometrical optics code for EBT
The theory, structure, and operation of the code are described. Mathematical details of equilibrium subroutiones for slab, bumpy torus, and tokamak plasma geometry are presented. Wave dispersion and absorption subroutines are presented for frequencies ranging from ion cyclotron frequency to electron cyclotron frequency. Graphics postprocessors for RAYS output data are also described.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Batchelor, D.B. & Goldfinger, R.C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cancer risks and neutron RBE's from Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The new radiation dose estimates for Hiroshima and Nagasaki are here combined with epidemiologic data from the A-bomb survivors and examined radiobiologically for compatability with other human and experimental data. The new doses show certain improvements over the original T65 doses. However, they suggest for chronic granulocytic leukemia, total malignancies, and chromosome aberrations, at neutron doses of 1 rad, RBEs in excess of 100, higher than expected from other findings. This and other indications suggest that either there are unrecognized systematic problems with the various radiobiological data, or the new doses are deficient in neutrons for Hiroshima, by a factor of about five. If in fact there were actually some 5-fold more dose from neutrons at Hiroshima than estimated by the new calculations, the RBEs would agree well with laboratory results, and other inconsistencies would largely disappear. Cancer risks are estimated for neutrons from the new doses and are compared with those estimated from radiobiologically reconciled doses (the new doses adjusted by adding approximately 5-fold more neutrons). The latter estimates appear more reasonable. For low-LET radiation, cancer risk estimates are altered very little by the new dose estimates for Nagasaki.
Date:
April 30, 1982
Creator:
Dobson, R.L. & Straume, T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Engineering systems analysis of pressurized fluidized-bed-combustion power systems
This effort was conducted to provde supporting data for the research and development program on pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) systems being continued under the auspices of the Office of Coal Utilization of DOE. This report deals with the first phase of the effort, designated Task 1, which was scoped to be a somewhat broad review of PFBC technology and an analysis to determine its potential and sensitivity to key development needs. Background information pertaining to the application of PFBC to the market for coal-fired technology is included. The status of development is reviewed and the deficiencies in data are identified. Responses to a survey of PFBC developers are reviewed with emphasis on the high risk areas of the PFBC concept. Some of these problems are: uncertainty of life of gas turbine components; lack of demonstration of load following; and hot solids handling. Some high risk areas, such as the gas cleanup or gas turbine systems, can be relieved by reducing the severity of design conditions such as the turbine inlet temperature. Alternate turbine designs or plant configurations are also possible solutions. Analyses were performed to determine whether the advantages held by PFBC systems in cost, efficiency, and emissions would …
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Graves, R. L.; Griffin, F. P. & Lackey, M. E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Updated estimates of /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu + /sup 241/Am inventory, spatial pattern, and soil tonnage for removal at Nuclear Site-201, NTS
Updated estimates of /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu + /sup 241/Am inventory and spatial pattern in surface soil are given for Nuclear Site (NS)-201 in Area 18 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These new estimates are based on 712 /sup 241/Am soil concentrations including 185 data values not previously available. Estimates were obtained using essentially the same Kriging techniques and the estimated average /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu to /sup 241/Am ratio of 7.5 used by Simpson and Gilbert (1980) to obtain previous results. Estimated concentration contours, 68% confidence bands for the contours and estimated median concentrations for 50 x 50 ft blocks are given. The total Pu + Am inventory estimated to be in the top 5 cm of soil over the 109 hectare study (an area 5.2 hectares larger than used by Simpson and Gilbert, 1980) is approximately 16.3 curies. The approximate 68% confidence interval on this inventory estimate is about 6.7 to 45.6 curies. It is estimated that about 58 acres (approx. = 23 hectares) of land in the study are contaminated at levels greater than 40 pCi/g which includes about 40 acres (approx. = 16 hectares) at levels greater than 160 pCi/g. Approximately 28,000 tons of soil …
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Simpson, J. C. & Gilbert, R. O.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Review of petroleum transport network models and their applicability to a national refinery model
This report examines four petroleum transport network models to determine whether parts of them can be incorporated into the transportation component of a national refinery model. Two questions in particular are addressed. (a) How do the models under examination represent the oil transport network, estimate link capacities, and calculate transport costs. (b) Are any of these network representations, capacity estimates, or cost functions suitable for inclusion in a linear programming model of oil refinery and primary distribution in the US. Only pipeline and waterway transport is discussed. The models examined are the Department of Energy's OILNET model, the Department of Transportation's Freight Energy Model, the Federal Energy Administration Petroleum Transportation Network Model, and an Oak Ridge National Laboratory oil pipeline energy model. Link capacity and cost functions are recommended for each transport mode. The coefficients of the recommended pipeline cost functions remain to be estimated.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Hooker, J. N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
On-demand production of uniform DT droplets using pulsed electrohydrodynamic spraying. Charged Particle Research Laboratory report No. 1-82
