This supporting document presents a description of the 242-A Evaporator flowsheet. Material balances are calculated for feed, slurry, and effluent streams based on input data for the feed stream.

Monitoring the thermal and hydrologic processes that occur during thermal environmental remediation programs in near real-time provides essential information for controlling the process. Geophysical techniques played a crucial role in process control as well as for characterization during the recent Dynamic Underground Stripping Project demonstration in which several thousand gallons of gasoline were removed from heterogeneous soils both above and below the water table. Dynamic Underground Stripping combines steam injection and electrical heating for thermal enhancement with ground water pumping and vacuum extraction for contaminant removal. These processes produce rapid changes in the subsurface properties including changes in temperature fluid saturation, pressure and chemistry. Subsurface imaging methods are used to map the heated zones and control the thermal process. Temperature measurements made in wells throughout the field reveal details of the complex heating phenomena. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) provides near real-time detailed images of the heated zones between boreholes both during electrical heating and steam injection. Borehole induction logs show close correlation with lithostratigraphy and, by identifying the more permeable gravel zones, can be used to predict steam movement. They are also useful in understanding the physical changes in the field and in interpreting the ERT images. Tiltmeters provide additional …

This document provides the Readiness Assessment Plan (RAP) for the Project W-025 (Radioactive Mixed Waste Land Disposal Facility) Readiness Assessment (RA). The RAP documents prerequisites to be met by the operating organization prior to the RA. The RAP is to be implemented by the RA Team identified in the RAP. The RA Team is to verify the facility`s compliance with criteria identified in the RAP. The criteria are based upon the {open_quotes}Core Requirements{close_quotes} listed in DOE Order 5480.31, {open_quotes}Startup and Restart of Nuclear Facilities{close_quotes}.

This report provides the qualitative risk assessment for the 100-HR-3 operable unit on the Hanford Reservation. 100-HR-3 is a ground water unit. The purpose of the QRA at the 100-HR-3 operable unit is to focus on a predefined set of human and environmental exposure scenarios in order to provides sufficient information that will assist the Tri-Party signatories (Washington State Department of Ecology, EPA and US DOE) in making defensible decisions on the necessity of Interim Remedial Measures. Frequent- and occasional-use exposure scenarios are evaluated in the human health risk assessment to provide bounding estimates of risk. The ecological risk assessment consists of an evaluation of the risks to riparian and aquatic receptors which live in or near the Columbia River.

Platinum/iridium and tungsten wires were electronically etched in chloride and caustic solution, respectively, to produce tips with high aspect ratio. A direct relationship between the meniscus and the aspect ratio of etched tips was established. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that higher aspect ratios were obtained by changing the geometry of the meniscus during the etch either by an increase in the applied a.c. voltage or with the addition of a nonpolar layer above the electrolytic solution during the etching process. Above the breakdown voltage, two possible mechanisms appeared to control the etching process by expediting chemical dissolution: cavitation and sparking. Cavitation caused erosion due to the force of evolved gases against the electrode and sparking attacked the surface by vaporizing the metal. Sparking commenced on both wires near 24V. This voltage corresponded to a minimum in the plot of total etch time versus voltage. From light emission studies, sparking on Pt/Ir was associated with the ionization of Pt, Ir, Ca, and Cl. A compositional analysis of insoluble black particles produced during a.c. and d.c. etching of Pt/Ir revealed Pt and Ir as the major constituents of the product. The sparking process was shown to have a potential use in micromachining.

We describe a point-centered diffusion discretization for 3-D unstructured meshes of polyhedra. The method has several attractive qualities, including second-order accuracy and preservation of linear solutions. A potential drawback to the scheme is that the diffusion matrix is asymmetric, in general. Results of numerical test problems illustrate the behavior of the scheme.

Hanford Site tank waste supernatants will be pretreated to separate the low-level and high-level fractions. The low-level waste fraction, containing the bulk of the chemical constituents, must be processed into a vitrified waste product which will be disposed of onsite, in a safe, environmentally sound, and cost effective manner. The high-level waste fraction separated during supernatant pretreatment (primarily cesium) will be recombined with an additional high-level waste fraction generated from pretreatment of the tank waste sludges and solids. This combined high-level waste fraction will be immobilized as glass and disposed in a geological repository. The purpose of this document is to establish the functional requirements baseline for Project W-236B, Initial Pretreatment Module, by defining the level 5 and 6 functions and requirements for the project. A functional analysis approach has been used to break down the program functions and associated physical requirements that each function must meet. As the systems engineering process evolves, the design requirements document will replace this preliminary functions and requirements document. The design requirements document (DRD) will identify key decisions and associated uncertainties that impact the project. A revision of this document to a DRD is not expected to change the performance requirements or open issues. …

