Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, August 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, August 6, 2003

Interview with Ed Carseth, a pilot during World War II. He discusses an early interest in aviation and earned his pilot's license through the Civilian Pilot Training program. He spent a year as an instructor before joining the Air Transport Command. Through 1944 he delivered aircraft to Australia before being assigned to Myitkyina, Burma. He speaks of living conditions at Myitkyina. He flew materials over the Himalaya Mountains (the Hump) from Burma to Kunming, China. Carseth relates anectdotes about General Claire Chennault, Lord Louis Mountbatten, and a squadron mate who kept a baboon.
Date: August 6, 2003
Creator: Metzler, Ed & Carseth, Ed
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Reid Misenheimer, September 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Reid Misenheimer, September 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Reid Misenheimer. Misenheimer was born in Augusta, Arkansas 8 May 1922 and attended North Georgia College for two years before entering the Army in 1945. He took basic training at Smyrna Army Airfield, Tennessee, and was placed into a guard squadron after completing training. He recalls being transferred into the Army Specialized Training Program and being sent to the Citadel where he received training in basic engineering. The program was terminated and he was transferred into the infantry and sent to Fort Bragg, Kentucky for infantry basic. At the end of infantry training, he was transferred into the artillery and once again took basic training. Upon completion, he was sent to a 155mm Long Tom artillery unit at Brownsville, Texas and was assigned as a mechanic in the headquarters battalion. In January 1945 he went aboard a troop transport bound for La Havre, France. He relates various experiences in France. He returned to the United States in 1946 and received his discharge at Fort Bragg.
Date: September 6, 2003
Creator: Misenheimer, Reid
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Henry Mooi, August 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Henry Mooi, August 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Henry Mooi. Mooi joined the Navy in January of 1945. He served aboard USS Cabot (CVL-28). He served on fire watch duty. Mooi remained aboard the Cabot through the end of the war, and they provided air cover during the Japanese surrender on USS Missouri (BB-63).
Date: August 6, 2003
Creator: Mooi, Henry
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Irvin Spielberg, November 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Irvin Spielberg, November 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Irvine Spielberg. Born 18 December 1918 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Spielberg graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1941 with an aeronautical engineering degree. He worked at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio as a civil employee in the aircraft laboratory until he was drafted in January 1943. He went through Army Air Forces basic training on three different occasions. Twice he was relieved from active duty, placed into enlisted reserves and returned to his job at the laboratory. In 1944 he was again called up and completed basic training at Sheppard Field, Texas. Spielberg then entered gunnery school at Lowery Air Base, Colorado. After six weeks of training he transferred into flight engineer school at Lowery and describes various aspects of his training. Upon completion in October 1944, he began training at Maxwell Air Base. After several months, he went to MacDill Air Base, Florida. There, his crew was assembled and training began. It included long flights and he explains the procedure of fuel transfers during flight. In June 1945, the crew was assigned to the 313th Bomb Wing, 504th Bomb Group, 421st Bomb Squadron on Tinian. He remembers …
Date: November 6, 2003
Creator: Spielberg, Irvine
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Garrett Klatt, November 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Garrett Klatt, November 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Garrett A. Klatt. Klatt was born in Bluntzer, Texas on 24 January 1925, and was inducted into the Army on 22 June 1943. He shares several anecdotes about basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky. After graduating he was accepted into the Amy Specialized Training Program (ASTP) where he trained in basic engineering at the University of Kentucky and at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The ASTP was terminated in May 1944, and his group was sent overseas on the USAT George Washington. Klatt provides details of the transit and arrival in England. While in England he trained as a truck driver. Later, he served as a driver for the American Red Cross for six weeks in Paris. Klatt then describes his assignment to the Psychological Warfare Division of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. The division eventually evolved into the Information Control Division of United States Forces, European Theater, and was headquartered in Munich, Germany. He served in occupied Germany as a driver and details the dire circumstances faced by the German populace. He eventually returned to the US and was discharged on 18 March 1946 when he joined the …
Date: November 6, 2003
Creator: Klatt, Garrett A.
