Catalytic Exchange Detritiation: A pilot-scale combined electrolysis catalytic exchange system was constructed. Tritiated Liquid Waste Decontamination (Molecular Excitation): The scavenger and irradiation cell apparatus was completed for the two-photon ISP system. The uv source (xenon flashlamp) was adapted to the photolysis cell. A problem with the optical parametric oscillator was traced to prelasing due to a degradation in isolator rejection, and the laser power supply is being modified. Fixation of Aqueous Tritiated Waste in Polymer Impregnated Concrete: An optimum weight percent of catalyst in the monomer of 0.5 percent and an oven curing temperature of 55/sup 0/C were established. The ratio of monomer to concrete is under investigation. Radiation Chemistry Studies of Tritium Fixation Packages: Pressure increase and gas composition were measured over (1) tritiated water (1000 Ci/l) with and without cement-plaster fixation and (2) tritiated n-octane (1000 Ci/l) with and without vermiculite or absorbal fixation. The back reaction that limits pressure buildup over water was inhibited by the fixative. The pressure buildup over waste vacuum pump oils was much less than the ''worst case'' predicted. Management of High Specific Activity Tritiated Liquid Wastes: Drums of solidified liquid waste were inspected one year after assembly. Of the 96 drums, four …

The presence of potassium or calcium in sol gel catalysts increase the production of C{sub 4} hydrocarbon and that of methane while maintaining high activities. Characterization of catalysts using temperature programmed desorption of carbon dioxide indicates that activity and product distribution over an isosynthesis catalyst depend on its acid-base properties. Low activity was observed for catalysts with very weak basicity, and high oxygenate production for catalysts with strong basicity. An optimum strength of basic sites is crucial to achieve high activity while minimizing the amount of oxygenates. A kinetic model was developed based on the reaction mechanisms, and the simulation from the model produces reasonable fit with the experimental data.

This report contains the history and increases of the debt limit for the second time in 2008.

A method of determining enclosure pressure in the event of a reactor rupture is presented and a sample calculation is shown. This method was used in calculating the design pressure of the Dresden Nuclear Power Station enclosure.

This report includes information regarding various agriculture issues surrounding mad cow disease. Topics of discussion include risk analysis, safeguards, and trade issues.

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Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, CRS estimates that the Administration has allocated a total of about $357 billion for military operations, reconstruction, embassy costs, and various foreign aid programs in Iraq and Afghanistan, and for enhanced security at defense bases. This total includes $45 billion in “bridge” funding for the Department of Defense (DOD) as provided in H.J.Res. 68 /P.L.109- 77, a FY2006 Continuing Resolution, which was signed by the President on September 30, 2005.

From introduction: "It is the purpose of this report to give two further methods of determining end point of pontentiometric titration, neither of which require the plotting of a graph."

Report presenting tests in the 11-inch hypersonic tunnel at Mach number 6.86 to determine the effectiveness of an adjustable supersonic diffuser without boundary-layer control in reducing the pressure ratios across the system required to maintain supersonic flow. Testing indicated that the pressure ratio could be reduced to about one-third the pressure ratio required for starting.

This report discusses intelligence issues for Congress including terrorism, conflicts between Israel and Palestine, in Iraq, and among the former Yugoslav states, and North Korean missile capabilities. Updated October 6, 2003.

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A small-scale demonstration of a new photocatalytic membrane reactor was undertaken at the X-623 Groundwater Treatment Facility at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. The photocatalytic membrane reactor initially removed between 60 and 65% of the TCE in a single pass. It also removed significant amounts of three additional compounds (including completely removing one of the compounds). It is believed that these compounds were vinyl chloride, and two isomers of dichloroethylene. Within three days from startup, high suspended solids (mainly bacteria) contained in the feedwater tank caused plugging of the system`s prefilter. The high concentration of bacteria was the result of a previously unknown large amount of activated carbon present in the feed tank prior to addition of the groundwater. It was also later discovered that fine colloidal silt particles had fouled the photocatalytic membranes and reduced their activity yielding only about a 20% reduction of TCE. The silt particles were determined to be between 50 and 100 nm and were able to pass through the 500 nm (0.5 {mu}m) diameter pores of the prefilter. The results of this field test demonstrated the potential for success of the deployment of this technology, the simplicity, flexibility, and operability of the process and …

This report provides information about the current perspectives and policies of Iraq's neighbors following the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003; analyzes potential regional responses to renewed violence and longer-term stabilization efforts; discusses shared concerns and U.S. long-term regional interests; and reviews U.S. policy options for responding to various contingencies.