This study started on 1 June 1989 and ended 14 November 1991. Two moored in situ natural fluorometers were deployed in January 1990 to collect bio-optical data for one year, making ground truth measurements around the mooring during 4 cruises. This one-year time series would investigate how the short-term physical forcing aliases the long-term primary production record such that the apparent, larger interannual variability in the record is in reality ``noise`` due to short-term fluctuations in the rate of nutrient input to the euphotic zone. These continuous measurements from moored bio-optical instruments would also allow better estimates of the mean and variance in primary production in these waters than has previously been available from shipboard measurements, as well as, phytoplankton response to short-term physical events. Ancillary measurements that were made were: (1) characterization of the apparent and inherent optical properties, (2) photosynthetic pigment distributions using both HPLC and standard fluorometric methods, (3) carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content of suspended particulate matter, (4) primary production using conventional {sup 14}C methods from simulated in situ experiments.

None

Refractory metal contacts to GaAs show great promise for stability during high-temperature processing and for high-reliability. In this paper the authors report a study of sputtered tungsten and tungsten silicide contacts to ion implanted p-GaAs with both Zn and Mg implantations. This study focused on refractory contacts to shallow implanted contact layers that are suitable for devices such as JFETs and HBTs. The very different energy loss mechanisms of Zn and Mg ions result in different levels of implant damage which is studied by varying anneal temperatures and measuring the effects on contact and sheet resistances with the transmission line method. For the fabrication schemes investigated, specific contact resistivity versus anneal temperature with implant doses from 1 {times} 10{sup 14} to 5 {times} 10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}2} are found to vary from non-ohmic to 10{sup {minus}7} {Omega}-cm{sup 2}. Low resistance contacts to shallow (<800 {angstrom}) implanted layers are achieved.

The Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and Natural Gas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the natural gas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for natural gas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting natural gas information.

The Petroleum Marketing Monthly is designed to give information and statistical data about a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products. The publication provides statistics on crude oil costs and refined petroleum products sales for use by industry, government, private sector analysts, education institutions, and consumers. Data on crude oil include the domestic first purchase price, the f.o.b. and landed cost of imported crude oil, and the refiner`s acquisition cost of crude oil. Sales data for motor gasoline, distillates, residuals, aviation fuels, kerosene, and propane are presented.

A novel computer code is being developed to generate system level designs of radiofrequency ion accelerators with specific applications to machines of interest to Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies (ADTT). The goal of the Accelerator System Model (ASM) code is to create a modeling and analysis tool that is easy to use, automates many of the initial design calculations, supports trade studies used in accessing alternate designs and yet is flexible enough to incorporate new technology concepts as they emerge. Hardware engineering parameters and beam dynamics are to be modeled at comparable levels of fidelity. Existing scaling models of accelerator subsystems were used to produce a prototype of ASM (version 1.0) working within the Shell for Particle Accelerator Related Code (SPARC) graphical user interface. A small user group has been testing and evaluating the prototype for about a year. Several enhancements and improvements are now being developed. The current version of ASM is described and examples of the modeling and analysis capabilities are illustrated. The results of an example study, for an accelerator concept typical of ADTT applications, is presented and sample displays from the computer interface are shown.

The In-Tank Precipitation process (ITP) receives High Level Waste (HLW) supernatant liquid containing radionuclides in waste processing tank 48H. Sodium tetraphenylborate, NaTPB, and monosodium titanate (MST), NaTi{sub 2}O{sub 5}H, are added for removal of radioactive Cs and Sr, respectively. In addition to removal of radio-strontium, MST will also remove plutonium and uranium. The majority of the feed solutions to ITP will come from the dissolution of supernate that had been concentrated by evaporation to a crystallized salt form, commonly referred to as saltcake. The concern for criticality safety arises from the adsorption of U and Pt onto MST. If sufficient mass and optimum conditions are achieved then criticality is credible. The concentration of u and Pt from solution into the smaller volume of precipitate represents a concern for criticality. This report supplements WSRC-TR-93-171, Nuclear Criticality Safety Bounding Analysis For The In-Tank-Precipitation (ITP) Process. Criticality safety in ITP can be analyzed by two bounding conditions: (1) the minimum safe ratio of MST to fissionable material and (2) the maximum fissionable material adsorption capacity of the MST. Calculations have provided the first bounding condition and experimental analysis has established the second. This report combines these conditions with canyon facility data to evaluate …