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Raymond Strohmeyer, October 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Raymond Strohmeyer, October 6, 2003

The National Museum of the pacific War presents an oral interview with Raymond Strohmeyer. Strohmeyer enlisted in the Marine Corps in October, 1942. He trained in San Diego. Once he was shipped to New Caledonia as a replacement, he volunteered for the Marine Raiders and was attached to the 2nd Raider Battalion. He was with them when they went to Bougainville in November, 1943. He left after ten weeks in combat. His unit went to Saipan, but was never called ashore from the floating reserve. They went to Guam, instead. Strohmeyer describes taking the airfield on Guam and other combat actions. He also participated in the invasion of Okinawa. He carried a Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) in his squad. He was eventually wounded on 19 May and evacuated to an Army hospital, from which he was flown to Guam two days later. He rejoined his outfit in time to go to Japan after the surrender. Strohmeyer was discharged in November, 1945.
Date: October 6, 2003
Creator: Strohmeyer, Raymond M.
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Jack Brown, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Jack Brown, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Jack Brown. Born in 1919, he enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1941. He was sent to Pearl Harbor. He recounts his actions during the Japanese attack there. He was then assigned to the USS Indianapolis (CA-35). He describes his duties as the captain?s orderly. He talks about an encounter with fifteen Japanese twin-engine airplanes while escorting troop ships from the Coral Sea to Australia. He also discusses sinking Japanese supply ships in Alaska. After being hospitalized in San Francisco for tuberculosis, he joined the 1st Marine Division in Guadalcanal in late 1943. He shares an anecdote about the troops and quinine on Guadalcanal. He describes the Battle of Peleliu where he was a gun captain on a 105mm howitzer. When the war ended, he was transported on the USS Wharton (AP-7) to San Diego, California where Roy Rogers and Dale Evans greeted the troops with the song ?Happy Trails.? Shortly thereafter, he was discharged.
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Brown, Jack
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with J. C. Alston, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with J. C. Alston, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with J.C. Alston. Alston joined the Navy in August, 1941. He eventually reported aboard the USS California (BB-44) and served in the number 2 turret. Alston describes being present aboard the California when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Afterwards, Alston stayed with the California repairing and refurbishing her. Alston was aboard for the in Leyte invasion in the Philippines and describes watching some of the action at Iwo Jima. Alston also speaks about life aboard the California during the war.
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Alston, J. C.
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Frank Curre, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Frank Curre, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Frank Curre. Curre joined the Navy in June of 1941. Beginning in August, he served as Mess Cook aboard USS Tennessee (BB-43). They were moored in Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attacked. Through 1942, Curre served aboard a yard mine sweeper in Bremerton. He completed training on minesweeping gear. He traveled through the Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert islands. They swept around Bougainville, New Britain and New Georgia prior to invasions. They were stationed on Midway Island, where Curre remained through the end of the war. He was discharged in August of 1946.
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Curre, Frank
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Euell White, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Euell White, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Euell White. White entered the Marine Corps on 29 May 1941 and did his basic training in San Diego. His first assignment was on Midway Island where he manned 3-inch anti-aircraft guns. He was at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 in the Marine barracks, which looked down on battleship row. White talks about a Japanese aircraft that was shot down and ended up about 500 feet from the hospital near his barracks. He states that the pilot had a map that marked every battleship and aircraft carrier that was supposed to be in the harbor. White also talks about a two-man Japanese submarine in the bay during the attack; the sub had hit a sand bar. He also mentions guarding a tank farm two days after the attack. Two to three weeks after Pearl Harbor, White was put on a destroyer that was going to Wake Island but they received word that Wake was going to fall so they went to Johnston Island instead. At Johnston Island they pumped coral and built a runway. After leave back in the States, White went back to Hawaii and was …
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: White, Euell
