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Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes
The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress.
Date:
October 15, 2003
Creator:
Cohen, Henry
System:
The UNT Digital Library
S.Res. 445: Senate Committee Reorganization for Homeland Security and Intelligence Matters
None
Date:
October 15, 2004
Creator:
Rundquist, Paul S. & Davis, Christopher M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Highway Fund Sanctions and Conformity Under the Clean Air Act
This report discusses two Clean Air Act provisions that can result in denial of federal highway funding to local areas: sanctions and the lapse of what is called "conformity." Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is required to impose highway fund or other sanctions on areas that have not submitted or not implemented adequate plans to attain air quality standards. In addition, federal agencies may not provide financial support to transportation improvements in areas that have not attained air quality standards, unless the improvements conform with the State Implementation Plan for achieving air quality. This report provides information concerning the authority to impose sanctions and to make conformity determinations, lists the areas that have been subject to sanctions determinations since 1990, describes their current status, and discusses the role of sanctions and alternatives under the Act. This report will be updated as developments warrant.
Date:
October 15, 1999
Creator:
McCarthy, James E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Arms Control: The U.S.-Russian Agenda
None
Date:
October 15, 2001
Creator:
Woolf, Amy F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations
This report mainly discusses about the FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations. Bill Young has recently said that he hopes to have conference report on supplemental appropriations.
Date:
October 15, 2003
Creator:
Daggett, Stephen; Nowels, Larry; Tarnoff, Curt & Margesson, Rhoda
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Special Operations Forces in Operation Enduring Freedom: Background and Issues for Congress
None
Date:
October 15, 2001
Creator:
Bruner, Edward F.; Bolkcom, Christopher & O'Rourke, Ronald
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Financial Aid for Students: Print and Web Guides
This report is a list of books and web addresses which is intended to help students locate financial aid.
Date:
October 15, 2003
Creator:
Mages, Lisa
System:
The UNT Digital Library
FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations
This report mainly discusses about the FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations. Bill Young has recently said that he hopes to have conference report on supplemental appropriations.
Date:
October 15, 2003
Creator:
Daggett, Stephen; Nowels, Larry; Tarnoff, Curt & Margesson, Rhoda
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mergers and Consolidation Between Banking and Financial Services Firms: Trends and Prospects
None
Date:
October 15, 2002
Creator:
Jackson, William D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Research and Development Funding: Fiscal Year 2000
The Administration requested $78.242 billion for research and development (R&D) in FY2000, 1.3% below the FY1999 estimated level of $79.267 billion. As with past proposals, the Administration requested an increase for civilian R&D, 3% to $39.761 billion, while overall defense R&D would decline 5.3% to $38.481 billion.
Date:
October 15, 1999
Creator:
Davey, Michael E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2005
None
Date:
October 15, 2004
Creator:
Davey, Michael E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Trade: Results of Trade Negotiations
ave Japan's trade concessions resulted in more U.S. exports? One premise of the more results-oriented trade policy toward Japan now being pursued is that past concessions have not caused U.S. exports to Japan to rise. The only success story seems to be that of semiconductors in which a specific goal of 20 percent of the Japanese market was set and attained.
Date:
October 15, 1993
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990
None
Date:
October 15, 2002
Creator:
Kan, Shirley A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Hazardous Materials Transportation: Vulnerability to Terrorists, Federal Activities, and Options to Reduce Risks
This report discusses the scope and nature of the vulnerability of hazardous materials (hazmats) transportation and its potential relations to terrorists attacks.
Date:
October 15, 2001
Creator:
Rothberg, Paul F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Europe and Counterterrorism: Strengthening Police and Judicial Cooperation
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and other crossborder crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and financial fraud. For many years, EU efforts to address such challenges were hampered by national sovereignty concerns, insufficient resources, and a lack of trust among law enforcement agencies. However, the terrorist attacks and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe changed this status quo as it became increasingly evident that the EU’s open borders and different legal systems allowed terrorists and other criminals to move around easily and evade arrest and prosecution. Thus, EU officials renewed their efforts to harmonize national laws and bring down traditional barriers among member states’ police, intelligence, and judicial authorities. As part of this initiative, the EU has also sought to enhance ongoing cooperation with U.S. law enforcement and judicial authorities so that information can be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously.