This ICERVS Phase II Subsystem Design Report describes the detailed software design of the Phase II Interactive Computer-Enhanced Remote Viewing System (ICERVS). ICERVS is a computer-based system that provides data acquisition, data visualization, data analysis, and model synthesis to support robotic remediation of hazardous environments. Due to the risks associated with hazardous environments, remediation must be conducted remotely using robotic systems, which, in turn, must rely on 3D models of their workspace to support both task and path planning with collision avoidance. Tools such as ICERVS are vital to accomplish remediation tasks in a safe, efficient manner. The 3D models used by robotic systems are based on solid modeling methods, in which objects are represented by enclosing surfaces (polygons, quadric surfaces, patches, etc.) or collections of primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, etc.). In general, these 3D models must be created and/or verified by actual measurements made in the robotics workspace. However, measurement data is empirical in nature, with typical output being a collection of xyz triplets that represent sample points on some surface(s) in the workspace. As such, empirical data cannot be readily analyzed in terms of geometric representations used in robotic workspace models. The primary objective of ICERVS is to …

The objective of this project is to develop a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, quantitative characterization of a fluvial-deltaic reservoir which will allow realistic interwell and reservoir-scale modeling to be used for improved oil-field development in similar reservoirs world wide. The geological and petrophysical properties of the Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone in east-central Utah will be quantitatively determined. Both new and existing data will be integrated into a 3-D representation of spatial variations in porosity, storativity, and tensorial rock permeability at a scale appropriate for interwell to regional-scale reservoir simulation. Results could improve reservoir management through proper infill and extension drilling strategies, reduce economic risks, increase recovery from existing oil fields, and provide more reliable reserve calculations. Transfer of the project results to the petroleum industry will be an integral component of the project. The technical progress is divided into several sections corresponding to subtasks outlined in the Regional Stratigraphy Task and the Case Studies Task of the original proposal. The primary objective of the Regional Stratigraphy Task is to provide a more detailed interpretation of the stratigraphy of the Ferron Sandstone outcrop belt from Last Chance Creek to Ferron Creek. The morphological framework established from the case studies will be used to generate …

Sierra Energy Company, in consultation with Rim Companies, concluded that additional work was required for Subtask 2.1.4 -- Interpret data, of Task 2.1 - Acquire 3-D seismic data. The goal of this subtask was to interpret the 3-D seismic data, using a workstation, in order to locate the surface and subsurface positions for the slant and horizontal wellbores. Although this goal had been reached, more work was needed for plotting maps and seismic sections. Furthermore, it was determined that an additional look at the amplitude distribution in the Frontier sands would greatly benefit the interpretation.

The end of the 3 chip ladder, shown below, consists of silicon mounted on a piece of beryllium which is adhered to the cooling channel. Outboard of the cooling channel is a region of ladder composed primarily of silicon/beryllium. Operation and cooling of the ladder results in a change in temperature from the assembly temperature, which will result in deflections due to the difference in expansion coefficients of the two materials, otherwise known as 'bi-metal' bowing. The goal of this note is to present a design of the beryllium plate on the underside of the ladder which reduces the thermally induced bow to a reasonable deflection. This region of ladder will see a fairly large temperature gradient during detector operation due to the heat load of the transceivers on the ladder end. Expected temperatures range between 22 C on the ladder end to 9.5 C near the cooling channel for a coolant temperature of 5 C. The coolant temperature may be as low as -5 C, so we may estimate a lower limit on the ladder temperatures to be 10 C cooler, ranging from 12 C on the ladder end to -0.5 C near the bulkhead (assumes negligible convection from …

The program has included continued extension and maintenance of the specifications for data acquisition systems for high energy physics applications. Work continued on the study, development and specification of the FASTBUS system and of other systems to meet the changing needs of the community. The approach has maximized the use of available, technology, systems, subsystems, and components. Work on a version of FASTBUS optimized for accelerator and experiment control applications, and interfaces to other busses has been examined to see to what extent existing systems can be utilized. Processing of the revised editions the ANSI/IEEE standards was be pursued so that they can be published in 1994. This applies also to the corresponding international standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) though the international processing is expected to take somewhat longer. The project provides a clearing house for data acquisition system information and maintains liaison with and collaborates with the ESONE Committee of European Laboratories and national and international laboratories involved with data acquisition and control systems for high energy and nuclear physics.