A technique suitable for on-demand production of uniform DT droplets is investigated using pulsed electrohydrodynamic (EHD) spraying. Liquid hydrogen is employed as the working liquid, into which charge is injected using a sharp tungsten needle raised to high voltage. By controlling this high voltage, the amount of charge injection required for disrupting the liquid surface into a smooth liquid jet of desired size is determined. For on-demand production of the liquid jet (which breaks up into uniform droplets), high voltage pulses of appropriate height and duration are applied to the charge injection electrode. Results obtained with liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen are presented. Considering the potential hazard and scarcity of tritium, the present technique may prove to be particularly useful when there is a need for filling ICF targets with a controlled amount of DT micropellets.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Kim, K. & Gavrilovic, P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Role of rotational degrees of freedom in heavy-ion collisions
The degrees of freedom affected by the angular momentum are identified. The relevance of the equilibrium fluctuations in a diffusive evolution of the system is discussed. The statistical limit is described and chosen as a reference for comparing with experiment. The rigid rotation regime is shown to be reached in a variety of reactions. The fragment spin alignment is measured from ..gamma..-ray multiplicities and anisotropies as well as from sequential fission angular distributions. Good agreement is obtained with the statistical model for the P/sub zz/ component of the polarization tensor. The P/sub xy/ component seems also to reach the statistical limit at large Q-value. The effect of shells on the angular momentum transferred to the fragments and on its misalignment is discussed theoretically and specific predictions are made.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Moretto, Luciano G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Safeguards and security research and development: Program status report, February-July 1981
This report, one of a series of biannual progress reports, describes the status of research and development in the Safeguards and Security Program at Los Alamos from February-July 1981. Most work covered here is sponsored by the Office of Safeguards and Security of the Department of Energy; however, project activities that are technically closely related to nuclear safeguards and security also are included where appropriate for conveying information useful to the nuclear community. The report comprises four major subject areas: Security Development and Support; Nuclear Materials Measurement and Engineering; Nuclear Facility Safeguards Support; and International Safeguards, Technology Transfer, and Training. Some technical topics included in the subject areas are computer and informational security, chemical and nondestructive analysis of nuclear materials, process modeling and analysis, nuclear materials accounting systems, evaluation of prototype measurement instrumentation and procedures in nuclear facilities, design and consultation for facilities, technical exchange, training courses, and international safeguards.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Henry, C.N. & Walton, R.B. (comps.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theoretical characterization of a dual-purpose gamma thermometer for local power-generation measurement in an LMFBR
A preliminary analytical and computational study was performed to investigate the potential of a modified gamma thermometer (GT) as both a local power level monitor and a sodium flow blockage monitor for a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor. This study consisted of two fundamental parts: a radiation field characterization and a thermal-hydraulic analysis. The radiation transport analysis was performed to determine the volumetric heat source within the GT resulting from gamma and neutron heating. Both fission-product decay gammas and neutron-induced gammas were treated in the analysis, as well as the direct neutron heating effect. Further, a sensitivity analysis was performed to characterize the origin of the neutron-induced gammas (by material) contributing to the volumetric heat source.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Johnson, J. O. & Burns, T. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some effects of the transverse-stability requirement on the design of a grating linac
The transverse stability of the grating linac proposed by Palmer is analyzed. It is shown that an open structure such as a grating is always unstable transversely as long as it is uniform. The structure can be made stable by utilizing the strong focusing principle. This is achieved by periodically interrupting the grating shape. We analyze the strong focusing grating linac, and find that the stability requirement places a non-trivial constraint on the phase acceptance of the system.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Kim, K. J. & Kroll, N. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Localized corrosion in materials for geothermal power. Final report
The influence of 16 different geothermally related environments on a number of potentially useful steels was examined for both general and localized corrosion and at ambient and 150/sup 0/C. Variation in chloride concentration of 1 to 20% generally demonstrated only minor aggressiveness in acidified solutions. In general, the presence of H/sub 2/S raised the corrosion rate. However, very low concentrations (10 ppM) indicated higher rates than in saturated brines. This is rationalized on the basis of the inability to develop a semi-protective film at the low H/sub 2/S concentration. The corrosion rate for the Cr-Mo steel was unexpectedly high at ambient, but improved substantially at 150/sup 0/C. The Ni-Cu-Nb steel consistently demonstrated excellent resistance in all environments, except the 10 ppM H/sub 2/S at ambient. At 150/sup 0/C there were no exceptions to its superior performance. Maximum pit depth studies, analyzed statistically, indicated that the Ni-Cu-Nb alloy was the most resistant to localized attack. A clean (low inclusions) Mn-C and a clean vacuum melted steel ranked well. A comparison of two almost identical Mn-C steels one clean and one dirty clearly indicated the deleterious influence of inclusions on the tendency for localized corrosion. The profiling of a protected section of …
