Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB.

In this note, we describe a design of lattice, which is by no means optimized for the ultimate performance, but these parameters can be used for the starting point of other design efforts. Assumptions and features used in this design are: (1) 32 periods which is reasonably high periodicity for chromaticity corrections. (2) Achromatic bending cell which enables us to make all straight sections to be dispersion free. (3) Twiss parameters at dispersion area are the same for all cells to make undulator straight section can be tuned to wiggler straight section a-id vice versa. (4) No attempt is made to extract the photon beam from bending magnets, and when this feature is added, the lattice design may have to be changed in order to provide-the photon beam channel. (5) Natural emittance in the horizontal plane is made as small as possible in the range of 10-8m radians. This value can be optimized later by judicious choice of the Twiss parameters through the bending magnets. (6) The bending magnet should have parallel edges in order to simplify its construction. This assumption implies that there is vertical focussing from the edge. (7) The beta functions at the straight section should be …

IRAD GAGE vibrating-wire stressmeters were installed in the Spent Fuel Facility at the Nevada Test Site to measure the change in in-situ stress during the Spent Fuel Test-Climax (SFT-C). Although extensive pre-installation laboratory tests were conducted, they were generic in nature. Unfortunately the degree of gage-rock contact has a strong influence on gage sensitivity and cannot be predicted before installation. This report discusses the results of removing a cylindrical section of rock and gages as a unit through overcoring and the subsequent post test calibrations of the stressmeters in the laboratory. With the assumption that the gage-rock contact was not disturbed by the overcoring, the results from these calibrations compensate for varying gage-rock contact. The estimated in-situ stresses based on post test calibration data are quite consistent with those directly measured in nearby holes. The magnitude of stress change calculated from pre-installation test data is generally much smaller than that estimated from post test calibration data.

The general objective of this work has been to use x-ray diffraction and scattering to examine whole coals, coal macerals and minerals in order to perform the following studies: (1) to identify and explain differences in vitrinites and framboids from various coals; (2) to correlate differences with basic coal compositions and properties; and (3) to determine the systematic variability in the micro compositional variation of macerals. The accomplishments have been: (a) the development of the Fourier transform technique to do proximate and ultimate analyses in a quick fashion; and (b) the investigation of the structure of pyrite framboids and preliminary studies of coal macerals. 3 figures, 12 tables.

CONC/11 is a computer program designed for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems. It is intended to aid the system or collector designer in evaluating the performance to be expected with possible design alternatives. From design or test data on the characteristics of the various subsystems, CONC/11 calculates the efficiencies of the collector and the overall power system as functions of the receiver temperature for a specified insolation. If desired, CONC/11 will also determine the receiver aperture and the receiver temperature that will provide the highest efficiencies at a given insolation. The program handles both simple and compound concentrators. CONC/11 is written in Athena Extended Fortran (similar to Fortran 77) to operate primarily in an interactive mode on a Sperry 1100/81 computer. It could also be used on many small computers.

The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed overview of photovoltaics (PV) performance modeling capabilities that have been developed during recent years for analyzing PV system and component design and policy issues. A set of 10 performance models have been selected which span a representative range of capabilities from generalized first-order calculations to highly specialized electrical network simulations. A set of performance modeling topics and characteristics is defined and used to examine some of the major issues associated with photovoltaic performance modeling. Next, each of the models is described in the context of these topics and characteristics to assess its purpose, approach, and level of detail. Then each of the issues is discussed in terms of the range of model capabilities available and summarized in tabular form for quick reference. Finally, the models are grouped into categories to illustrate their purposes and perspectives.

Photovoltaic sytems, the state of the art of power conditioning subsystem components, and the design and operational interaction between photovoltaic systems and hot utilities are detailed in this document. Major technical issues relating to the design and development of power conditioning systems for photovoltaic application are also considered, including: (1) standards, guidelines, and specifications; (2) cost-effective hardware design; (3) impact of advanced components on power conditioning development; (4) protection and safety; (5) quality of power; (6) system efficiency; and (7) system integration with the host utility. In addition, theories of harmonic distortion and reactive power flow are discussed, and information about power conditioner hardware and manufacturers is provided.

