We confirm that for vanishingly small loading and large impact condition, it may be possible to generate solitons in a chain of grains that are characterized by Herkian contacts. For uniform or progressive loading conditions throughout the chain, one generates soft-solitons which are weakly dispersive in space and time. Under conditions of weak impact one generates acoustic pulses through the chain. We describe the displacements, velocities and accelerations suffered by the individual grains when subjected to solitons, soft-solitons and acoustic pulses and describe the effects of restitution on the propagating pulse.

We demonstrate that the propagation of solitons, soliton-like excitations and acoustic pulses discussed in the preceding article can be used to detect buried impurities in a chain of elastic grains with Hertzkur contacts. We also present preliminary data for 3D granular beds, where soliton-like objects can form and can be used to probe for buried impurities, thus suggesting that soliton-pulse spectroscopy has the potential to become a valuable tool for probing the structural properties of granular assemblies. The effects of restitution are briefly discussed. We refer to available experiments which support our contention.

This document provides a plan for the analysis of the data collected during the AZ-101 Mixer Pump Demonstration and Tests. This document was prepared after a review of the AZ-101 Mixer Pump Test Plan (Revision 4) [1] and other materials. The plan emphasizes a structured and well-ordered approach towards handling and examining the data. This plan presumes that the data will be collected and organized into a unified body of data, well annotated and bearing the date and time of each record. The analysis of this data will follow a methodical series of steps that are focused on well-defined objectives. Section 2 of this plan describes how the data analysis will proceed from the real-time monitoring of some of the key sensor data to the final analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of suspended solids. This section also identifies the various sensors or sensor systems and associates them with the various functions they serve during the test program. Section 3 provides an overview of the objectives of the AZ-101 test program and describes the data that will be analyzed to support that test. The objectives are: (1) to demonstrate that the mixer pumps can be operated within the operating requirements; (2) …

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X-ray lasers have been extensively studied around the world since the first laboratory demonstration on the Novette laser at LLNL in 1984. The characteristic properties of short wavelength, high monochromaticity, collimation and coherence make x-ray lasers useful for various applications. These include demonstrations of biological imaging within the water window, interferometry of laser plasmas and radiography of laser-heated surfaces. One of the critical issues has been the high power pump required to produce the inversion. The power scaling as a function of x-ray laser wavelength follows a {approx} {lambda}{sup -4} to {approx} {lambda}{sup -6} law. The shortest x-ray laser wavelength of {approx}35 {angstrom} demonstrated for Ni-like Au was at the limit of Nova laser capabilities. By requiring large, high power lasers such as Nova, the shot rate and total number of shots available have limited the rapid development of x-ray lasers and applications. In fact over the last fifteen years the main thrust has been to develop more efficient, higher repetition rate x-ray lasers that can be readily scaled to shorter wavelengths. The recent state of progress in the field can be found in references. The objective of the project was to develop a soft x-ray laser (XRL) pumped by …

Fermilab operates a single TESLA 9-cell superconducting RF cavity in support of a photoelectron R and D beam line. Power going into the 1.8K cryogenic system via static heat leak and RF dissipation is measured from the rate of rise of the pressure in the helium bath. This paper describes the techniques used to determine the cryostat heat load and the RF performance of the cavity. A photo-injector has been constructed at Fermilab to produce a low-energy (14--18 MeV) electron beam with high charge per bunch (8 nC), short bunch length (1 mm RMS), and small transverse emittance (<20 mm mrad). The facility was used to commission a photo-cathode RF gun for the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) Linac at DESY. At present, the Fermilab machine is being used for R and D in bunch length compression and fast beam diagnostics; experiments in plasma wake field acceleration and channeling acceleration are in preparation.

The solid state bonded joint between two components; called an autoclave bond, is critical to the performance of a weapon system. A nondestructive method to assess the integrity of these joints is needed to certify the weapon for extended life. This project is developing ultrasonic technologies for bond quality assessment. Existing ultrasonic technology easily maps totally unbonded areas in a bond line. As an example, Figure 1 is an ultrasonic image of the bondline in a tensile specimen that was taken from a surrogate autoclave bond. We enhanced this technology to quantify the mechanical properties of a bond. There are situations when a bond interface appears intact by existing inspection methods, but fails under minimal loading. We developed an ultrasonic technique to eliminate this problem and assess the durability of the bond. Our approach is based on advanced signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques that extract information from the ultrasonic signal after it interacts with the bondline. We successfully demonstrated this technique on surrogate samples. We also designed and began assembly of an ultrasonic system to evaluate weapon components. Our next step is to acquire ultrasonic data on real parts and tailor the bond classification algorithm to detect and image …

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is an attractive choice for solving large linear systems {Lambda}x = b on unstructured grids. While AMG is applicable as a solver for a variety of problems, its robustness may be enhanced by using it as a preconditioner for Krylov solvers, such as GMRES. The sheer size of modern problems, hundreds of millions or billions of unknowns, dictates the use of massively parallel computers. AMG consists of two phases: the setup phase, in which smaller and smaller linear systems are generated by means of linear transfer operators (interpolation and restriction); and the solve phase, which employs a smoothing operator, such as Gauss-Seidel or Jacobi relaxation. Most of these components can be parallelized in a straightforward fashion; however, the coarse-grid selection, in which the grid for a smaller linear system is created on which the error can be approximated, is highly sequential. It is important to develop parallel coarsening techniques. They briefly present here the coarsening algorithms used in the parallel AMG code ''Boomer AMG'' and summarize some performance results for those algorithms. A detailed discussion of the algorithms and numerical results will be found.