Date:
October 15, 2004
Creator:
Archick, Kristin
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electoral Votes by State: Changes Resulting from the 1980 Census
This report presents a chart and a U.S. map describing the electoral votes by state and the changes resulted from the 1980 census.
Date:
October 15, 1982
Creator:
Gorman, Joseph B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cost Overruns in Major Weapon Systems: Current Dimensions of a Longstanding Problem
This paper reviews the initiatives of the Reagan Administration to control cost overruns during the last 2 and a half years and the actions taken by the Congress to strengthen its oversight role. Particular attention is directed at the critical need to enhance management incentive and accountability at all level of the acquisition process. If recently instituted reform in the Department of Defense fail to control cost overruns, pressure may grow for a more sweeping and radical approach. Serious consideration in such an event might even be given to removing responsibility for weapons acquisition management for the military service and assigning it to a civilian-operated supply agency.
Date:
October 15, 1983
Creator:
Lockwood, David E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Coverage of Contagious Diseases
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), provides broad nondiscrimination protection for individuals with disabilities in employment public services, public accommodations and services operated by private entities, transportation, and telecommunication. This report briefly discusses the Americans with Disabilities Act's statutory provisions relating to contagious diseases and relevant judicial interpretations.
Date:
October 15, 2008
Creator:
Jones, Nancy Lee
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians
In response to ongoing financial turmoil that began in the subprime mortgage-backed securities market, the federal government has intervened with private corporations on a large scale and in an ad hoc manner three times from the beginning of 2008 through September 19, 2008. These interventions have prompted questions regarding the taxpayer costs and the sources of funding. The federal government may or may not end up seeing a positive fiscal contribution from the recent interventions. The results of previous government financial interventions are summarized in this report.
Date:
October 15, 2008
Creator:
Webel, Baird; Weiss, N. Eric & Labonte, Marc
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Navy LPD-17 Amphibious Ship Procurement: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress
The Navy's FY2011-FY2015 shipbuilding plan calls for procuring an 11th and final San Antonio (LPD-17) class amphibious ship in FY2012. This report discusses the procurement cost estimates of this ship, as well as related issues for Congress.
Date:
October 15, 2010
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress
The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened concerns about the region's future. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, competition, or conflict. This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.
Date:
October 15, 2010
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U.S. International Trade: Trends and Forecasts
This report discusses the U.S. trade deficit in light of the 2008 global financial crisis, with emphasis on international trade and U.S. trade policy, most recent developments in trade of goods and service, trade forecasts for the future, and how issues such as the U.S. trade deficit and international trade, particularly with China, are commonly perceived.
Date:
October 15, 2010
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K. & Donnelly, J. Michael
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Food Safety in the 111th Congress: H.R. 2749 and S. 510
This report discusses whether the current food safety system has the resources, authority, and structural organization to safeguard the health of American consumers, who spend more than $1 trillion on food each year. Also at issue is whether federal food safety laws, first enacted in the early 1900s, have kept pace with the significant changes that have occurred in the food production, processing, and marketing sectors since then.
Date:
October 15, 2010
Creator:
Johnson, Renée
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Small Business Administration HUBZone Program
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including the Historically Underutilized Business Zone Empowerment Contracting (HUBZone) program. The HUBZone program is a small business federal contracting assistance program "whose primary objective is job creation and increasing capital investment in distressed communities." This report examines the arguments presented both for and against targeting assistance to geographic areas with specified characteristics, such as low income, high poverty, or high unemployment, as opposed to providing assistance to people or businesses with specified characteristics. It then assesses the arguments presented both for and against the creation and continuation of the HUBZone program.
Date:
October 15, 2010
Creator:
Dilger, Robert Jay
System:
The UNT Digital Library