This report discusses U.S. economic and security assistance to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).

This report discusses the political future of various countries in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region. A change in the leadership in these countries could significantly affect their policies toward the United States and their willingness to cooperate with the United States in achieving the stability needed to advance U.S. interests in this important region.

This comparative study assesses the state of democracy and examines the process of democratization in the Arab World between the years 1980-1993. It addresses shortcomings in the mainstream democracy literature that excluded the Arab World from the global democratic revolution on political cultural grounds. To fulfil the objectives of this study, I employ both the qualitative and quantitative research approaches to test a number of hypothesized relationships. I hypothesize that transition to democracy is negatively associated with economic development, militarism, U.S. foreign policy, the political economy of oil, and dependency. I contend that emerging civil society institutions so far have had no significant effect on democratization in the Arab World. Finally, I hypothesize that the level of democracy in the Arab World is influenced greatly by the issue of civil rights. In order to investigate the hypothesized relationships, the following data sets have been used: Gastil's Freedom House Data set, "Repression and Freedom in the 1980s" data set, and Vanhanen's 1990 data set. The findings of this study support the aforementioned hypothesized relationships. I find that Arab countries, in general have made modest progress toward democracy, making the Arab World part of the global revolution.

Peacekeeping is a means by which international or regional organizations control conflict situations that are likely to endanger international peace and security. Most scholars have viewed the contributions of peacekeeping forces only in terms of failures, and they have not investigated fully the political-military circumstances" under which conflict control measures succeed. This dissertation is an attempt to bridge this gap and to show how the OAU compares with the UN in carrying out peacekeeping missions. The method of research was the case study method in which primary and secondary data was used to describe the situations in which six peacekeeping forces operated. The content of resolutions, official reports and secondary data were examined for non-trivial evidences of impediments to implementation of mandates. Findings from the research indicate that peacekeeping missions not properly backed by political efforts at settlement of disputes, cooperation of the superpowers, and financial and logistic support were ineffective and usually unsuccessful. Lack of consensus and pursuit of national interests have resulted in ambiguous or unrealistic mandates and have reduced the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. Moreover, parties to a conflict were interested only in solutions that favored their interests and were often skeptical about the role and credibility …

The main objective of this research is to test some of the hypotheses linking economic development, social mobilization, legitimacy, and the coerciveness of the regime with internal political conflict. Each proposed hypothesis is to be tested across sixteen predominantly Islamic Middle Eastern nations for data from two time periods, 1960-66 and 1967-73. To check for the consistency and strength of the hypothesized relationships the test results for each hypothesis for the first period data will be compared with those of the second period.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about rumblings of a new middle East war which were voiced in Lebanon.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about president Nixon who begins the first leg of his trip back to Washington after spending the night at a royal guest house in Jordon.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the State Secretary Kissinger who returned to Jerusalem from Cairo for more negotiations aimed at disengaging Syria and Israeli troops along the Golan Heights.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the Syria president who says that he is willing to exchange war prisoners with Israel. Also, Israel invasion troops who departed from the last of their occupied Egyptian territory.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of sources saying that Syria has asked Secretary of State to help hammer out an Israeli-Syrian troop engagement on the Golan Heights. Also, a Pakistani airliner who arrived in Cairo, Egypt with three gunmen who held two hostages aboard a Greek freighter in Karachi harbor.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Saudi Arabia's foreign minister who has been quoted by a Beirut newspaper saying that the Israeli-Egyptian disengagements plan mediated by Henry Kissinger is not enough justification for lifting the Arab oil boycott.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Israeli State radio which says that the chief of staff in Tel Aviv has announced that there is no chance of an agreement for the withdrawal of forces along the Suez Canal.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Israeli foreign minister who announced that his country will attend the peace conference in Geneva.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Kissinger to start his tour to visit Algeria. Also, the story of tax status of a public interest research group.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of an Ethiopian airliner which signaled Italian Control Towers that it had been taken over by a hijacker. More than 127-thousand members of the United Auto Workers who are ready to go on strike if their negotiators fail to reach a new contract agreement with Chrysler.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.

This booklet is the fifth unit of a training course developed for Air Reserve personnel about the armed forces of non-communist countries. This unit discusses the Middle East and North Africa. It includes background information, review questions, and a list of readings for further study.

Letter to Cecile from her father about work and remaining issues in Syria, Lebanon, Persia, Egypt, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Letter to Cecile from her father discussing international relations and politics.