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Hamilton McWhorter, January 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Hamilton McWhorter, January 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Hamilton McWhorter. McWhorter was born in Athens, Georgia on 8 February 1921 and enrolled in a Civilian Pilot Training Program while in college. He enlisted in the Navy in June 1941 with a pilot’s license. He received his Aviator wings at Pensacola in February 1942. His first assignment was to Fighter Squadron Nine (VF-9) at Norfolk, Virginia. He was flying the much-maligned Brewster Buffalo (F2A-3) trainer when he had the only flight accident of his career at an airfield in Miami, Florida. His first combat flight was off the USS Ranger (CV-4) just off Morocco in support of the invasion of North Africa in November 1942. He was transferred to the USS Yorktown (CV-10) in August 1943. His combat missions in the Pacific consisted of strafing runs on islands and escorting bombers and torpedo planes over Wake Island during which he encountered his first Japanese Mitsubishi A6M (Zero). He shot down another Zero while making a strafing run on Wake Island. He also attacked Rabaul on 11 November 1943 while escorting American bombers. He remembers a strafing run on the Japanese heavy cruiser Mogami, and he shot down …
Date: January 6, 2003
Creator: McWhorter, Hamilton
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, September 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, September 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Ed Carseth. He discusses an early interest in aviation and earned his pilot's license through the Civilian Pilot Training program. He spent a year as an instructor before joining the Air Transport Command. Through 1944 he delivered aircraft to Australia before being assigned to Myitkyina, Burma. He speaks of living conditions at Myitkyina and flying materials over the Himalaya Mountains (the Hump) from Burma to Kunming, China. Carseth has anectdotes about meeting General Claire Chennault, Lord Louis Mountbatten, and a squadron mate who kept a baboon.
Date: September 6, 2003
Creator: Carseth, Ed
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Richard Cunningham, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Richard Cunningham, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Richard Cunningham. Cunningham joined the Navy in 1940 and, after training, was assigned to the USS West Virginia (BB-48) at Bremerton, Washington. At tehe time, the ship was in drydock being updated with armor plating and more guns. Cunningham was aboard when the fleet was moved from California to Hawaii. He shares his experiences he had during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Cunningham was in a captain's gig headed for the landing in the Southeast Lock when the attack commenced. He describes seeing torpedo bombers just above his head as they attacked. Cunningham and crew soon began picking up survivors from the water in their boat. For the next two days, Cunningham assisted infighting fires aboard the USS Arizona (BB-39). Later, Cunningham was assigned to the USS APc-35 that went to Guadalcanal. En route, they picked up a unit of Fiji Islanders and dropped them off on Guadalcanal for a covert mission. His vessel became grounded on a reef and was abandoned. He was then assigned to another inter-island transport vessel, the USS APc-33.
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Cunningham, Richard
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Howard Williams, October 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Howard Williams, October 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Howard Williams. Williams joined the Navy at 15 years old after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He joined the crew of the USS Cushing (DD-376). Williams describes picking up downed airmen after the Hornet was sunk at the Battle of Santa Cruz. He also discusses being blown over the side of his ship when it was critically hit during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. Williams mentions seeing the Japanese shell Henderson Field and catching malaria while he was on Guadalcanal. He describes what happened when the Navy learned that he was under age and how he was assigned to shore duty. Williams was discharged when he had enough points in May 1945.
Date: October 6, 2003
Creator: Williams, Howard
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Charlie Boswell, December 6, 2003 transcript

Oral History Interview with Charlie Boswell, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Charlie Boswell. After boot training in San Diego, he was assigned to the USS Tennessee in April 1941. The Tennessee was at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 tied up on the inside of the USS West Virginia, next to the pier. Boswell's battle station was as an ammunition handler on one of the 5-inch guns. He went down there and stayed there all day, sending up rounds. Boswell states that the Tennessee took two bombs hits. After about seven or eight days and they had blasted the big concrete pillars to give the Tennessee enough room to get out, they went to Bremerton, Washington along with the USS Pennsylvania and USS Maryland. After repairs, the Tennessee operated out of San Francisco. In September 1942, the Tennessee put back into Bremerton for additional work. Boswell was transferred to the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the USS Waller (DD-466), a new Fletcher-class destroyer. The Waller sailed through the Panama Canal and ended up in the Solomon Islands, around Guadalcanal, where they joined up with four cruisers and four other destroyers. They operated out of an island called Tonagawa for two …
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Boswell, Charlie R.
