Synchrotron X-ray microtomography shows vesicular structures for toluene/cement mixtures, prepared with 1.22 to 3.58 wt% toluene. Three-dimensional imaging of the cured samples shows spherical vesicles, with diameters ranging from 20 to 250 {micro}m; a search with EPMA for vesicles in the range of 1-20 {micro}m proved negative. However, the total vesicle volume, as computed from the microtomography images, accounts for less than 10% of initial toluene. Since the cements were cured in sealed bottles, the larger portion of toluene must be dispersed within the cement matrix. Evidence for toluene in the cement matrix comes from {sup 29}Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, which shows a reduction in chain silicates with added toluene. Also, {sup 2}H NMR of d{sub 8}-toluene/cement samples shows high mobility for all, toluene and thus no toluene/cement binding. A model that accounts for all observations follows: For loadings below about 3 wt%, most toluene is dispersed in the cement matrix, with a small fraction of the initial toluene phase separating from the cement paste and forming vesicular structures that are preserved in the cured cement. Furthermore, at loadings above 3 wt%, the abundance of vesicles formed during toluene/cement paste mixing leads to macroscopic phase separation (most toluene floats to …

At high pressures and temperatures, many molecular solids become unstable and transform into denser extended phases. Recently, we have discovered evidences for two novel extended phases of carbon dioxide at high pressures and temperatures: (1) an ionic form of dimeric CO,, C02+C03*- at 8-13 GPa and above 2000 K [I] and (2) a polymeric phase CO,-V above 35 GPa and 1800 K [2,3]. These extended phases can be quenched at room temperature at low pressures, from which their molecular and crystal structures have been determined. These transitions occur to soften highly repulsive intermolecular potentials via delocalization of electrons at high pressures and temperatures. Based on these and other previous results, we conjecture that three fundamental mechanisms of high-pressure chemistry are ionization, polymerization, and metallization, occurring in high-density molecular solids and fluids. [carbon dioxide, polymeric COZ, ionic CO, dimer, high-pressure chemistry, electron delocalization]

The introduction of Toyota's hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), the Prius, in Japan has generated considerable interest in HEV technology among US automotive experts. In a follow-up survey to Argonne National Laboratory's two-stage Delphi Study on electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs) during 1994-1996, Argonne researchers gathered the latest opinions of automotive experts on the future ''top-selling'' HEV attributes and costs. The experts predicted that HEVs would have a spark-ignition gasoline engine as a power plant in 2005 and a fuel cell power plant by 2020. The projected 2020 fuel shares were about equal for gasoline and hydrogen, with methanol a distant third. In 2020, HEVs are predicted to have series-drive, moderate battery-alone range and cost significantly more than conventional vehicles (CVs). The HEV is projected to cost 66% more than a $20,000 CV initially and 33% more by 2020. Survey respondents view batteries as the component that contributes the most to the HEV cost increment. The mean projection for battery-alone range is 49 km in 2005, 70 km in 2010, and 92 km in 2020. Responding to a question relating to their personal vision of the most desirable HEV and its likely characteristics when introduced in the US …

At ultrarelativistic energies, ionization cross sections exceed electron capture cross sections by several orders of magnitude (1,2). Effectively, all electrons transferred to a highly relativistic heavy ion moving in a solid or gaseous target medium are stripped in a relatively short distance. Above ~20 GeV/nucleon, the principal mechanism for electron capture is from pair production (ECPP) (2). The total cross sections for ECPP are te&nically important for making reliable predictions of operating limitations for relativistic heavy-ion colliders, e.g., RHIC and LHC (3). In ECPP, it is expected that ~30% of capture proceeds to excited states of the capturing ion. Some of these relatively weakly bound electrons are radiatively long-lived and easily lost in secondary collisions in solid targets, making measurements of their contributions to total capture experimentally difficult. Electrons lost from high-energy ions in collisions with target atoms form a cusp-shaped spectral peak in the forward direction in the laboratory frame centered at the velocity of the moving ion (4-5). The shape of this electron loss to projectile continuum (ELC) peak has been shown (5,6) to depend on the initial atomic bound state from which the electron is ionized. We have measured and compared ELC electrons from direct ionization of …

Problems in extrapolation of the rate of tumor formation by strontium 89 from animal to man are addressed. Focus of this paper is on variability of latency period between different animals.

