The triplet state of chlorophyll has been utilized as a nondestructive probe into the structural and dynamical nature of the photosynthetic apparatus. During the past year, using zero-field triplet state optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chlorophyll aggregates were examined in both their natural environment in vivo and in model complexes in vitro. Research efforts have focused on subchloroplast particles extracted from green plants, on chlorophyll monolayers, and on isolated chlorophyll molecules bound to both simple ligands and to complete proteins. The overall aim of the research program is to detail the physical features and interactions of the photosynthetic pigment systems through examination of structural subunits of the photosynthetic apparatus and model systems which represent them.

Separate abstracts were prepared for the two sections included. (WHK)

A method was developed to establish a numerically controlled tool path with respect to the work spindle centerline. Particularly adapted to the diamond turning of optics, this method is based upon interferogram analysis and is applicable to the establishment of the work spindle centerline relative to the tool path for any center-turned optic having a well-defined vertex radius of curvature. The application reported is for an f/2 concave spherical mirror.

This report presents new developments in measurement technology relevant to the studies of deep geological repositories for nuclear waste disposal during all phases of development, i.e., site selection, site characterization, construction, operation, and decommission. Emphasis has been placed on geophysics and geotechnics with special attention to those techniques applicable to bedded salt. The techniques are grouped into sections as follows: tectonic environment, state of stress, subsurface structures, fractures, stress changes, deformation, thermal properties, fluid transport properties, and other approaches. Several areas that merit further research and developments are identified. These areas are: in situ thermal measurement techniques, fracture detection and characterization, in situ stress measurements, and creep behavior. The available instrumentations should generally be improved to have better resolution and accuracy, enhanced instrument survivability, and reliability for extended time periods in a hostile environment.

The High Field Test Facility (HFTF), presently under construction at LLNL, is a set of superconducting coils that will be used to test 1-m-o.d. coils of prototype conductors for fusion magnets in fields up to 12 T. The facility consists of two concentric sets of coils; the outer set is a stack of Nb-Ti solenoids, and the inner set is a pair of solenoids made of cryogenically-stabilized, multifilamentary Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductor, developed for use in mirror-fusion magnets. The HFTF system is designed to be parted along the midplane to allow high-field conductors, under development for Tokamak fusion machines, to be inserted and tested. The background field coils were wound pancake-fashion, with cold-welded joints at both the inner and outer diameters. Turn-to-turn insulation was fabricated at LLNL from epoxy-fiberglass strip. The coils were assembled and tested in our 2-m-diam cryostat to verify their operation.

EEMIS has responsibility for providing special information and communication services to government officials, at Federal and state levels, who must deal with energy emergencies. Because of proprietary information residing in the data base used for Federal purposes, a special system (EEMIS-S) must be established for use by the states. It is planned to acquire teleprocessing services for EEMIS-S from a time-sharing commercial vendor, and the process for procurement must meet guidelines for approval. The work plan and schedule for meeting these guidelines are discussed. Tasks to be included contain estimates of time, cost, and resources required, all of which are briefly described.

The connection between the cubic-to-tetragonal martensitic phase transformation and the phenomenon of superconductivity in A15 compounds is being investigated. The degradation of the critical parameters, such as T/sub c/, H/sub c2/, and J/sub c/, with mechanical straining is of particular interest. Low-temperature x-ray diffraction experiments are performed on Nb/sub 3/Sn ribbons (with the bronze layers etched off) mounted on copper and indium sample stages. The cryostat used is unique in that it has a vacuum mechanical insert which allows the superconductor to be placed under both compressive and tensile strains while at low temperatures. Preliminary results indicate that the martensitic phase transition temperature, T/sub m/, increases with compressive strains. Other effects of strain on tetragonal phase production are also discussed.

Metered energy consumption data have been collected on existing commercial buildings to help establish the proposed Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS). The search has identified 84 buildings whose metered energy consumption is equal to or less than that proposed for their BEPS budgets and another 7 buildings whose metered consumption is less than 20% above their BEPS budgets. The methodology used to identify the buildings and to collect their metered energy consumption data are described. The data are analyzed and summarized and conclusions are drawn.

Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of improving the optical image transmitted through a military aircraft windscreen by using single-point diamond turning. Reduced warpage (waviness) of the windscreen surfaces ensures that a more accurate optical image is presented to the aircraft pilot. Machining the acrylic surface was accomplished with slightly impared image transmissibility. The use of this technique as a potential production process is discussed.

