The aim of this series of experiments was to evaluate the existence of abscopal effects of irradiation. No attempt was made towards the elucidation of mechanisms. Very early in the history of radiological research it was noticed radiation produces both local and general effects involving the entire body. Gauss and Lembcke introduced the term "Roentgenkater" (radiation sickness). They ascribed these "General Effects" to the circulation of toxic substances released from cells that disintegrated following irradiation.

The role of the marrow as a site for antibody formation has been considered for many years. In 1912 Ludke reported the appearance of antibody in cultures of marrow cells obtained from previously immunized rabbits. Specific agglutinins for killed typhoid bacilli and lysins for ox red cells and sheep red cells were detected in the culture media 2 to 5 days later. However, the cultured cells failed to produce antibody when these antigens were added to the media. Similar findings by Reiter, Przygode, and Schilf appeared in the early literature with regard to the appearance of antibodies to various antigens in tissue cultures of bone marrow from immunized animals, along with failure to elicit antibody formation by addition of antigen to the culture resulted from the addition of excess amounts of antigen, so that if antibody synthesis occurred, the excess antigen combined with antibody and significant amounts of free antibody could not be detected in the culture media. Thorbecke and Keuning observed an increase in antibody in culture fluids when bone marrow fragments from rabbits immunized to paratyphoid B vaccine were cultured in roller tubes.

A kinetic study of the exchange of normal and radioactive bromine in graphite-bromine lamellar compounds has been made at temperatures of 30° to 50°C. Natural and synthetic graphite powders were investigated. Two alternative mechanisms for the exchange, volume diffusion and surface exchange, were considered. The data were in better agreement with the diffusion mechanism. Diffusion coefficients of 10 -9 to 10 -8 cm2/sec and an activation energy of 11 to 14 kcal/mole were calculated for the natural graphite powders. The diffusion coefficients increased with increasing bromine content. Reversibly absorbed bromine exchanged more rapidly than irreversibly absorbed bromine.

Two methods are proposed for calculating zero-point energies of molecules. The first makes use of the fact that one can easily write down the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for a vibration system. The zero-point energy can then be obtained by a perturbation scheme without solving the secular equation. The second method requires a knowledge of the normal modes and frequencies of a reference molecule, but then enables one to calculate isotope effects by a perturbation scheme. The methods are applied to some examples and the convergence of the perturbation series is investigated. The approximate validity of the law of the mean for the isotope effect on zero-point energies is explored within the framework of the methods.

Technical report giving an overview of the use of nuclear energy to produce chemicals including a rough estimate of the economic potential.

Since 1940 it has been known that extra salt (i.e. sodium chloride) facilitated the development of experimental hypertension induced by various sterols; subsequently hypertension was induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate plus sodium chloride; then hypertension was produced by using hypertonic saline as the sole source of liquid; and finally, in 1953, Menesly and his associates reported that chronic ingestion of excess dietary salt alone would produce hypertension in rats. Furthermore, in conformity with general pharmacologic experience relating dose response to successive increments of a drug, as the average daily salt intake increased, the average systolic, blood pressure increased.

Several methods of determining meteorite ages depend ages upon nuclides formed by cosmic ray interactions. The tactic assumption is always made that the intensity of cosmic radiation does not vary in time or space. However it is known that the intensity of cosmic radiation at the earth varies with the solar activity. The spectrum of cosmic ray protons and alpha particles exhibit a marked drop at the low energy end (<1.5 GeV) and the intensity in the region appears to follow the 11 year cycle of solar activity. The low energy cosmic rays increase in intensity with a decrease in solar activity. These changes in cosmic ray intensities are generally attributed to a modulation of the galactic cosmic radiation by the magnetic fields associated with the outward streaming solar material, the solar wind. One would therefore expect that the cosmic ray intensity several astronomical units from the sun is greater than the intensity at the earth's orbit, particularly at the low energy end of the spectrums.