Steam systems are a part of almost every major industrial process today. Thirty-seven percent of the fossil fuel burned in US industry is burned to produce steam. In this paper we will establish baseline energy consumption for steam systems. Based on a detailed analysis of boiler energy use we estimate current energy use in boilers in U.S. industry at 6.1 Quads (6.4 EJ), emitting almost 66 MtC in CO{sub 2} emissions. We will discuss fuels used and boiler size distribution. We also describe potential savings measures, and estimate the economic energy savings potential in U.S. industry (i.e. having payback period of 3 years or less). We estimate the nationwide economic potential, based on the evaluation of 16 individual measures in steam generation and distribution. The analysis excludes the efficient use of steam and increased heat recovery. Based on the analysis we estimate the economic potential at 18-20% of total boiler energy use, resulting in energy savings approximately 1120-1190 TBtu ( 1180-1260 PJ). This results in a reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions equivalent to 12-13 MtC.

An ultrasonic sensor system and method of use for measuring transit time through a liquid sample, comprising at least one ultrasonic transducer coupled to a precision time interval counter. The timing circuit captures changes in transit time, representing small changes in the velocity of sound transmitted, over necessarily small time intervals (nanoseconds) and uses the transit time changes to identify the presence of non-conforming constituents in the sample.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), through an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has initiated a three-phase program with the Consortium for Coal-Water Slurry Fuel Technology, with the aim of developing technologies which can potentially decrease DOD`s reliance on imported oil by increasing its use of coal. The program is being conducted as a cooperative agreement between the Consortium and DOE. Work in Phase II focused on emissions reductions, coal beneficiation/preparation studies, and economic analyses of coal use. Work in Phase III focused on coal preparation studies, pilot-scale NO{sub x} reduction studies, economic analyses of coal use, and evaluation of deeply-cleaned coal as boiler fuel. Coal preparation studies were focused on continuing activities on particle size control, physical separations, surface-based separation processes, and dry processing. Preliminary pilot-scale NO{sub x} reduction catalyst tests were conducted when firing natural gas in Penn State`s down-fired combustor. This is the first step in the scale-up of bench-scale results obtained in Phase II to the demonstration boiler scale when firing coal. The economic study focused on community sensitivity to coal usage, regional/national economic impacts of new coal utilization technologies, and constructing a national energy portfolio. The evaluation of deeply-cleaned coal as …

Work on the funded project was completed during this period. The final report will be issued within the next week. The Pickliq{reg_sign} Process has been found to be economically viable in the copper industry and is expected to be viable in steel-hydrochloric acid applications with the development of a new hydrochloric acid regeneration process associated with the Pickliq{reg_sign} Process.

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This notice of construction (NOC) requests a categorical approval for construction and operation of three types of portable/temporary radionuclide airborne emission units (PTRAEUs). These three types are portable ventilation-filter systems (Type I), mobile sample preparation facilities (Type II), and mobile sample screening and analysis facilities (Type 111). Approval of the NOC application is intended to allow construction and operation of the three types of PTRAEUs without prior project-specific approval. Environmental cleanup efforts on the Hanford Site often require the use of PTRAEUs. The PTRAEUs support site characterization activities, expedited response actions (ERAs), sampling and monitoring activities, and other routine activities. The PTRAEUs operate at various locations around the Hanford Site. Radiation Air Emissions Program, Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 246-247, requires that the Washington State Department of Health (WDOH) be notified before construction of any new emission that would release airborne radioactivity. The WDOH also must receive notification before any modification of an existing source. This includes changes in the source term or replacement of emission control equipment that might significantly contribute to the offsite maximum dose from a licensed facility. During site characterization activities, ERAs, sampling and monitoring activities, and other routine activities, the PTRAEUs might require startup immediately. The …