Wide-angle focusing Fresnel Lenses with specially curved image collapsing mirrors are developed for nontracking solar concentrators. A new type of stepped prism lens is designed with prism facets on either the inside or outer lens surface which concentrates solar radiation incident in a 60/sup 0/ elevation by 100/sup 0/ azimuth angle sectors. Thermal tests on a small model collector with a dielectric lens aperture 30 1/2 x 30 1/2 cms were conducted using a single subreflector which concentrated all acceptance zone radiation onto a fixed absorber shelf 8 cms wide. With absorbing copper tubes coated with black chrome carrying water as circulant thermal efficiencies of approximately 50% on large East West deployed solar panels are estimated. Vacuum abosrbers were also installed with improved efficiencies and operating temperatures. Segmented subreflectors were designed to increase concentration ratios from 3 to approximately 12. An economic study of the comparative cost vs performance advantages of this new technology was made. Production cost (1980) for the stepped lens - single subreflector concentrator were estimated at about $113. per meter/sup 2/ ($10.50 per ft/sup 2/). Because of the wider angular coverages, thinner structures, and sharp focusing available for larger concentration ratios, the new technology offers important …

Methods used to obtain the evaluated prompt fisson neutron spectrum N(E) and the average prompt neutron multiplicity anti ..nu../sub p/ are reviewed. The relative influence of experimental data; interpolated, extrapolated, and fitted experimental data; systematics; and nuclear theory are considered for the cases where (a) abundant experimental data exist, (b) some experimental data exist, and (c) no experimental data exist. The Maxwellian and Watt distributions, and the determination of the parameters of these distributions by data fitting, are described and compared to recent new theoretical work on the calculation of N(E). Similarly, various expressions for anti ..gamma../sub p/ that have been obtained by data fitting and systematics are described and compared to recent new theoretical work. Complications in the evaluation of N(E) and anti ..gamma../sub p/ due to the onset of multiple-chance fission and the interrelationships between N(E), anti ..gamma delta../sub p/ and the multiple-chance fission cross section are discussed using the example of the fission of /sup 235/U. Some statistics and comments are given on the evaluations of N(E) and anti ..gamma../sub p/ contained in ENDF/B-V, and a number of concluding recommendations are made for future evaluation work.

The question of calculating differences in s- and p-wave radiation widths as a valid evaluation tool is explored. A purely statistical approach such as that provided by the Brink-Axel formula depends upon two factors: 1) an adequate description of the giant dipole resonance shape at energies well below the resonance, and 2) an adequate description of the level densities between the ground state and the excitation of the compound nucleus near the neutron separation energy. Some success has been obtained in certain regions of the periodic table with this simple approach, e.g., in the actinides where all nuclei exhibit similar rigid permanent deformations. However, if the method is to be used as a general evaluation procedure throughout the periodic table and particularly in regions where the radiative transition probabilities are enhanced by direct processes, it appears that much more nuclear structure information needs to be incorporated into the calculations.

Currently, direct fuel rho r measurements on Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets by neutron activation of the argon tracer gas mixed with the DT fuel would require a 100 fold increase in neutron yield. Bromine, on the other hand, has excellent properties for neutron activation analysis at neutron yields of 10two' to 10/sup 8/, when present at an internal pressure of from 0.1 to 0.2 atmospheres. Bromine addition is accomplished in a 2 furnace system using the dried-gel method of microsphere production. An upper furnace operated at 1500/sup 0/C is separated from a lower furnace by a cooled zone. The lower furnace is filled with bromine gas and operated at approximately 1250/sup 0/C. The upper furnace is the glass production furnace. The cooled zone in between the upper and lower furnace is to prevent the hot bromine gas from rising into the upper furnace. The microspheres pass through the cooled zone and immediately into the 1250/sup 0/C bromine furnace where the bromine permeates into the spheres.

On December 19, 1979, a spill of SRC liquid occurred during transfer of the liquid from a storage tank to sample drums. Approximately 2,300 gallons of fluid flowed into the floor of the tank farm and infiltrated into the porous and permeable gravels at the site. Because of concern for the possible impact of the SRC fluid on the quality of ground water, surface water, and water supply sources at and near the site, GMRC commissioned Radian to evaluate the problem and recommend specific measures to mitigate any known or anticipated impacts. This report presents the results of Radian's investigations. Although ground-water contamination apparently has occurred as a result of the December 19 spill, the contamination plume is localized to the vicinity of the SRC plant and Lake Sequalitchew. A contamination plume apparently is presently moving toward Lake Sequalitchew, but the two pump wells included in the Remedial Measures Plan will arrest this movement. These wells will be pumped until phenol concentrations in the groundwater fall to acceptable levels. The source of contamination at the spill is being cut off by excavation of the contaminated soil and sealing of the floor of the tank farm. No public water supplies are …

On 19 December 1979, a spill of SRC liquid occurred during transfer of the liquid from a storage tank to sample drums. Approximately 2300 gallons of fluid flowed into the floor of the tank farm and infiltrated into the porous and permeable gravels at the site. Because of concern for the possible impact of the SRC fluid on the quality of ground water, surface water, and water supply sources at and near the site, GMRC commissioned Radian to evaluate the problem and recommend specific measures to mitigate any known or anticipated impacts. This report presents the results of Radian's investigations. Although ground-water contamination apparently has occurred as a result of the 19 December spill, the contamination plume is localized to the vicinity of the SRC plant and Lake Sequalitchew. A contamination plume apparently is presently moving toward Lake Sequalitchew, but the two pump wells included in the Remedial Mesures Plan will arrest this movement. These wells will be pumped until phenol concentrations in the groundwater fall to acceptable levels. The source of contamination at the spill is being cut off by excavation of the contaminated soil and sealing of the floor of the tank farm. No public water supplies are …