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We present a novel technique of sampling the configurations of helical proteins. Assuming knowledge of native secondary structure, we employ assembly rules gathered from a database of existing structures to enumerate the geometrically possible 3-D arrangements of the constituent helices. We produce a library of possible folds for 25 helical protein cores. In each case the method finds significant numbers of conformations close to the native structure. In addition we assign coordinates to all atoms for 4 of the 25 proteins. In the context of database driven exhaustive enumeration our method performs extremely well, yielding significant percentages of structures (0.02%--82%) within 6A of the native structure. The method's speed and efficiency make it a valuable contribution towards the goal of predicting protein structure.

The performance of the CDF end-plug calorimeter is described. The authors determined the energy resolutions to be {sigma}/{Epsilon} = 14.5%/{radical}{Epsilon} {circle{underscore}plus} 0.7% for electron and {sigma}/{Epsilon} = 68.0%/{radical}{Epsilon} {circle{underscore}plus} 4.1% for charged pion, where {Epsilon} is the energy measured in GeV. The response linearities satisfied their requirements. The response variations on the surface of a typical tower were measured to be 2.3% for e{sup +} and 1.6% for {pi}{sup +}. For the photon conversion detection by the preshower detector, they obtained the detection efficiency for two minimum ionizing particles to be 90--100% for the phototube gains of (1--4) x 10{sup 5}. The rate of {pi}{sup +'s} depositing large fractions of energy in the electromagnetic section could be reduced by factors of 1.4--2.0 with keeping 95% efficiency for e{sup +}.

The research activities have been underway. We have located a large body of source material from aerospace, shipbuilding and manufacturing businesses that is serving the basis for identifying improvement methodologies. Our work on developing the three models proposed to capture the extent of the improvement possibilities has been ongoing.

The spatiotemporal evolution of parametric instabilities such as stimulated Raman scattering is studied analytically in time and two spatial dimensions. Initial and boundary conditions are chosen to represent the entrance, propagation, and exit of a laser pulse of finite extent as it progresses through a homogeneous collisional plasma channel. For most scattering angles daughter wave growth is enhanced by lateral reflections within the channel. At late times the two-dimensional interaction approaches a one-dimensional damped mode in which the dissipative loss from lateral transmission of the Stokes wave through the channel boundaries is equivalent to an overall damping of the Stokes amplitudes within the channel.

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This paper describes the use of commercial quantum chemistrycodes to simu-late several critical scintillation processes. The crystalis modeled as a cluster of typically 50 atoms embedded in an array oftypically 5,000 point charges designed to reproduce the electrostaticfield of the infinite crystal. The Schrodinger equation is solved for theground, ionized, and excited states of the system to determine the energyand electron wavefunction. Computational methods for the followingcritical processes are described: (1) the formation and diffusion ofrelaxed holes, (2) the formation of excitons, (3) the trapping ofelectrons and holes by activator atoms, (4) the excitation of activatoratoms, and (5) thermal quenching. Examples include hole diffusion in CsI,the exciton in CsI, the excited state of CsI:Tl, the energy barrier forthe diffusion of relaxed holes in CaF2 and PbF2, and prompt hole trappingby activator atoms in CaF2:Eu and CdS:Te leading to an ultra-fast (<50ps) scintillation risetime.

This paper presents a new approach to a gesture tracking system using real-time range on-demand. The system represents a gesture-controlled interface for interactive visual exploration of large data sets. The paper describes a method performing range processing only when necessary and where necessary. Range data is processed only for non-static regions of interest. This is accomplished by a set of filters on the color, motion, and range data. The speedup achieved is between 41% and 54%. The algorithm also includes a robust skin color segmentation insensitive to illumination changes. Selective range processing results in dynamic regional range images (DRRIs). This development is also placed in a broader context of a biological visual system emulation, specifically redundancies and attention mechanisms.

This invention generally relates to the remote removal of pelletized samples from cylindrical containment capsules. V-blocks are used to receive the samples and provide guidance to push out rods. Stainless steel liners fit into the v-channels on the v-blocks which permits them to be remotely removed and replaced or cleaned to prevent cross contamination between capsules and samples. A capsule holder securely holds the capsule while allowing manual up/down and in/out movement to align each sample hole with the v-blocks. Both end sections contain identical v-blocks; one that guides the drive out screw and rods or manual push out rods and the other to receive the samples as they are driven out of the capsule.

