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ECRH and ICRH in the TMX-U Tandem Mirror
In the Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade (TMX-U), the formation of a thermal barrier and the potential plugging of ion end loss were achieved at central-cell densities up to 2 x 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/. The presence of a thermal barrier was confirmed by direct measurement, and ion axial-confinement times in the range 50 to 100 ms were measured. The ECRH in the end cells (a) initiates plasma startup, (b) generates hot, mirror-confined electrons to form thermal barriers, and (c) creates the plugging potential for central-cell ions. The ECRH system consists of four 200 kW, 28 GHz gyrotrons each feeding power to a separate heating location (two in each end plug). Fundamental heating is used at the potential plug, and second harmonic is used in the thermal barrier. Hot-electron plasmas are produced at total end-cell antenna power levels up to 300 kW. Strong single-pass absorption and net hot-electron heating efficiencies exceeding 40% are observed. Hot-electron parameters achieved are: n/sub eh//n/sub et/ up to 0.8, volume-average beta <..beta..> approx. = 0.15, and T/sub x/ (x-ray tail above 40 keV) in the range 75 to 200 keV.
Date:
March 15, 1984
Creator:
Stallard, B. W.; Cummins, W. F.; Molvik, A. W.; Poulsen, P.; Simonen, T. C.; Falabella, S. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simulated seismic event release fraction data: Progress report, April 1986-April 1987
The object of this project is to obtain experimental data on the release of airborne particles during seismic events involving plutonium handling facilities. In particular, cans containing plutonium oxide powder may be involved and some of the powder may become airborne. No release fraction data for such scenarios are available and risk assessment calculations for such events lacked specificity describing the physical processes involved. This study has provided initial data based on wind tunnel tests simulating the impact of the debris on simulated cans of plutonium oxide powder. The release fractions are orders of magnitude smaller than previously available estimates. 8 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Date:
November 15, 1987
Creator:
Langer, G. & Deitesfeld, C. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of torus wall flexibility on forces in the Mark I BWR pressure suppression system under SRV T-quencher loading
This report describes a series of extended analyses requested by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to provide qualified understanding of possible fluid/structure interaction (FSI) effects for SRV teequencher test results. Three input pulses with total impulses varying by up to a factor of five are applied to two-dimensional finite-element models of the Mark I torus with shell diameter-to-thickness ratios of 0, 300, and 600. The results of these analyses support earlier conclusions that increased wall flexibility enhances attenuation of hydrodynamic loads and furthermore indicate that the magnitude of the attenuation is only weakly affected by the total impulse of the bubble pressure time-history.
Date:
January 15, 1980
Creator:
Holman, G.S. & Lu, S.C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Wisconsin collector-efficiency study, phase two
The collector efficiency study developed a solar collector rating methodology specific to Wisconsin conditions. Existing rating programs were researched and a collector methodology was developed. A computer program was written to calculate the collector ratings and 25 collector models were rated. The accuracy of the proposed rating methodology was evaluated for 16 collectors placed in 11 domestic hot water systems. One liquid space heating analysis with storage and one air space heating analysis without storage were completed. A solar assisted heat pump in which the solar collectors function as evaporators was also analyzed.
Date:
January 15, 1982
Creator:
Abright, B.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cost of Czochralski wafers as a function of diameter
The impact of diameter in the range of 10 to 15 cm on the cost of wafers sliced from Czochralski ingots is analyzed. Increasing silicon waste and decreasing ingot cost with increasing ingot size are estimated along with projected costs. Results indicate a small but continuous decrease in sheet cost with increasing ingot size in this size range. Sheet costs including silicon are projected to be $50 to $60/m/sup 2/ (1980 $) depending upon technique used.