The cobalt and molybdenum positions had been derived from a three-dimensional Patterson function based on complete data out to λ-1 sin θMo≈ 1. From the separation of the separation of the Mo atoms it was thought that the structure contained free, unlinked MoO4 -2 ions, and this, together with the observed density and analyses for Co and Mo, suggested that the composition was probably Co2(MoO4)3. The paucity of structural information on complex oxide systems and the interesting properties, both structural and physical, of such systems prompted the present, detailed refinement of the structure. The result is more complicated and more interesting than had been anticipated: from the analysis of the X-ray data the compound is found to be NaCo2.31(MoO4)3, and this composition is consistent with chemical analyses. The structure shows several interesting features, including the partial occupancy of cobalt atoms in two independent CoO6 octahedral sites. In one arrangement of CoO6 octahedra there is the not too common face sharing to form infinite columns; in the other arrangement a zig-zag sheet, as far as we know differing from anything thus far reported, is formed by the sharing of edges and corners.

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing the Medical Research Reactor at the Medical Research Center. Design, tests, and operations of the reactor are presented. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.

Radiation and annealing mechanisms for dimensional and c-axis changes in which the di-interstitial can be mobile at any or all temperatures above absolute zero are shown to be concordant with earlier work used to determine the migration energy energy of single interstitials and the absolute rate of displacing atoms in graphite. The mechanisms account for the stability of c-axis and dimensional changes with time in the absence of irradiation and with observed c-axis annealing at room temperature following irradiation at low temperatures.

This report seeks to "develop a practical method of evaluating the eddy diffusivity of heat transfer for liquid metals, so that it can be incorporated into the more or less standard theoretical methods to give heat transfer coefficients which are in reasonable agreement with experimental facts"--from introduction.

Previous investigations that the pancreas is a radioresistant organ. Ivy in 1924 noted the presence of a fibrotic atrophic pancreas in a dog which had received one erythema dose to the epigastrium. Fisher in 1923 reported that four to five erythema doses delivered in a single application caused complete disappearance of the irradiated pancreatic remnant in about two months. These dogs died because of uncontrolled diabetes. One dog that received four erythema doses (possibly 200 r) was sacrificed after five months. At autopsy the irradiated pancreas had disappeared, but 275 mgm of regenerated pancreas were found at the base of the main duct and 100 mgm at the base of the accessory duct. Leven in 1933 implanted radon seeds into the pancreas. Dosages varied from 528 to 1584 millicurie hours. At postmorten the pancreas surrounding the seeds demonstrated fibrous atropy and foci of necrosis. The islets appeared normal but were relatively larger in size. Rauch in 1952 reported that dogs given 200 r in air over the pancreas on alternate days until a total of 1600 r was received failed to show any histological changes after two months. Lushbaugh and Spalding and Lushbaugh reported that over 1500 r of whole-body …

Kalanchoe seedlings were exposed to 330 r/20 hrs/day from a Co60 source. Samples were harvested weekly. No new leaves were produced after initial exposure to irradiation. Mitosis in the apical meristem appears to have been suppressed. However, the axillary meristem and the cambium continue their activity. This results in a much broadened stem tip with enlarged cells, supported by a stout internode in which cell size has remained relatively normal but cell number has increased. After about 26 days of exposure, meristematic activity in the shoot apex region appears to resume. This results in the formation of growth centers which can give rise to leaves or malformed structures. The original phyllotaxy is not recovered. It is suggested that this resumption of growth may be an instance of adaptation to irradiation.

This paper will first note briefly the place and status of radiobiotopical investigations with fast neutrons. The monoenergetic (fast) neutron technique employed at this laboratory will be then described and results of studies with various criteria-of-effect in the mouse will be reviewed. Finally, certain general patterns of response for these systems will be pointed out as functions of neutron energy.

Encysted Trichinella spiralis larvae incorporated carbon-14 from mice fed diets containing C14 -labeled glycerine and DL-alanine. In general, a higher level of C14 activity (C14 per gram of dry tissue) was found in muscle larvae than in muscle tissue. The presence of encysted Trichinella larvae in the muscles of 56-day and 180-day infected mice did not alter incorporation of C14 from these amino acids into infected muscle protein when compared with noninfected muscle. These experiments were extended to include the aromatic amino acids, DL-tyrosine and DL-tryptophan.

The efficiency of multiple traversal targets is defined as the probability that a proton dies by making a nuclear collision in the target rather than by hitting the limit of the synchrotron aperture. The efficiencies of Be, Al, Cu, and Pb targets are shown for 15 and 30-Bev protons in the Brooknaven AGS. Beryllium was found to be the most efficient. (M.C.G.)