The behavior of geopressured reservoirs was investigated by drilling and producing a well in small, well defined, geopressured reservoir; and performing detailed pressure transient analysis together with geological, geophysical, chemical, and physical studies. The Dow-DOE L. R. Sweezy No. 1 well was drilled to a depth of 13,600 feet in Parcperdue field, just south of Lafayette, Louisiana, and began production in April, 1982. The production zone was a poorly consolidated sandstone which constantly produced sand into the well stream, causing damage to equipment and causing other problems. The amount of sand production was kept manageable by limiting the flow rate to below 10,000 barrels per day. Reservoir properties of size, thickness, depth, temperature, pressure, salinity, porosity, and permeability were close to predicted values. The reservoir brine was undersaturated with respect to gas, containing approximately 20 standard cubic feet of gas per barrel of brine. Shale dewatering either did not occur or was insignificant as a drive mechanism. Production terminated when the gravel-pack completion failed and the production well totally sanded in, February, 1983. Total production up to the sanding incident was 1.94 million barrels brine and 31.5 million standard cubic feet gas.

Stress analysis at Harvard University has examined the implication of non-zero interface stresses on model predictions. Stress distributions at distances greater than about 1 mm from the interface are shown to be independent of the interface stress at high creep intensities, and the predictions based on zero initial stress can be used with confidence. Numerical models for growth dynamics developed at MIT are compared with experimental data on t-V relationships and on interface shape obtained from impurity redistribution in aluminum-doped 10 cm wide ribbon. Comparison of primary creep responses in FZ (floating zone) and CZ (Czochralski) silicon above 1200/sup 0/C using four-point bending indicates that oxygen has a significant influence on the creep rate. Both the strain rate and resulting dislocation densities generated in FZ silicon are an order of magnitude higher than for the CZ material at comparable applied stress levels. A fiber optics probe suitable for temperature measurement during sheet growth has been constructed and tested. Study of the feasibility of using laser interferometric techniques for residual stress measurements has continued at the University of Illinois. The method has been successfully applied to CZ silicon, and is being evaluated for use with EFG ribbon.

This thesis describes the design, development, and testing of a search system for supernovae, based on the use of current computer and detector technology. This search uses a computer-controlled telescope and charge coupled device (CCD) detector to collect images of hundreds of galaxies per night of observation, and a dedicated minicomputer to process these images in real time. The system is now collecting test images of up to several hundred fields per night, with a sensitivity corresponding to a limiting magnitude (visual) of 17. At full speed and sensitivity, the search will examine some 6000 galaxies every three nights, with a limiting magnitude of 18 or fainter, yielding roughly two supernovae per week (assuming one supernova per galaxy per 50 years) at 5 to 50 percent of maximum light. An additional 500 nearby galaxies will be searched every night, to locate about 10 supernovae per year at one or two percent of maximum light, within hours of the initial explosion.

Results pertaining to the recently modified beam-injection arrangement in the central cell of TMX-U are presented here. These modifications followed our observation that beam atoms injected perpendicular to the magnetic axis between the first two magnet-coil gaps give rise to trapped ions with midplane pitch angles lying in the intervals 68/sup 0/ < theta < 78/sup 0/ and 59/sup 0/ < theta < 65/sup 0/. These pitch-angle intervals are similar in value to the earlier arrangement of beams injected at the midplane at pitch angles of 58 and 70/sup 0/. Normal injection at an off-midplane position has two advantages when compared with off-normal injection at the midplane. First, the unattenuated beam can be dumped in the first-injector region rather than in the plasma region. Second, the beams can be oriented with their long dimension horizontal rather than vertical. The first point al

We describe a simple method to predict the transient response of variable impedance stripline to pulse excitation. The method uses a finite difference based, quasi-static impedance formulation to calculate the reflection coefficient at each point along the direction of pulse propagation and the subsequent short pulse behavior of a variable impedance structure. A Fortran computer program is written to determine the quasi-static impedance. Excellent agreement of better than 1% between the finite difference impedance predictions and experimental results is noted. A second computer program is written utilizing previous results but essentially incorporating reflection and transmission from several discontinuities to analyze the transient response of the structure. This transient analysis yields good agreement between predictions and results obtained by means of time domain reflectometry.