Date:
February 15, 1980
Creator:
Leipold, M.H.; Radics, C. & Kachare, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Parcperdue geopressure-geothermal project. Study a geopressured reservoir by drilling and producing a well in a limited geopressured water sand. Final technical report, September 28, 1979-December 31, 1983
The behavior of geopressured reservoirs was investigated by drilling and producing a well in small, well defined, geopressured reservoir; and performing detailed pressure transient analysis together with geological, geophysical, chemical, and physical studies. The Dow-DOE L. R. Sweezy No. 1 well was drilled to a depth of 13,600 feet in Parcperdue field, just south of Lafayette, Louisiana, and began production in April, 1982. The production zone was a poorly consolidated sandstone which constantly produced sand into the well stream, causing damage to equipment and causing other problems. The amount of sand production was kept manageable by limiting the flow rate to below 10,000 barrels per day. Reservoir properties of size, thickness, depth, temperature, pressure, salinity, porosity, and permeability were close to predicted values. The reservoir brine was undersaturated with respect to gas, containing approximately 20 standard cubic feet of gas per barrel of brine. Shale dewatering either did not occur or was insignificant as a drive mechanism. Production terminated when the gravel-pack completion failed and the production well totally sanded in, February, 1983. Total production up to the sanding incident was 1.94 million barrels brine and 31.5 million standard cubic feet gas.
Date:
January 15, 1984
Creator:
Hamilton, J.R. & Stanley, J.G. (eds.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Semiannual report for the period April 1-September 30, 1979 of work on: (1) Superconducting power transmission development; (2) Cable insulation development. Power Transmission Project Technical Note No. 99
The objective of the program is to develop an underground superconducting power transmission system which is economical and technically attractive to the utility industry. The system would be capable of carrying very large blocks of electric power, thus enabling it to supplant overhead lines in urban and suburban areas and regions of natural beauty. The program consisted initially of work in the laboratory to develop suitable materials, cryostats, and cable concepts. The materials work covers the development and testing of suitable superconductors and dielectric insulation. The laboratory work has now been extended to an outside test facility which represents an intermediate step between the laboratory scale and a full-scale system. The facility will allow cables several hundred feet long to be tested under realistic conditions. In addition, the refrigerator has been designed for optimum service for utility applications.
Date:
January 15, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of selected chemical processes for production of low-cost silicon. Phase III. Eighteenth quarterly progress report, January 1-March 31, 1980
Progress during this report period was marked by the initial operation of the Process Development Unit at about 50% of design capacity with indications that many aspects of the facility operated satisfactorily. However, a downstream constriction, the cause of which is being isolated, led to termination of the run after one-half hour of operation. In the light of observations made during earlier start-up efforts, several modifications of equipment and technique were made for improved operation. Vacuum outgassing experiments (850 to 1100/sup 0/C, 1 to 256 h) were carried out on miniplant-produced granules containing 360 and 3900 ppMw of zinc in the deposited silicon. Treatment of the data so that it can be extrapolated to the expected product of the Experimental Process System Development Unit awaits development of an appropriate model.
Date:
May 15, 1980
Creator:
Blocher, J.M. Jr. & Browning, M.F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Deploymerization of coal by direct solvent attack. Semi-annual report, April 1, 1983-August 31, 1983
The depolymerization of Illinois No. 6 coal by a series of solvents having different basecities (pK/sub a/) and nucleophilicities (Swain-Scott nu values) showed no dependence on either the basicity of nucleophilicity of the solvents. As expected, the conversion decreases as the temperature of the reaction is reduced, but the lower the reaction temperature, the higher the percentage of amine incorporation becomes in the products. 5 tables.
Date:
September 15, 1983
Creator:
Larsen, J. W. & Mohammadi, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Molecular biological enhancement of coal biodesulfurization. [Rhodococcus]
The objective of this project is to produce one or more microorganisms capable of removing the organic and inorganic sulfur in coal. The original specific technical objectives of the project were to: Clone and characterize the genes encoding the enzymes of the 4S'' pathway (sulfoxide/sulfone/sulfonate/sulfate) for release of organic sulfur from coal; return multiple copies of genes to the original host to enhance the biodesulfurization activity of that organism; transfer this pathway into a fast-growing chemolithotropic bacterium; conduct a batch-mode optimization/analysis of scale-up variables.