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Troiano, A.R. & Hehemann, R.F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dynamic positron emission tomography in man using small bismuth germanate crystals
Primary considerations for the design of positron emission tomographs for medical studies in humans are the need for high imaging sensitivity, whole organ coverage, good spatial resolution, high maximum data rates, adequate spatial sampling with minimum mechanical motion, shielding against out of plane activity, pulse height discrimination against scattered photons, and timing discrimination against accidental coincidences. We discuss the choice of detectors, sampling motion, shielding, and electronics to meet these objectives.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Derenzo, S.E.; Budinger, T.F.; Huesman, R.H. & Cahoon, J.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of predictive models for the failure of titanium and ferrous alloys due to hydrogen effects. Report for the period of June 16 to September 15, 1981
The 1977 version of the Simpson-Puls-Dutton model appears to be the most amenable with respect to utilizing known or readily estimated quantities. The Pardee-Paton model requires extensive calculations involving estimated quantities. Recent observations by Koike and Suzuki on vanadium support the general assumption that crack growth in hydride forming metals is determined by the rate of hydride formation, and their hydrogen atmosphere-displacive transformation model is of potential interest in explaining hydrogen embrittlement in ferrous alloys as well as hydride formers. The discontinuous nature of cracking due to hydrogen embrittlement appears to depend very strongly on localized stress intensities, thereby pointing to the role of microstructure in influencing crack initiation, fracture mode and crack path. The initiation of hydrogen induced failures over relatively short periods of time can be characterized with fair reliability using measurements of the threshold stress intensity. The experimental conditions for determining K/sub Th/ and ..delta..K/sub Th/ are designed to ensure plane strain conditions in most cases. Plane strain test conditions may be viewed as a conservative basis for predicting delayed failure. The physical configuration of nuclear waste canisters may involve elastic/plastic conditions rather than a state of plane strain, especially with thin-walled vessels. Under these conditions, alternative …
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Archbold, T.F.; Bower, R.B. & Polonis, D.H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Separation of Am-Cm from Al(NO/sub 3/)/sub 3/ waste solutions by in-canyon-tank precipitation as oxalates
A process for recovery of Am-Cm residues from high-activity waste concentrates has been developed specifically for application in Savannah River Plant (SRP) canyon tanks. The Am-Cm residues were collected from a campaign to produce plutonium containing high isotopic concentrations of /sup 242/Pu. The separation of Am-Cm from the high-activity waste stream, containing about 2M Al(NO/sub 3/)/sub 3/, is necessary to produce an acceptable feed solution for a later pressurized cation exchange chromatography separation and purification step. The new process includes formic acid denitration, adjustment of contaminating cations by evaporation and water dilution, and oxalate precipitation of the actinides and lanthanides. After washing, the precipitate was dissolved in 8M nitric acid and the oxalate was destroyed by nitric acid oxidation that was catalyzed by manganous ions. This new process generates about one-fourth the waste of the californium solvent extraction process, which it replaced. The new process also produces a cleaner feed solution for the pressurized cation exchange chromatography separation and purification step.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Gray, L. W.; Burney, G. A.; Wilson, T. W.; McKibben, J. M.; Bibler, N. E.; Holtzscheiter, E. W. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Switching tests for the LCTF protective dump circuit
Each of the six coils in the Large Coil Test Facility (LCTF) has a separate power supply, dump resistor, and switching circuit. Each switching circuit contains five switches, two of which are redundant. The three remaining switches perform separate duties in an emergency dump situation. These three switches were tested to determine their ability to meet the LCTF conditions.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
Parsons, W.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-efficient incandescent lamp. Final report
The status of the Energy Efficient Light Bulb (EELB) development at the beginning of the subcontract was characterized by a newly introduced lamp construction based on an optimum optical quality envelope consisting of two hemispheres or hemi-ellipsoids bonded together. Considerable progress was made concerning the output of the continuous process heat mirror coating machine, the reproducibility of the film characteristics, and the durability of the coating over long periods of lamp operation. The bonding assembly processes were improved to the point where they are suitable for full mechanization and high speed production. A new concept for dimensioning the required compact and mechanically stable filaments was introduced by using diodes in series that reduce the effective operating voltage to 83 volts. This has led to filament designs of greater stability and greater compactness than any obtained before. The efficacy and energy saving data of the prototype lamps delivered at the end of the subcontract were close to the target values established at the beginning.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Guide to financing: small-scale geothermal energy projects
A brief overview is given of the current financing sources for projects requiring $1 million or less in capital investment and the major considerations commonly encountered in assembling financing. A directory of technical and financial assistance and a glossary of geothermal/financial terms are included.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High flux isotope reactor technical specifications
Technical specifications are presented concerning safety limits and limiting safety system settings; limiting conditions for operation; surveillance requirements; design features; administrative controls; and accidents and anticipated transients.
Date:
April 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library