The analysis of closed circuit systems in which spontaneous steady-state electric currents appear can be carried out with the use of the function [function not transcribed]. The analysis indicates that any open circuit system of the form. Phase 1, barrier 1, phase 2, ......, phase b, barrier b, phase 1' is a chemical source of electromotive force when the phase 1 and 1' are identical, when the system contains two or more barriers whose sets of ionic transport members are different, and when the system is composed of two or more phases whose chemical properties are different. A general expression for the electromotive force of model systems composed of homogeneous phases and biological membranes in linear array can be written as [expression not transcribed] in which the indicated summations are to be performed for all barriers and for all ions to which each barrier is permeable.

Our earlier in vitro studies have suggested that malignant tumors may not produce new cells more rapidly than normal cells are produced in the "steady state" equilibrium. Obviously tumors of all typed represent a diversion from "steady state" production with a net gain in mass of tissue. However, the increase in mass is not necessarily constant and may fluctuate in the natural history of the disorder. DNA labeling with tritiated thymidine had made it possible to characterize normal "steady state" hemopoietic growth parameters. We therefore thought it mandatory to extend these techniques to the study of growth rates of human leukemic cells. Also, since current therapy is more or less closely tied to a concept of unrestrained rapid growth, which we in part have begun to question, it appeared wise to look back at the historical development of knowledge about tumor growth. The existence of tumors in man has been known for millenia.

It has been established by chromosome marker studies, histochemical, immunological, and cytological methods that the hemopoietic tissues of animals exposed to lethal doses of whole-body irradiation can be repopulated by transfused autologous, homologous or heterologous bone marrow cells. However, the morphology of the cell responsible for the regeneration of hematopoietic activity in the various hemopoietic organs has not been identified. It has been shown that the bone marrow contains the cell or cells capable of regenerating all types of hemopoietic tissues. In order to identify transfused cells, one must have a label which persists through successive divisions. Odell and Smith labeled the donors with S35 methionin and were thus able to follow the accumulation of the donor marrow cells in the recipients lungs and subsequently their releases to the bone marrow and spleen. However, this compound has a relatively rapid turnover in the labeled cells and thus a relatively limited capability of serial studies to observe mitosis and differentiation. Tritiated thymidine is ideal for this purpose since it is incorporated solely into DNA and is diluted only by mitosis. In addition the high resolution with tritium makes it certain that one is observing nuclear labeling. Bond et al. have studied …

The enzymolysis by α-chymotrypsin of the substrates, N-acetyl-L-tryptophane ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, was followed by means of fluorescence whose intensity increased fourfold and threefold per mole respectively as substrate was transformed into amino acid. The assay by fluorescence was several orders of magnitude more sensitive than the assay by differential absorption spectra of these substances and was in agreement with it in those concentration regions where both methods overlap. To maintain linearity between concentration and fluorescence intensity, the concentration of substrate should be no greater than 10-4 M/1. In such solutions the rate of esterolysis could be followed with the enzyme at 10-11 M/1.

This report investigates the "formation of hydrazine from the cobalt-60 gamma radiolysis of ammonia in the presence of mineral solids"--from abstract.

Electron-transfer reactions involving bridged transition states are examined from the point of view of adiabatic electron transfer theory. One important function of the bridging group is to decrease the effective dipole moment of the charge system of the reaction ions. The effect on the activation energy is different for outer-sphere and inner-sphere reactions. Trends in the halide and hydroxide catalysis of isotopic exchange reactions of transition metal ions are discussed.

Since the end of the last century (Tarknow, 1896) radiation effect o the nervous tissue has been studied in experimental animals and humans by numerous investigators, using mostly pathomorphological changes as a parameter of radiosensitivity . With increasing time intervals following radiation, pathomorphological changes are more evident, which has been known for quite some time.

Innes, Zemen, Frenkel, Borner and Wright (1962) described an outbreak of encephalitozoönosis of the central nervous system in mice, a summary of which is given below for an understanding of why this appendix may be of interest. When the paper was presented for publication, the editors of the journal decided to omit the history of our mouse colony. In our opinion, to understand (a) how this infection may have arisen and (b) may have spread, and still exist in some colonies, it is of prime importance to know the history of this strain of mice used by us (and others). It also has lessons on the establishment and maintenance of so-called "disease-free" or "specific pathogen-free"* colonies of laboratory animals in general. Information on the history of the mice has been culled from Col. H. Yager, VC, Director of the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Research, Washington, D. C., and from Drs, Clara Lynch and John B. Nelson, Rockefeller Institute, New York.