Date:
September 15, 1989
Creator:
Litchfield, J. H.; Palmer, D. T.; Zupancic, T. J. & Conkle, H. N. (Battelle, Columbus, OH (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
X-ray diffraction and scattering studies of coal constituents. Final technical report, January 1-December 31, 1983
The general objective of this work has been to use x-ray diffraction and scattering to examine whole coals, coal macerals and minerals in order to perform the following studies: (1) to identify and explain differences in vitrinites and framboids from various coals; (2) to correlate differences with basic coal compositions and properties; and (3) to determine the systematic variability in the micro compositional variation of macerals. The accomplishments have been: (a) the development of the Fourier transform technique to do proximate and ultimate analyses in a quick fashion; and (b) the investigation of the structure of pyrite framboids and preliminary studies of coal macerals. 3 figures, 12 tables.
Date:
March 15, 1984
Creator:
Pavlovic, A. S. & Renton, J. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy conservation in citrus processing. Technical progress report, October 1, 1979-March 31, 1980
The Sunkist Citrus Plant in Ontario, California, processes about 6 million pounds of citrus fruit per day to make products which include frozen concentrated juice; chilled, pasteurized, natural strength juice; molasses from peel; dried meal from peel; pectin; citrus oil; and bioflavonoids. The energy intensive operations at the plant include concentration, drying, and refrigeration. The objective of the two-year two-phase project is to identify an economically viable alternative to the existing method of meeting energy requirements. Progress on the technical work of Phase I is reported. The following are summarized: requirements (energy price projection, atmospheric emission requirements, citrus juice quality constraints, economic evaluations); characterization (basic citrus processing operations, energy consumption and fruit processed vs time, identification and measurement of energy uses, energy balance for a typical citrus juice evaporator); and thermodynamic analysis (heat pump model, thermal evaporator, and co-generation model).
Date:
June 15, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Synthetic fuel aromaticity and staged combustion
Samples of middle and heavy SRC-II distillates were distilled into 50 C boiling point range fractions. These were characterized by measurements of their molecular weight, elemental analysis and basic nitrogen content and calculation of average molecular structures. The structures typically consisted of 1 to 3 aromatic rings fused to alicyclic rings with short, 1 to 3 carbon aliphatic side chains. The lower boiling fractions contained significant amounts (1 atom/molecule) of oxygen while the heavier fractions contained so few heteroatoms that they were essentially hydrocarbons. Laboratory scale oxidative-pyrolysis experiments were carried out at pyrolysis temperatures of 500 to 1100 C and oxygen concentrations from 0 to 100 percent of stoichiometry. Analysis of liquid products, collected in condensers cooled with liquid nitrogen showed that aromatization is a major reaction in the absence of oxygen. The oxygen-containing materials (phenolics) seem to be more resistant to thermal pyrolysis than unsubstituted aromatics. Nitrogen converts from basic to nonbasic forms at about 500 C. The nonbasic nitrogen is more stable and survives up to 700 C after which it is slowly removed. A recently constructed 50,000 Btu/hr staged combustor was used to study the chemistry of the nitrogen and aromatics. SRC II combustion was studied under …
Date:
November 15, 1982
Creator:
Longanbach, J. R.; Chan, L. K. & Levy, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Emerging materials for solar cell applications: electrodeposited CdTe. Final report, February 14, 1979-February 14, 1980
Thin film gold/polycrystalline cadmium telluride Schottky solar cells made by electrodepositing the semiconductor on an ITO-coated glass substrate serving also as an ohmic contact demonstrated an internal efficiency of 4% over 2 mm/sup 2/ areas. During the year being reported upon, Monosolar devoted mator attention to refining the electroplating process and determining the parameters governing CdTe film stoichiometry, grain size, substrate adhesion, and quality. UCLA acting as a Monosolar sub-contractor characterized both the CdTe films themselves and solar cells made from them. Techniques were developed for making measurements on films often less than 1 micron in thickness. The highest values achieved for efficiency parameters, not necessarily all in the same cell, were V/sub oc/ = 0.5 V, J/sub sc/ = 11 mA/cm/sup 2/, and fill factor = 0.55 before corrections in the absence of anti-reflection coatings. Typical resistivities for n-CdTe films were 10/sup 5/ ..cap omega..-cm. Lifetimes of about 10/sup -10/ sec were measured. Absorption coefficient of these films is in the order of 10/sup 4/ for lambda < 0.7 ..mu..m. Measured energy gap for these CdTe films is 1.55 eV, sightly higher than the 1.45 eV value for single crystal CdTe. The activation energy of the dominating trap level …
Date:
May 15, 1980
Creator:
Rod, R.L.; Bunshah, R.; Stafsudd, O.; Basol, B.M. & Nath, P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Federal policies to promote the widespread utilization of photovoltaic systems. Supplement: review and critique
This document is intended as a supplement to the two-volume report entitled Federal Policies to Promote the Widespread Utilization of Photovoltaic Systems that was submitted to Congress by the Department of Energy in February and April of 1980. This supplement contains review comments prepared by knowledgeable experts who reviewed early drafts of the Congressional report. Responses to the review comments by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, preparer of the Congressional report, are also included in this supplement. The Congressional report, mandated in the Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-590), discusses various issues related to promoting the deployment of photovoltaic systems through the Federal Photovoltaic Program. Various program strategies and funding levels are examined.
