This paper presents a survey of methods, commonly in use or under development, to produce beams of polarized negative ions for injection into accelerators. A short summary recalls how the hyperfine interaction is used to obtain nuclear polarization in beams of atoms. Atomic-beam sources for light ions are discussed. If the best presently known techniques are incorporated in all stages of the source, polarized H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ beams in excess of 10 ..mu..A can probably be achieved. Production of polarized ions from fast (keV) beams of polarized atoms is treated separately for atoms in the H(25) excited state (Lamb-Shift source) and atoms in the H(1S) ground state. The negative ion beam from Lamb-Shift sources has reached a plateau just above 1 ..mu..A, but this beam current is adequate for many applications and the somewhat lower beam current is compensated by other desirable characteristics. Sources using fast polarized ground state atoms are in a stage of intense development. The next sections summarize production of polarized heavy ions by the atomic beam method, which is well established, and by optical pumping, which has recently been demonstrated to yield very large nuclear polarization. A short discussion of proposed ion sources for …

Transposable elements have long been associated with certain unstable loci in maize and have been intensively studied by McClintock and others. It is known that a transposable element can control the expression of the structural genes at the locus where it resides. These controlling elements in maize are now beginning to be studied at the molecular level. Using recombinant molecular probes we have been able to describe the changes induced by the controlling element Ds at the shrunken locus. Ds elements appear to be large and dissimilar insertions into the wild-type locus - two elements actually map within the transcribed region of the gene. Genetic instabilities have been described in other economically important plants but the bases for these phenomena have not been understood. We believe that it is likely that some of these instabilities are the result of transposable element activity much as in the case of maize.

A model that relates fan pressurization measurements to infiltration values during the heating season is the basis for infiltration estimates in several different audit programs. The model is described and validation results are presented. The model is used in three different audit strategies. The first is an energy audit to determine economically optimal retrofits for residential buildings, based on actual, on-site measurments of key indices of the house. Measurements are analyzed on a microprocessor and retrofit combinations compatible with minimum life-cycle cost and occupant preferences are determined. The second uses graphical techniques to make infiltration calculations while the third is a non-instrumented walk-through audit that was developed as a standard reference in the Residential Conservation Service Program.

Miniature holes are produced on 16 different types of mechanical drilling equipment. Each equipment type has significant advantages for a specific type of part. The basic capabilities vary greatly between equipment types. Some produce very precise holes and others produce very high volumes of commercial tolerance holes. At the present time machines are available for mechanicaly drilling up to 100,000 miniature holes per hour. Lasers currently are drilling as many as 15,000,000 ultra-miniature holes per hour.

We have developed an in-situ electromagnetic velocity (EMV) gauge system for use in multiple-gauge studies of initiating and detonating explosives. We have also investigated the risetime of the gauge and the manner in which it perturbs a reactive flow. We report on the special precautions that are necessary in multiple gauge experiments to reduce lead spreading, simplify target fabrication problems and minimize cross talk through the conducting explosive. Agreement between measured stress records and calculations from multiple velocity gauge data give us confidence that our velocity gauges are recording properly. We have used laser velocity interferometry to measure the gauge risetime in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). To resolve the difference in the two methods, we have examined hydrodynamic and material rate effects. In addition, we considered the effects of shock tilt, electronic response and magntic diffusion on the gauge's response time.

Computer programs have been developed to numerically simulate natural convection in two- and three-dimensional room geometries. The programs have been validated using published data from the literature, results from a full-scale experiment performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and results from a small-scale experiment performed at LBL. One of the computer programs has been used to study the influence of natural convection on the thermal performance of a single zone in a direct-gain passive solar building. It is found that the convective heat transfer coefficients between the air and the enclosure surfaces can be substantially different from the values assumed in the standard building energy analysis methods, and can exhibit significant variations across a given surface. This study implies that the building heating loads calculated by standard building energy analysis methods may have substantial errors as a result of their use of common assumptions regarding the convection processes which occur in an enclosure.

A one-dimensional Lagrangian calculation of the implosion of a hydrogen gas puff is presented. At maximum compression, 60% of the mass is located in a density spike .5 mm off the axis with a half width of 40 ..mu..m. The temperature on axis reaches 200 eV.

Testing has been performed using two 1/6 scale models of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Steam Generators to simulate fluid temperature fluctuations in the sodium. Water was used as the working fluid and the models were fabricated from Plexiglas to facilitate flow visualization. Hydraulic scaling was achieved through Richardson Number and Euler Number similarity. Fluid temperature fluctuations were recorded on movable thermocouples in both the upper and lower semi-stagnant regions of the Steam Generator Module. The magnitude of the temperature fluctuations (peak to peak) were as high as 95% of the maximum potential and were used to assess the amount of fatigue damage of the steam tubes.