The AVLIS Production Plant is designated as a Major System Acquisition (in accordance with DOE Order 4240.IC) to deploy Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) technology at the Oak Ridge, Tennessee site, in support of the US Uranium Enrichment Program. The AVLIS Production Plant Project will deploy AVLIS technology by performing the design, construction, and startup of a production plant that will meet capacity production requirements of the Uranium Enrichment Program. The AVLIS Production Plant Project Management Plan has been developed to outline plans, baselines, and control systems to be employed in managing the AVLIS Production Plant Project and to define the roles and responsibilities of project participants. Participants will develop and maintain detailed procedures for implementing the management and control systems in agreement with this plan. This baseline document defines the system that measures work performed and costs incurred. This plan was developed by the AVLIS Production Plant Project staff of Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in accordance with applicable DOE directives, orders and notices. 38 figures, 19 tables.

An AVLIS Production Plant Deployment Schedule for the engineering, procurement, and construction for both the Initial Increment of Production and the fully Activated Plant, has been developed by the project team consisting of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. with architect-engineer support from Bechtel National, Inc., Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, and Westinghouse Corporation. The initial deployment phase consists of six separators modules and the three laser power amplifier modules consistent with the FY84 reference design with a name plate capacity of 5 million separative work units/yr followed by a full plant activation to approximately 13 million separative work units/yr. The AVLIS Production Plant project team's strategy for deployment schedule analysis focused on three schedule options: engineering limited schedule; authorization limited schedule; and funding limited project schedule. The three deployment schedule options developed by AVLIS project team have been classified in ranges such as an optimistic, rapid/moderate, or moderate/pessimistic based on the probability of meeting the individual schedule option's major milestones or program objectives of enriching uranium by the AVLIS process in an effective cost and schedule manner. 47 figures, 7 tables.

Three documents constitute the executive summary series in Data Package III: this document (Documentation Overview and Tables of Contents (E001)) plus the AVLIS Production Plant Executive Summary (E010) and the AVLIS Production Plant Overall Design Report (E020). They provide progressively greater detail on the key information and conclusions contained within the data package. The Executive Summary and Overall Design Report present summaries of each Data Package III document. They are intended to provide a global overview of AVLIS Production Plant deployment including program planning, project management, schedules, engineering design, production, operations, capital cost, and operating cost. The purpose of Overview and Tables of Contents is threefold: to briefly review AVLIS goals for Data Package III documentation, to present an overview of the contents of the data package, and to provide a useful guide to information contained in the numerous documents comprising the package.

The battery charger has a full-wave rectifier in series with a transformer isolated 20 kHz dc-dc converter with high frequency switches which are programmed to actively shape the input ac line current to be a mirror image of the ac line voltage. The power circuit is capable of operating at 2 kW peak and 1 kW average power. The BC/SCI has two major subsystems: (1) the battery charger power electronics with its controls; and (2) a microcomputer subsystem which is used to acquire battery terminal data and exercise the state-of-charge software programs. The state-of-charge definition employed is the energy remaining in the battery when extracted at a 10 kW rate divided by the energy capacity of a fully charged new battery. The battery charger circuit is an isolated boost converter operating at an internal frequency of 20 kHz. The switches selected for the battery charger are the single most important item in determining its efficiency. The combination of voltage and current requirements dictated the use of high power NPN Darlington switching transistors. The power circuit topology developed is a three switch design utilizing a power FET on the center tap of the isolation transformer and the power Darlingtons on each …

The dissolution of plutonium dioxide in nitirc acid (HNO/sub 3/) at high hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentrations has been investigated. Dissolution rate curves were obtained using 12M HNO/sub 3/ and HF at concentrations varying from 0.05 to 1.0 molar. The dissolution rate increased with HF concentration up to 0.2M and then decreased at higher concentrations. There was very little plutonium dissolved at 0.7 and 1.0M HF because of the formation of insoluble PuF/sub 4/. Various oxidizing agents were added to 12M HNO/sub 3/-1M HF dissolvent to oxidize Pu(IV) to Pu(VI) and prevent the formation of PuF/sub 4/. Ceric (Ce(IV)) and silver (Ag(II)) ions were the most effective in dissolving PuO/sub 2/. Although these two oxidants greatly increased the dissolution rate, the rates were not as rapid as those obtained with 12M HNO/sub 3/-0.2M HF.