Date:
April 15, 1980
Creator:
Smith, J.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of voltage control in utility interactive dispersed storage and generation systems
When a small generator is connected to the distribution system, the voltage at the point of interconnection is determined largely by the system and not the generator. This report examines the effect on the generator, on the load voltage and on the distribution system of a number of different voltage control strategies in the generator. Synchronous generators with three kinds of exciter control are considered, as well as induction generators and dc/ac inverters, with and without capacitor compensation. The effect of varying input power during operation (which may be experienced by generators based on renewable resources) is explored, as well as the effect of connecting and disconnecting the generator at ten percent of its rated power.
Date:
March 15, 1983
Creator:
Kirkham, H. & Das, R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Investigation of high velocity separator for particle removal in coal gasification plants. Phase II report
This report summarizes the results of Phase II of the High Velocity Particle Separator Program performed under Contract EF-77-C-01-2709. This high velocity wedge separator has the potential to reduce equipment size and cost of high temperature and pressurized particulate removal equipment for coal derived gases. Phase II has been directed toward testing and detailed conceptual design of an element suitable for a commercial scale high temperature, high pressure particle separator (HTPS). Concurrently, Phase IA has been conducted, which utilized the ambient analog method (AAM) for aerodynamic and collection performance investigation of each HTPS configuration prior and during hot testing. This report summarizes the results of Phase IA and II. The AAM effort established correlation of theoretical analysis and experiment for HTPS pressure drop, purge flow ratio and collection efficiency potential. Task I defined the initial test conditions to be the contract design point of 1800/sup 0/F and 350 psia. The 1800/sup 0/F, 350 psia testing represents the main high temperature testing with coal-derived particulates in the 2 to 10 micron range. Phase IA and Phase II have demonstrated efficient particle collection with acceptable pressure drop. In view of these encouraging results, it is reasonable to apply the developed technology toward …
Date:
January 15, 1980
Creator:
Linhardt, H.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Broad-band soft x-ray diagnostic instruments at the LLNL Novette laser facility
Complementary broad-band instruments have been developed to measure time dependent, absolute soft x-ray spectra at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Nd glass laser irradiation facilities. Absolute flux measurements of x rays emitted from laser-produced plasmas are important for understanding laser absorption and energy transport. We will describe two new 10-channel XRD systems that have been installed at the LLNL Novette facility for use in the 0.15- to 1.5-keV range. Since XRD channel time response is limited by available oscilloscope performance to 120 ps, a soft x-ray streak camera has been developed for better time resolution (20 ps) and greater dynamic range (approx.10/sup 3/) in the same x-ray energy region. Using suitable filters, grazing incidence mirrors, and a gold or cesium-iodide transmission cathode, this streak camera instrument has been installed at Novette to provide one broad and four relatively narrow channels. It can also be used in a single channel, spatially discriminating mode by means of pinhole imaging. The complementary nature of these instruments has been enhanced by locating them in close proximity and matching their channel energy responses. As an example of the use of these instruments, we present results from Novette 2..omega..(0.53 ..mu..m) gold disk irradiations at 1 …
Date:
September 15, 1983
Creator:
Tirsell, K.G.; Lee, P.H.Y.; Nilson, D.G. & Medecki, H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
CONC/11: a computer program for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems
CONC/11 is a computer program designed for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems. It is intended to aid the system or collector designer in evaluating the performance to be expected with possible design alternatives. From design or test data on the characteristics of the various subsystems, CONC/11 calculates the efficiencies of the collector and the overall power system as functions of the receiver temperature for a specified insolation. If desired, CONC/11 will also determine the receiver aperture and the receiver temperature that will provide the highest efficiencies at a given insolation. The program handles both simple and compound concentrators. CONC/11 is written in Athena Extended Fortran (similar to Fortran 77) to operate primarily in an interactive mode on a Sperry 1100/81 computer. It could also be used on many small computers.