The 100 kW plant is a direct contact boiling/direct contact condensing binary system using isopentane as the working fluid. Treated waste geothermal brine from the Great Lakes Chemical Co. (GLC) bromine recovery operation is the heat source. Brine is taken from the GLC Treated Brine Line at 205 to 210/sup 0/F and supplied to the pilot plant via the APL Brine Inlet Line. The brine enters the direct contact boiler (DCB) and vaporizes isopentane. The cooled brine is discharged into the reinjection pond at 135 to 155/sup 0/F. The brine flow rate is 45,655 to 87,030 lb(m)/hr (pounds mass per hour). The chemistry of the brine is discussed. The objectives here are to: (1) evaluate present pilot plant materials selections, (2) identify potential materials problems, and (3) recommend alternate materials for use in future systems. (MHR)

On May 22, 1980, a symposium was held at Brookhaven to celebrate the 20th birthday of the AGS, to recall its beginnings, and to review major discoveries that have been made with its beams. The talks at the symposium are recorded in this volume.

Several levitation concepts have been evaluated resulting in the electrostatic quadrupole being chosen as the most universal. A levitator has been constructed to handle laser fusion targets during and between the processing steps. The levitator is based on a quadrupole rail which is segmented to provide electrically controlled transport and confinement along the rail. This device has demonstrated transport both vertical and horizontal of targets with appropriate mass to size ratios and exhibits remarkably stable confinement at atmospheric pressure.

Changes were calculated for measurable parameters of a solvent extraction section of a reprocessing plant resulting from postulated fissile material diversion actions. The computer program SEPHIS was modified to calculate the time-dependent concentrations of uranium and plutonium in each stage of a cascade. The calculation of the inventories of uranium and plutonium in each contactor was also included. The concentration and inventory histories were computed for a group of four sequential columns during start-up and for postulated diversion conditions within this group of columns. Monitoring of column exit streams or of integrated column inventories for fissile materials could provide qualitative indications of attempted diversions. However, the time delays and resulting changes are complex and do not correlate quantitatively with the magnitude of the initiating event.

Experimental results on ion-cyclotron waves observed in the 2XIIB mirror machine are reviewed, and relevant theoretical work is discussed. The work reported generally substantiates the quasilinear diffusion model of mirror-plasma confinement, but also suggests alternatives. The end-loss current required by theory of the drift-cyclotron loss-cone (DCLC) instability agrees with measurements of this current. The experiment indicates that an increased ratio of plasma radius to ion gyroradius improves plasma confinement. However, measurements sometimes show a second ion-cyclotron mode, which is not the DCLC mode. Theoretical work on loss-cone instabilities has concentrated on linear, quasilinear, and fully nonlinear models of increased sophistication and experimental applicability.

Results from the new Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) are described. Tandem-mirror density and potential profiles are produced using end-plug neutral-beam injection and central-cell gas-fueling. TMX parameters are near those predicted theoretically. The end-plug electron temperature is higher than in the comparably sized single-mirror 2XIIB. Axial confinement of the finite-beta central-cell plasma is improved by the end plugs by as much as a factor of 9. In TMX, end-plug microinstability limits central-cell confinement in agreement with theory.

A broad, general review is presented of geochemical measurement techniques that can provide data necessary for site selection and repository effectiveness assessment for a radioactive waste repository in bedded salt. The available measurement techniques are organized according to the parameter measured. The list of geochemical parameters include all those measurable geochemical properties of a sample whole values determine the geochemical characteristics or behavior of the system. For each technique, remarks are made pertaining to the operating principles of the measurement instrument and the purpose for which the technique is used. Attention is drawn to areas where further research and development are needed.

Experimental and theoretical studies of field reversal in a mirror machine are reported. Plasma-gun experiments demonstrate that reversed-field plasma layers are formed. Low energy plasma flowing behind the initially produced plasma front prevents tearing of the layer from the gun muzzle. MHD simulation shows that tearing can be obtained by impeding the slow plasma flow with a plasma divider. It is demonstrated theoretically that a field-reversed mirror imbedded in a multipole field can be sustained in steady state with neutral-beam injection even in the absence of impurities. MHD stability analysis shows that growth rates of elongated reversed-field theta-pinch configurations decrease with axial extension, which indicates the importance of including finite Larmor radius in the analysis. Tilting-mode criteria are dramatically improved by proper shaping, and a problimak shape is proposed. Tearing mode stability of reversed-field theta-pinches is greatly enhanced by flux exclusion. Self-consistent, 1-1/2-dimensional transport codes have been developed, and initial results are presented.

Two fast running computer codes have been developed to calculate and verify the predictions of phenomenological models of beam emittance growth and radial oscillation damping. This report describes the codes - a point model, EMY, and a particle simulation, DESTIN. Comparison of model predictions and simulation results is made for the cases of a beam launched near self-pinch equilibrium and for a cold beam launched in near ballistic condition.