Object Type: Sound
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, September 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Ed Carseth, September 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Ed Carseth. He discusses an early interest in aviation and earned his pilot's license through the Civilian Pilot Training program. He spent a year as an instructor before joining the Air Transport Command. Through 1944 he delivered aircraft to Australia before being assigned to Myitkyina, Burma. He speaks of living conditions at Myitkyina and flying materials over the Himalaya Mountains (the Hump) from Burma to Kunming, China. Carseth has anectdotes about meeting General Claire Chennault, Lord Louis Mountbatten, and a squadron mate who kept a baboon.
Date: September 6, 2003
Creator: Carseth, Ed
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Charlie Boswell, December 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Charlie Boswell, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Charlie Boswell. After boot training in San Diego, he was assigned to the USS Tennessee in April 1941. The Tennessee was at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 tied up on the inside of the USS West Virginia, next to the pier. Boswell's battle station was as an ammunition handler on one of the 5-inch guns. He went down there and stayed there all day, sending up rounds. Boswell states that the Tennessee took two bombs hits. After about seven or eight days and they had blasted the big concrete pillars to give the Tennessee enough room to get out, they went to Bremerton, Washington along with the USS Pennsylvania and USS Maryland. After repairs, the Tennessee operated out of San Francisco. In September 1942, the Tennessee put back into Bremerton for additional work. Boswell was transferred to the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the USS Waller (DD-466), a new Fletcher-class destroyer. The Waller sailed through the Panama Canal and ended up in the Solomon Islands, around Guadalcanal, where they joined up with four cruisers and four other destroyers. They operated out of an island called Tonagawa for two …
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Boswell, Charlie R.
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Richard Cunningham, December 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Richard Cunningham, December 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Richard Cunningham. Cunningham joined the Navy in 1940 and, after training, was assigned to the USS West Virginia (BB-48) at Bremerton, Washington. At tehe time, the ship was in drydock being updated with armor plating and more guns. Cunningham was aboard when the fleet was moved from California to Hawaii. He shares his experiences he had during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Cunningham was in a captain's gig headed for the landing in the Southeast Lock when the attack commenced. He describes seeing torpedo bombers just above his head as they attacked. Cunningham and crew soon began picking up survivors from the water in their boat. For the next two days, Cunningham assisted infighting fires aboard the USS Arizona (BB-39). Later, Cunningham was assigned to the USS APc-35 that went to Guadalcanal. En route, they picked up a unit of Fiji Islanders and dropped them off on Guadalcanal for a covert mission. His vessel became grounded on a reef and was abandoned. He was then assigned to another inter-island transport vessel, the USS APc-33.
Date: December 6, 2003
Creator: Cunningham, Richard
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Hamilton McWhorter, January 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Hamilton McWhorter, January 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Hamilton McWhorter. McWhorter was born in Athens, Georgia on 8 February 1921 and enrolled in a Civilian Pilot Training Program while in college. He enlisted in the Navy in June 1941 with a pilot’s license. He received his Aviator wings at Pensacola in February 1942. His first assignment was to Fighter Squadron Nine (VF-9) at Norfolk, Virginia. He was flying the much-maligned Brewster Buffalo (F2A-3) trainer when he had the only flight accident of his career at an airfield in Miami, Florida. His first combat flight was off the USS Ranger (CV-4) just off Morocco in support of the invasion of North Africa in November 1942. He was transferred to the USS Yorktown (CV-10) in August 1943. His combat missions in the Pacific consisted of strafing runs on islands and escorting bombers and torpedo planes over Wake Island during which he encountered his first Japanese Mitsubishi A6M (Zero). He shot down another Zero while making a strafing run on Wake Island. He also attacked Rabaul on 11 November 1943 while escorting American bombers. He remembers a strafing run on the Japanese heavy cruiser Mogami, and he shot down …
Date: January 6, 2003
Creator: McWhorter, Hamilton
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Reid Misenheimer, September 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Reid Misenheimer, September 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Reid Misenheimer. Misenheimer was born in Augusta, Arkansas 8 May 1922 and attended North Georgia College for two years before entering the Army in 1945. He took basic training at Smyrna Army Airfield, Tennessee, and was placed into a guard squadron after completing training. He recalls being transferred into the Army Specialized Training Program and being sent to the Citadel where he received training in basic engineering. The program was terminated and he was transferred into the infantry and sent to Fort Bragg, Kentucky for infantry basic. At the end of infantry training, he was transferred into the artillery and once again took basic training. Upon completion, he was sent to a 155mm Long Tom artillery unit at Brownsville, Texas and was assigned as a mechanic in the headquarters battalion. In January 1945 he went aboard a troop transport bound for La Havre, France. He relates various experiences in France. He returned to the United States in 1946 and received his discharge at Fort Bragg.