Relatively simple models are presented to simulate close-in atmospheric dispersion, explosive releases, and particle deposition. Close-in generally refers to distances less than 50 m downwind from the source. These models assume simple gas dispersion (no chemical reactions, neutral buoyancy) and that particles behave as a gas expect they can be removed from the plume by a simple, deposition-velocity mechanism. These models have been combined into a QuickBASIC program (INEXPLC.BAS) and its PC executable form (INEXPLC.EXE). These programs, along with sample input and output files, are available from the author.

A number of legislative proposals to restructure or eliminate the Department of Energy (DOE) and the DOE laboratories have been introduced since the end of the Cold War, especially since the beginning of the 104th Congress. This legislation has been introduced because of perceived major problems with DOE, including its overall mission. Sponsors state, for example, that about 85% of DOE's budget is for non-energy programs, even though the nation's dependency on foreign energy sources has increased since the establishment of the department. Also of concern is the department's failure to go far enough, in their view, in solving its long-term management problems, downsizing, and reducing budgets.

Under this contract the authors have contributed to ITER edged plasma physics by improving the numerics and the organization of the B2.5 edge plasma code, by applying the code in a systematic study of the effect of deliberately introduced impurities upon the divertor heat load, by collaborating with colleagues at IPP Garching in their studies of the ITER divertor using the B2/EIRENE code system and in their model validation studies, and by kinetic studies of the possible beneficial effects of magnetic perturbations upon divertor heat load. In regard to the effect of recycling impurities their modeling indicates that it will be possible to radiate up to 200 MW in the edge plasma and divertor if the edge density is sufficiently high ({approx_equal} 6.0 {times} 10{sup 19}/m{sup 3}) and if there is maintained a concentration of 1.0% neon or 0.5% argon. This implies that an acceptable working point for ITER may just barely be possible with credit for bremsstrahlung and edge radiation alone, and a robust working point appears possible if consideration is given also to core plasma impurity radiation. In regard to the effect of magnetic perturbations they find that a scenario that relies on external windings requires coils no …

The production of bioenergy - renewable energy derived from biomass - could potentially increase national energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to rural economic growth. This report provides analyses of commonly discussed biomass feedstocks and their relative potential for power generation. Additional biopower issues - feedstock accessibility, the biomass power plant carbon-neutrality debate, and unintended consequences of legislative activities to promote bioenergy - are also discussed.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is assisting the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Distributed Energy (DE) Program by developing advanced control algorithms that would lead to development of tools to enhance performance and reliability, and reduce emissions of distributed energy technologies, including combined heat and power technologies. This report documents phase 2 of the program, providing a detailed functional specification for algorithms for performance monitoring and commissioning verification, scheduled for development in FY 2006. The report identifies the systems for which algorithms will be developed, the specific functions of each algorithm, metrics which the algorithms will output, and inputs required by each algorithm.

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This paper examines the factors that threaten the future of the Russian Federation (RF). The observations are based on a study that focused on eight republics: Mordova, Udmurtia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Buryatia, and Altay Republic. These republics were selected for their geographic and economic significance to the RF. Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and Mari El are located on important supply routes, such as the Volga River and the trans-Siberian railroad. Some of these republics are relatively wealthy, with natural resources such as oil (e.g., Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), and all eight republics play significant roles in the military-industrial complex. The importance of these republics to the RF contrasts to the relative insignificance of the independence-minded Northern Caucasus area. The author chose not to examine the Northern Caucasus region (except Kabardino-Balkaria) because these republics may have only a minor impact on the rest of the RF if they secede. Their impact would be minimized because they lie on the frontiers of the RF. Many Russians believe that {open_quotes}it might be best to let such a troublesome area secede.{close_quotes}

This is a progress report on the carbonate process, compiled by the chemical development department of the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation's Y-12 plant, covering the month of September, 1949. In the previous month, the problem of immediate interest to the Monticello operation were listed. Projects that were left incomplete during that time were continued during this month, as well as a brief investigation of the process in which raw ore is leached with sodium carbonate, the sands and slime separated, the sands leached with acid, and the slimes roasted in a pellitized form.

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This document provides estimates of average annual radiation worker exposures for the 200 Areas of the Hanford Site for various facilities. The period of exposures extends from calendar year 1978 through 1993. These estimates were extracted from annual dosimetry reports.

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