The modification of the optical characteristics of a laser beam by a plasma is a key issue in laser-plasma coupling. it is critical to understand how this takes place, if we are ever to understand the interaction processes in the plasma corona as well as the coupling at super-high intensities--as when laser pulses approach Petawatt intensities. Interpreting and understanding parametric instabilities in laser-produced plasmas has been a problem of increasing complexity. Improvements in diagnostic capabilities in experimental studies, as well as refinements in the modeling (using different numerical techniques), are showing a complex scenario: strong interplay among instabilities, modification of the plasma conditions caused by the instabilities, and modification to the initial distribution of laser intensity inside the plasma. Of particular interest are stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), instabilities which have been studied extensively during the past 20 years, both theoretically and experimentally. Until now, most studies--mainly driven by requirements associated with inertial confinement fusion (ICF)--have concentrated on backscattering instabilities. The role of forward instabilities has not received much attention, despite having the potentials for strongly modifying the overall laser-plasma interaction region. The objective of this project is to study numerically the nonlinear enhancement of large-angle, …

This report presents an assessment of the efficiency and power density limitations of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion systems for both ideal (radiative-limited) and practical (defect-limited) systems. Thermodynamics is integrated into the unique process physics of TPV conversion, and used to define the intrinsic tradeoff between power density and efficiency. The results of the analysis reveal that the selection of diode bandgap sets a limit on achievable efficiency well below the traditional Carnot level. In addition it is shown that filter performance dominates diode performance in any practical TPV system and determines the optimum bandgap for a given radiator temperature. It is demonstrated that for a given radiator temperature, lower bandgap diodes enable both higher efficiency and power density when spectral control limitations are included. The goal of this work is to provide a better understanding of the basic system limitations that will enable successful long-term development of TPV energy conversion technology.

This project deals with the demonstration of a coking process using proprietary technology of Calderon, with the following objectives geared to facilitate commercialization: (i) making coke of such quality as to be suitable for use in hard-driving, large blast furnaces; (ii) providing proof that such process is continuous and environmentally closed to prevent emissions; (iii) demonstrating that high-coking-pressure (non-traditional) coal blends which cannot be safely charged into conventional by-product coke ovens can be used in the Calderon process; (iv) conducting a blast furnace test to demonstrate the compatibility of the coke produced; and (v) demonstrating that coke can be produced economically, at a level competitive with coke imports. The activities of the past quarter continued to be focused on the following: Concluding the Negotiation and completing Contracts among Stakeholders of the Team; Revision of Final Report for Phase I; Engineering Design Progress; Selection of Systems Associates, Inc. for design of Control System; Conclusion of Secrecy Agreement with Carborundum (St. Gobain); and Permitting Work and Revisions.

Liquid wall protection, which challenges chamber clearing, has such advantages it's Heavy Ion Fusion's (HIF) main line chamber design. Thin liquid protection from x rays is necessary to avoid erosion of structural surfaces and thick liquid makes structures behind 0.5 m of Flibe (7 mean free paths for 14 MeV neutrons), last the life of the plant. Liquid wall protection holds the promise of greatly increased economic competitiveness. Driver designers require {approx}200 beams to illuminate recent target designs from two sides. The illumination must be compatible with liquid wall protection. The ''best'' values for driver energy, gain, yield and pulse rate comes out of well-known trade-off studies. An integrated chamber design, yet to be made, depends on several key assumptions, which are to be proven before HIF can be shown to be feasible. The chamber R&amp;D needed to reduce the unknowns and risks depend on resolving a few technical issues such as jet surface smoothness and rapid chamber clearing.

A templated carbon was prepared by the pyrolysis of pyrene impregnated into pillared clay (PILC). The electrochemical performance of this was evaluated with the goal of using this material as an anode in Li-ion cells. The reversible capacity was measured as a function of C rate and the cycling characteristics were determined for various intercalation protocols. The performance of this material was compared to that of several commercial graphites tested under the same conditions. The PILC carbon shows great promise as a Li-ion anode if the fade and first-cycle losses can be controlled.

The Boltzmann transport equation can be solved to give analytical solutions to the resistivity, Hall, Seebeck, and Nernst coefficients. These solutions may be solved simultaneously to give the density-of-states (DOS) effective mass, the Fermi energy relative to either the conduction or valence band, and a scattering parameter that is related to a relaxation time and the Fermi energy. The Nernst coefficient is essential for determining the scattering parameter and, thereby, the effective scattering mechanism(s). The authors constructed equipment to measure these four transport coefficients simultaneously over a temperature range of 30-350 K for thin, semiconducting films deposited on insulating substrates.

This specification establishes the performance requirements and provides references to the requisite codes and standards to be applied during design of the Double-Shell Tank (DST) Transfer Piping Subsystem that supports the first phase of Waste Feed Delivery. This specification establishes the performance requirements and provides references to the requisite codes and standards to be applied during design of the Double-Shell Tank (DST) Transfer Piping Subsystem that supports the first phase of waste feed delivery. This subsystem transfers waste between transfer-associated structures (pits) and to the River Protection Project (RPP) Privatization Contractor Facility where it will be processed into an immobilized waste form. This specification is intended to be the basis for new projects/installations (W-521, etc.). This specification is not intended to retroactively affect previously established project design criteria without specific direction by the program.