Measurements of the branching fractions for the Cabibbo favored decays tau/sup -/ ..-->.. rho/sup -/ ..-->.. ..pi../sup -/..nu../sub tau/ and the Cabibbo suppressed decay mode tau/sup -/ ..-->.. K*/sup -/ (892)..nu../sub tau/ are presented. The energy dependence of the tau/sup +/tau/sup -/ production cross section is obtained for the decays tau/sup -/ ..-->.. rho/sup -/..nu../sub tau/ and these spectra agree well with the classification of the tau/sup -/ as a spin-1/2 point particle. Fits to the production cross section yield a measurement of M/sub tau/ = (1787 +- 10) MeV/c/sup 2/ for the tau mass. Ninety-five percent confidence upper limits for the forbidden decay tau/sup -/ ..-->.. K*/sup -/(1430)..nu../sub tau/ and the tau neutrino mass are presented.

From elemental analyses, thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopy studies and re-evaluation of previous water diffusion studies in Kevlar 49 fibers it is concluded that these fibers can contain two types of sorbed moisture. The fibers can absorb up to approx. 6 wt % loosely bound water with an activation energy for outgassing by desorption of 6 kcal/mole. This loosely bound water is a direct result of the presence of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ impurities and the perturbations they induce on the packing of the rod-like poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) macromolecules. Kevlar 49 fibers also inherently contain up to 30 wt % additional water which is tightly bound within the crystal lattice. This water exhibits an activation energy for outgassing by diffusion of approx. 40 kcal/mole and is only evolved from the fiber in significant quantities at t > 350/sup 0/C over a period of hours.

Data from four independent water flow tests of 217 pin wire wrap spaced LMFBR fuel assemblies were analyzed and a friction factor correlation was developed. The data show that the mean friction factor varied little from one test to the next and the test statistics show that at a 3sigma confidence level, the uncertainty of predicting the friction factor is less than 1.7% from Reynolds numbers of 1000 to 100,000.

The report gives a general background of the implications the current Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (The BEIR-III Report) may have on societal decision-making in the regulation of activities concerned with the health effects of low-level radiation. (ACR)

A review of analytical design methods used for predicting reactor core flow and temperature distributions is presented with emphasis on LMFBR's. The paper also briefly describes and contrasts the methods used for LWR's. These methods are global analysis, subchannel analysis, distributed parameter, and hybrid analysis. The evolution of the local and subchannel analysis methods is presented. Data used for code validation are also presented. Current research and development needs are identified and discussed. Areas identified for future research and development include methods and expermental data for analysis of distorted bundles and natural convection. Methods that have been developed for predicting the safety performance of LMFBR's and LWR's are not within the scope of this paper.

The central detector of the Axial Field Spectrometer (AFS) is a cylindrical drift chamber using a bicycle-wheel geometry. Its design has been optimized for jet-like events with high track densities. This is accomplished through a high degree of azimuthal segmentation (4/sup 0/ sectors) with up to 42 space points per track, using measurements of drift time and charge division. Particle identification in the non-relativistic region is obtained by (dE/dx) sampling. The detector is operated in an inhomogeneous magnetic field at event rates of typically 5 x 10/sup 5/ collisions per second. Preliminary results will be presented on the detector performance achieved after one year of operation at the ISR.

It has been proposed to eliminate the x-y cor relation ambiguities introduced by multiple tracks in a wire chamber by using the chamber itself as a memory. Hits in the chamber itself ignite glow discharges storing the x-y location of the hits in a correlated fashion. Glow ignition may be achieved by employing a multi-step avalanche chamber above a memory gap. Correlation is maintained during readout by successively pulsing each hit wire in one coordinate and sensing transmissions through glows in the other coordinate. Prototypes constructed by the authors are discussed along with the associated high voltage and readout systems.

The methodology for the study involved first selecting a specific site for the study, since using national estimates tends to obscure specific regional issues and problems which are critical to the evaluation of such concepts. After the selection of the site, the evaluation focuses upon specific potential markets for hydrogen, and then examines the mix of customers comprising these markets. This establishes the incentives and barriers in the market sphere. Finally, the pipeline infrastructure, its capability for use to store and transmit hydrogen, and the incentives and drawbacks in this area are studied. Preliminary specific conclusions that can be made are as follows: the regulatory problems are certainly not insoluble. If hydrogen, for fuel or non-fuel use or both, is eventually shown to be competitive or desirable by using the natural gas system, as opposed to a separate system, the incentives will lead to regulatory changes. There is sufficient use of both hydrogen and natural gas in potential hydrogen-consuming industries to overcome the problem of reinjection of natural gas into the pipeline after separation. Certainly, this is a non-problem if fuel cells penetrate the electrical utility market in situations where the utility provides both electric and gas service. However, this …