Date: September 6, 2003
Creator: Misenheimer, Reid
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Henry Mooi, August 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Henry Mooi, August 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Henry Mooi. Mooi joined the Navy in January of 1945. He served aboard USS Cabot (CVL-28). He served on fire watch duty. Mooi remained aboard the Cabot through the end of the war, and they provided air cover during the Japanese surrender on USS Missouri (BB-63).
Date: August 6, 2003
Creator: Mooi, Henry
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Irvin Spielberg, November 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Irvin Spielberg, November 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Irvine Spielberg. Born 18 December 1918 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Spielberg graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1941 with an aeronautical engineering degree. He worked at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio as a civil employee in the aircraft laboratory until he was drafted in January 1943. He went through Army Air Forces basic training on three different occasions. Twice he was relieved from active duty, placed into enlisted reserves and returned to his job at the laboratory. In 1944 he was again called up and completed basic training at Sheppard Field, Texas. Spielberg then entered gunnery school at Lowery Air Base, Colorado. After six weeks of training he transferred into flight engineer school at Lowery and describes various aspects of his training. Upon completion in October 1944, he began training at Maxwell Air Base. After several months, he went to MacDill Air Base, Florida. There, his crew was assembled and training began. It included long flights and he explains the procedure of fuel transfers during flight. In June 1945, the crew was assigned to the 313th Bomb Wing, 504th Bomb Group, 421st Bomb Squadron on Tinian. He remembers …
Date: November 6, 2003
Creator: Spielberg, Irvine
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Garrett Klatt, November 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Garrett Klatt, November 6, 2003

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Garrett A. Klatt. Klatt was born in Bluntzer, Texas on 24 January 1925, and was inducted into the Army on 22 June 1943. He shares several anecdotes about basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky. After graduating he was accepted into the Amy Specialized Training Program (ASTP) where he trained in basic engineering at the University of Kentucky and at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The ASTP was terminated in May 1944, and his group was sent overseas on the USAT George Washington. Klatt provides details of the transit and arrival in England. While in England he trained as a truck driver. Later, he served as a driver for the American Red Cross for six weeks in Paris. Klatt then describes his assignment to the Psychological Warfare Division of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. The division eventually evolved into the Information Control Division of United States Forces, European Theater, and was headquartered in Munich, Germany. He served in occupied Germany as a driver and details the dire circumstances faced by the German populace. He eventually returned to the US and was discharged on 18 March 1946 when he joined the …
Date: November 6, 2003
Creator: Klatt, Garrett A.
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History
Oral History Interview with Raymond Strohmeyer, October 6, 2003 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Raymond Strohmeyer, October 6, 2003

The National Museum of the pacific War presents an oral interview with Raymond Strohmeyer. Strohmeyer enlisted in the Marine Corps in October, 1942. He trained in San Diego. Once he was shipped to New Caledonia as a replacement, he volunteered for the Marine Raiders and was attached to the 2nd Raider Battalion. He was with them when they went to Bougainville in November, 1943. He left after ten weeks in combat. His unit went to Saipan, but was never called ashore from the floating reserve. They went to Guam, instead. Strohmeyer describes taking the airfield on Guam and other combat actions. He also participated in the invasion of Okinawa. He carried a Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) in his squad. He was eventually wounded on 19 May and evacuated to an Army hospital, from which he was flown to Guam two days later. He rejoined his outfit in time to go to Japan after the surrender. Strohmeyer was discharged in November, 1945.
Date: October 6, 2003
Creator: Strohmeyer, Raymond M.
Object Type: Text
System: The Portal to Texas History