The activities of the Biocatalysis Research Activity during FY 1983 were organized into the Biocatalysis and Molecular Modeling work elements and a supporting planning and analysis function. In the biocatalysis work element, progress was made in developing a method for stabilizing genetically engineered traits in microorganisms, refining a technique for monitoring cells that have been genetically engineered, identifying strains of fungi for highly efficient preprocessing of biomass for biocatalyzed processes, and determining molecular level conditions for optimizing the efficiency of bioreactors. In the Molecular Modeling work element, a preliminary model of the behavior of enzymes was developed. Also, a preliminary investigation of the potential for synthesizing enzymes for use in electrochemical processes was completed. As part of the Activity's supporting planning and analysis efforts, contact with industry and universities was made to define key biocatalysis technical issues and to broaden the range of potential participants in the Activity. Additionally, analyses were conducted to identify and evaluate potential concepts for future research funding by the Activity. 1 figure, 2 tables.

This report describes calculations and analysis performed in an attempt to provide a new estimate for the yield of the Hiroshima weapon. Newly discovered meteorological data was adapted for use in one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic codes, and a series of calculations was then run for different values of yield. The objective was to determine what yield produced an overpressure record which could best be correlated with an actual trace measured at a parachute-dropped canister. Altitude of the bomb and canister-carrying aircraft at drop time was also a variable parameter. The analysis provides an estimate of 16.6 + 0.3 kt for the yield of the Hiroshima weapon. A drop altitude of near 35,500 feet is shown to be consistent with the signal time-of-arrival. This yield value is within the range of other estimates, but the drop altitude is higher than that previously assumed to be reasonable.

This report summarizes the activities of the JPL Solar Thermal Power Systems Parabolic Dish Project for FY 1983. Included are discussions on designs of module development including their concentrator, receiver, and power conversion subsystem together with a separate discussion of concentrator development. Analyses and test results, along with progress on field tests, Small Community Experiment system development, and tests at the Parabolic Dish Test Site are also included.

Information is presented concerning the development of radioisotope thermoelectric generators for space applications. Budget information is also included.

Tests were performed on an improved battery charger manufactured by Lester Electrical of Nebraska, Inc. This charger was installed in a South Coast Technology Rabbit No. 4, which was equipped with lead-acid batteries produced by ESB Company. The primary purpose of the testing was to develop test methodologies for battery charger evaluation. To this end tests were developed to characterize the charger in terms of its charge algorithm and to assess the effects of battery initial state of charge and temperature on charger and battery efficiency. Tests showed this charger to be a considerable improvement in the state of the art for electric vehicle chargers.

The potential of a suitably designed and economically manufactured Stirling engine as the energy conversion subsystem of a paraboloidal dish-Stirling solar thermal power module has been estimated. Results obtained by elementary cycle analyses have been shown to match quite well the performance characteristics of an advanced kinematic Stirling engine, the United Stirling P-40, as established by current prototypes of the engine and by a more sophisticated analytic model of its advanced derivative. In addition to performance, brief consideration has been given to other Stirling engine criteria such as durability, reliability, and serviceability. Production costs have not been considered here.

Four-point bending studies have been continued to compare primary creep response of FZ and CZ silicon above 1200/sup 0/C. Results suggest that silicon can be treated as a completely plastic solid in the temperature range 1200 to 1400/sup 0/C in its response to thermal stress generated during sheet growth. In the stress range of 5 to 15 MPa, the strain rate dependence on stress is epsilon approx. sigma/sup 10/, and appears to be essentially temperature independent. Work is underway to compare stresses predicted for two different thermal models used for temperature field calculations. Stress analysis has been performed to illustrate the dependence of sheet stresses on growth parameters such as sheet width, thickness and growth speed, and the coupling of these parameters to the details of the temperature field calculations used as input to the stress model. The construction of a simplified EFG ribbon system to be used to test the stress model and to investigate means to achieve low stress growth configurations is completed. The first results of measurement of residual stress distributions in EFG sheet using shadow-Moire interferometry have been obtained at the University of Illinois.