Three experiments are described in which H/sup -/ or D/sup -/ ions have been produced by backscattering from surfaces coated with alkali metals: (1) Backscattering of H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ produced by 0.15- to 4-keV/nucleus H/sub 2//sup +/, H/sub 3//sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/, and D/sub 3//sup +/ bombarding clean targets of Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li. For each target, the H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ yields were maximized at incident energies between 300 and 1200 eV/nucleus and always at a lower incident energy for H than for D on a given target. At any given incident energy, both the H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ yields decreased in going from Cs to Li in the order given above. (2) A Mo surface was bombarded by a low-energy flux of H atoms produced in a tungsten furnace. As the surface work function was reduced by evaporating Cs onto the target, a small fraction (10/sup -9/) of the incident hydrogen atoms was observed as backscattered H/sup -/ ions. (3) Surfaces of Mo, W, Pt, Ni, Cu, Re, Ta, and Pd were bombarded by hydrogen ions produced in a discharge. Two classes of H/sup -/ ions were observed when Cs was …

A method has been developed for determining the dose received by a person while crossing a plume of radioactive material. The method uses a Gaussian plume model to arrive at a dose rate on the plume centerline at the position of the plume crossing. This dose rate may be due to any external or internal dose pathway. An algebraic formula can then be used to convert the plume centerline dose rate to a total dose integrated over the total time of plume crossing. Correction factors are presented for dose pathways in which the dose rate is not normally distributed about the plume centerline. The method is illustrated by a study done at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, and results of this study are presented.

Three simulated defense waste glass compositions developed by Savannah River Laboratories were studied to determine viscosity and compositional effects on the comparative thermal phase stabilities of these glasses. The glass compositions are similar except that the 411 glasses are high in lithium and low in sodium compared to the 211 glass, and the T glasses are high in iron and low in aluminum compared to the C glass. Specimens of these glasses were heat treated using isothermal anneals as short as 10 min and up to 15 days over the temperature range of 450/sup 0/C to 1100/sup 0/C. Additionally, a specimen of each glass was cooled at a constant cooling rate of 7/sup 0/C/hour from an 1100/sup 0/C melt down to 500/sup 0/C where it was removed from the furnace. The following were observed. The slow cooling rate of 7/sup 0/C/hour is possible as a canister centerline cooling rate for large canisters. Accordingly, it is important to note that a short range diffusion mechanism like cooperative growth phenomena can result in extensive devitrification at lower temperatures and higher yields than a long-range diffusion mechanism can; and can do it without the growth of large crystals that can fracture the glass. …

The roles of the various participants in the Residential Conservation Service (RCS) program are examined, with special attention to their potential influence on the program's effectiveness in accelerating solar commercialization. Cooperation and support of the participants will be necessary for the information and implementation assistance goals of the program to be achieved, but resistance and obstructions are noted.

Results compiled from a parametric study of several variables that effect ground-coupling techniques for buildings in hot, arid regions are discussed. Finite difference models were devised and analyzed by the computer program SPICE to quantify these effects. Earlier results showed that berming or burying a structure to a depth of 3.6 m and insulating only the roof plane reduce the cooling load by 40% and virtually eliminate the heating load compared to a well-insulated building on the surface. Soil isotherm contours and heat flux results from surface and earth-integrated buildings are presented to further compare their thermal behavior.

Refrigerant-charged passive solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems, which have recently become commercially available, are generating great interest in the solar community. These systems, which can be installed even in freezing climates, may achieve the high performance and reliability of direct thermosyphon systems. The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) is testing and analyzing a promixing prototype refrigerant-charged thermosyphon system; SERI also plans to evaluate a commercially available system. The prototype was installed in a single-family residence using a stabilized R-11 as the heat transfer fluid. A system analysis was performed based on measured data. The analysis method and preliminary results, which indicate that there is reason to be optimistic about this type of system are discussed.

A model is presented to characterize solar radiation with just three input parameters for each day. This compressed daily radiation data may be used in place of hourly data in simulations of passive solar buildings. This method is tested with the SUNCAT passive simulation. Global horizontal and direct normal radiation data are input using the compressed daily form instead of by hour. Simulation results are found to be comparable to results based on hourly radiation data.

After a discussion of summer air conditioning requirements in the United States, active, hybrid, and passive cooling systems are defined. Active processes and systems include absorption, Rankine cycle, and a small variety of miscellaneous systems. The hybrid solar cooling and dehumidification technology of desiccation is covered as well as evaporative cooling. The passive solar cooling processes covered include convective, radiative and evaporative cooling. Federal and state involvement in solar cooling is then discussed. (LEW)