Date:
February 15, 1984
Creator:
Jaffe, L. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Ramping of solid iron analysis magnets in experimental areas: BM109 preliminary results
The long main ring TeV pulse period of 60 sec with a 20 sec flattop makes it attractive to ramp solid iron magnets, such as BM109's, etc., in synchronisms with the main ring pulse. Annual energy cost savings for a BM109 could be up to a maximum of $6.6 per hour or %58,000 per year. Are there 10 or more magnets we could ramp. What is the lag between the magnet excitation current and the magnet field. It is probably small because these magnets have large air gaps and therefore relatively short (short of one second) time constants. Some preliminary measurements showing the lag between the excitation current and the magnet field for a BM109 are included. Ramping BM109's seems practical if they are programmed up to 5 seconds ahead of the main ring pulse. Maybe ramping BM109's should be tried at a few locations to gain some experience. 4 figs.
Date:
January 15, 1988
Creator:
Visser, A.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
LIMB Demonstration Project Extension
The basic goal of the Limestone Injection Mitigation Burner (LIMB) demonstration is to extend LIMB technology development to a full- scale application on a representative wall-fired utility boiler. The successful retrofit of LIMB to an existing boiler is expected to demonstrate that (a) reductions of 50 percent or greater in SO{sub x} and NO{sub x} emissions can be achieved at a fraction of the cost of add-on FGD systems, (b) boiler reliability, operability, and steam production can be maintained at levels existing prior to LIMB retrofit, and (c) technical difficulties attributable to LIMB operation, such as additional slagging and fouling, changes in ash disposal requirements, and an increased particulate load, can be resolved in a cost-effective manner. The primary fuel to be used will be an Ohio bituminous coal having a nominal sulfur content of 3 percent or greater.
Date:
November 15, 1989
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Health and safety evaluation of a modified tunnel-borer design for application to single-entry coal-mine development
The health and safety analysis is part of an overall effort to identify and develop innovative underground coal extraction systems. The single-entry tunnel borer system was initially considered an innovative approach to underground mining because it exhibited a means of increasing the speed and efficiency of entry development by reducing the number of entries. However, to be considered a truly advanced system, the tunnel borer had to meet distinct safety criteria as well. The objective was to examine the tunnel borer design and determine whether it offset major health hazards, and satisfied the prescribed safety levels. As a baseline for comparison, the tunnel borer was compared against the continuous mining entry driving system. The results of the health analysis indicated that while the tunnel borer design offered improvements in dust control through the use of water sprays, a higher face ventilation rate, and the application of spalling rather than the conventional grinding process, it interjected an additional mutagenic is and toxic compound into the environment through the use of shotcrete. The tunnel borer system easily conformed with the prescribed fatality limit, but exceeded the required limits for disabling and overall injuries. It also exhibited projected disabling and overall injury rates …
Date:
February 15, 1982
Creator:
Zimmerman, W. F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Lasers in chemical processing
The high cost of laser energy is the crucial issue in any potential laser-processing application. It is expensive relative to other forms of energy and to most bulk chemicals. We show those factors that have previously frustrated attempts to find commercially viable laser-induced processes for the production of materials. Having identified the general criteria to be satisfied by an economically successful laser process and shown how these imply the laser-system requirements, we present a status report on the uranium laser isotope separation (LIS) program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
Date:
April 15, 1982
Creator:
Davis, J.I.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual technical report: fiscal year 1981
The activities of the JPL Solar Thermal Power Systems Parabolic Dish Project are summarized for FY 1981. Included are discussions on subsystem designs of concentrators, receivers, engines, power converters, and thermal transport. Analyses and test results are also included along with progress on field tests, Small Community System development and the Parabolic Dish Test Site.
Date:
March 15, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library