Applying a dielectric layer to the output of a microchannel plate (MCP) has allowed the screen voltage of a sealed microchannel-plate intensifier tube (MCPI) to be raised to over 10 kV, producing a field strength of 36 kV/mm without any detectable field emission or breakdown of the MCP/screen gap. Tube resolution exceeded 16 lp/mm at 50% modulation. Breakdown is higher in a dielectric than in a vacuum. In a concept being patented by Gary Power, a few-{mu}m-thick layer of a dielectric was sputtered onto the output surface of an 18-mm MCP, which was incorporated into a tube under a contract for four tube starts. This process is applicable to any device incorporating a proximity-focused MCP and screen, including streak tubes and gated MCP x-ray imagers. Other improvements discussed include a patented use of a collimator for eliminating the electrons that are elastically scattered from the screen. This method also provides for further improvements in screen gap limited resolution to any desired degree by eliminating electrons with high transverse energy. This occurs at the expense of output brightness, which can be recovered through an appropriate increase in screen voltage.

The aim of this contract is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying adsorption and surface precipitation of flooding surfactants on reservoir minerals. Effect of surfactant structure, surfactant combinations and other inorganic and polymeric species and solids of relevant mineralogy will also be determined. A multi-pronged approach consisting of micro & nano spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, electrokinetics, surface tension and wettability win be used to achieve the goals. The results of this study should help in controlling surfactant loss in chemical flooding and also in developing optimum structures and conditions for efficient chemical flooding processes. Adsorption/desorption of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether (C{sub 12}EO{sub 8}) surfactant mixtures at the kaolinite-water and alumina-water interfaces was studied during this quarter. The microstructure of the adsorbed layer was investigated using spectroscopic techniques. Effect of the hydrocarbon chain length of octaethylene glycol mono n-alkyl ether (C{sub n}EO{sub 8}) type nonionic surfactants on the adsorption of 1:1 mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/C{sub n}EO{sub 8} at the kaolinite/water interface was studied. The adsorption of SDS was enhanced by the presence of C{sub 10}EO{sub 8} but this effect was not as significant as those by C{sub 12--16}EO{sub 8}. Interestingly, once the …

Electrical noise is produced by switching transients in the power supply converters which excite resonances formed by stray capacitance and cable inductance. This noise is present not only on the load cables, but also on ground cables of the magnet and of the converter cabinet. Since there will eventually be a large number of cabinets running at one time, tests were carried out to characterize the noise and to investigate possible techniques for reducing the levels. The tests were carried out on the test girder and converter cabinet set up in 412 area. There were four magnets installed on the girder -- two 0.5m quadrupoles, a 0.8m quadrupole, and a sextupole. These tests were carried out on one of the 0.5m quadrupoles. It should be noted that with this setup, the raw dc power was supplied at around 70V. In the final configuration, a 0.5m quad will be fed from a 40V raw supply. Consequently, the switching transients observed during the tests are likely to be higher than will occur in reality. Noise currents contain two main components: a low frequency component at around 50kHz, and a higher frequency component at around lMHz. It is the latter component which is …

Heavy-ion induction accelerators are being developed as fusion drivers for ICF power production in the US Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) program, in the Office of Fusion Energy of the US Department of Energy. In addition, they represent an attractive driver option for a high-yield microfusion facility for defense research. This paper describes recent progress in induction drivers for Heavy-Ion Fusion (HIF), and plans for future work. It presents research aimed at developing drivers having reduced cost and size, specifically advanced induction linacs and recirculating induction accelerators (recirculators). The goals and design of the Elise accelerator being built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), as the first stage of the ILSE (Induction Linac Systems Experiments) program, are described. Elise will accelerate, for the first time, space-charge-dominated ion beams which are of full driver scale in line-charge density and diameter. Elise will be a platform on which the critical beam manipulations of the induction approach can be explored. An experimental program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) exploring the recirculator principle on a small scale is described in some detail; it is expected that these studies will result ultimately in an operational prototype recirculating induction accelerator. In addition, other elements of the US …

This document presents the Mass BAlance (MBA) database system user instructions which explain how to record the encapsulation activity from the K Basin as it is being performed on the computer, activity associated with keeping the work area safe from going critical, and administrative functions associated with the system. This document includes the user instructions, which also serve as the software requirements specification for the system implemented on the microcomputer. This includes suggested user keystrokes, examples of screens displayed by the system, and reports generated by the system. It shows how the system is organized, via menus and screens. It does not explain system design nor provide programmer instructions. MBA was written to equip the personnel performing K-Basin encapsulation tasks with a conservative estimate of accumulated mass during the processing of canisters into and out of the chute, primarily in the K-East basin.