This award supports collaborative research between Kansas State University and Sandia National Laboratories on the topic ''Molecular simulations of complex fluids in confined geometries.'' The objectives of this work are to develop new methodologies for fast and accurate simulations, and to apply simulations to various problems of interest to DOE. The success of this work will address several deficiencies in Sandia's capabilities in the area of molecular simulations. In addition, it provides educational opportunities for students and will enhance the science and technology capabilities at Kansas State through partnership with the national laboratories.

The authors are entering the final phase of development for this project. Work has been imparted to define the components of the flexible battery charger control board. Detailed analog and digital circuits are complete. Improved analog to digital and digital to analog converters have been selected for use with the control board. The control board schematics are complete and construction of the hardware is in progress. The programming of the circuit board modules is underway. The documentation and circuit schematic drawings are in process. The test stand has added the integration of a dedicated fast computer/microprocessor to control the test stand. This will allow measurements to be taken and recorded more often. This has required modification of the software. The software is being debugged. The modules to be controlled by the test stand microprocessor include the charger module, the battery simulator, the discharge pulse, and discharger. Integrating these components will greatly enhance design and testing. An SCR charger power module has been has been designed, built, and debugged. The circuits for the battery simulator and discharge pulse have been detailed and debugged. The discharge pulse characteristics have been defined and designed. The charger power and discharge pulse modules can be …

An ink coating method was developed for CIS absorber deposition. The technique involves four processing steps: (1) preparation of a Cu-In alloy powder, (2) preparation of an ink using this powder, (3) deposition of the ink on a substrate in the form of a precursor layer, and (4) selenization to convert the Cu-In precursor into a fused CIS film. Absorbers grown by this low-cost, large-area method were used in the fabrication of 10.5% efficient solar cells.

The D1 and D2 magnets, the first two types of magnets Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is building for the Insertion Regions of Large Hadron Collider (LHC), are being constructed and tested in the BNL magnet test facility. The D1 magnet is cooled using 4.5 K forced flow cooling with three types of bore tube conditions. The D2 magnet is cooled using both liquid helium and forced flow cooling. The liquid cooling scheme, using the shell of the D2 cold mass as the helium vessel and a level gauge in the end volume of the cold mass for liquid control, has been successfully demonstrated. Test results prove that both D1 and D2 meet the performance requirements and that the 4.5 K liquid cooling scheme to be used for D2 and other magnets in the Insertion Regions of LHC is adequate.

The Equipment Qualification Test described in this test procedure document is the acceptance test procedure (ATP) for the LDUA Baseline System. It verifies that the equipment is complete and in working order, and demonstrates its readiness for being deployed into an actual underground storage tank.

A spatial-domain solution to the problem of electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric half-space is outlined. The resulting half-space operators are referred to as Fresnel surface integral operators. When used as preconditioners for nonplanar geometries, the Fresnel operators yield surface Fresnel integral equations (FIEs) which are stable with respect to dielectric constant, discretization, and frequency. Numerical properties of the formulations are discussed.

The 100 kW plant is a direct contact boiling/direct contact condensing binary system using isopentane as the working fluid. Treated waste geothermal brine from the Great Lakes Chemical Co. (GLC) bromine recovery operation is the heat source. Brine is taken from the GLC Treated Brine Line at 205 to 210/sup 0/F and supplied to the pilot plant via the APL Brine Inlet Line. The brine enters the direct contact boiler (DCB) and vaporizes isopentane. The cooled brine is discharged into the reinjection pond at 135 to 155/sup 0/F. The brine flow rate is 45,655 to 87,030 lb(m)/hr (pounds mass per hour). The chemistry of the brine is discussed. The objectives here are to: (1) evaluate present pilot plant materials selections, (2) identify potential materials problems, and (3) recommend alternate materials for use in future systems. (MHR)