Calcium aluminosilicate glasses were found to react with phosphoric acid in three ways depending upon silica content. Above 55% SiO/sub 2/ they are insoluble while below 50% they dissolve readily. The transition compositions release calcium and aluminum ions and a silica gel phase replaces the glass. Activation energies in the order of 10 kcal/mole are associated with the dissolution. Equilibrium studies in the systems CaO-P/sub 2/O/sub 5/-H/sub 2/O, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-P/sub 2/O/sub 5/-H/sub 2/O, and CaO-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-P/sub 2/O/sub 5/-H/sub 2/O were made to determine the phases which are stable at 200/sup 0/C in excess water. The CaO system shows hydroxylapatite, monetite and monocalcium orthophosphate are the stable phases. The Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ system contains augelite, berlinite, and a high phosphate aluminum hydrate. The quaternary system shows the above phase plus a lime alumina hydrogarnet and crandallite. Cement made from a glass frit of the composition 45% SiO/sub 2/: 24% CaO: 24% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has a compressive strength of 500 psi after several days in steam at 200/sup 0/C and 800 psi after months in steam. Bonding of cements to mild steel are discussed.

Measurement of /sup 129/I at low levels is required for effluent control, environmental assessment and tracer studies in the natural environment. Low level /sup 129/I analysis has also been used for measurement of natural-fission-produced /sup 129/I in minerals and ores as well as meteorites. The most sensitive method for /sup 129/I measurements is neutron activation analysis of iodine separated from a suitable sample. Minimum sample processing prior to neutron activation is desirable in order to reduce chances of sample contamination with uranium or /sup 129/I. A potential interference in the activation analysis method is the production of /sup 129/I (/sup 130/I) from Te impurities in the irradiated ampoule. Procedures have been developed and applied to measurement of the magnitude of the potential Te interference. One-tenth of a microgram of Te in the irradiated ampoule is sufficient to produce interference in the analysis. This is detectable by either radiochemical Te measurements or by /sup 131/I detection in the iodine fraction from the irradiated ampoule. This paper discusses the procedures and results of Te interference studies in /sup 129/I activation analysis. The interference was found to be insignificant for most analyses. 5 tables.

Heat engine/electric hybrid vehicles offer the potential of greatly reduced petroleum consumption, compared to conventional vehicles, without the disadvantages of limited performance and operating range associated with pure electric vehicles. This report documents a hybrid vehicle design approach which is aimed at the development of the technology required to achieve this potential, in such a way that it is transferable to the auto industry in the near term. The development of this design approach constituted Phase I of the Near-Term Hybrid Vehicle Program. The major tasks in this program were: mission analysis and performance specification studies; design tradeoff studies; and preliminary design. Detailed reports covering each of these tasks are included as appendices to this report. A fourth task, sensitivity studies, is also included in the report on the design tradeoff studies. Because of the detail with which these appendices cover methodology and results, the body of this report has been prepared as a brief executive summary of the program activities and results, with appropriate references to the detailed material in the appendices.

It is proposed that the E x B drift arising from an externally applied electric field could be used in a tokamak or other toroidal magnetic plasma confinement device to remove plasma and impurities from the region near the wall and reduce the amount of plasma striking the wall. This could either augment or replace a conventional magnetic field divertor. Among the possible advantages of this scheme are easy external control over the rate of removal of plasma, more rapid removal than the naturally occurring rate in a magnetic divertor, and simplification of construction if the magnetic divertor is eliminated. Results of several related experiments performed in the Wisconsin Levitated Octupole are presented.

A theoretical analysis was carried out to estimate the quasi-steady-state external mass transport by lattice, surface and gaseous diffusion in terms of the stereologically measurable microstructural parameters of a mixed powder compact. It was shown that the gaseous transport can be described by a single dimensionless quantity termed sublimation transport modulus. Using these equations, the relative importance of the alternate external transport modes can be evaluated. Experimental work determined the reaction isotherms for the formation of lead zirconate from yellow PbO and monoclinic zirconia between 710/sup 0/C to 810/sup 0/C for two zirconia size distributions. The larger zirconia showed diffusion controlled shrinking core kinetics up to about 90 percent reaction while the smaller zirconia indicated a diffusion controlled spherical growth of up to 85 percent reaction after an instantaneous nucleation at a limited number of sites. The difference was attributed to the differences in the mixing time and not to the particulate sizes. It was observed that for the same size range, a longer mixing operation gave a better dispersion of reactants which resulted in a higher nucleation site density required for a shrinking core type of product morphology and faster kinetics. A microprobe profile analysis of partially reacted particles …

For our purposes in this review, we note the following points: (1) for charged particle detection, these counters can be filled with any noble gas-quenching gas mixture that produces satisfactory electrical signals; (2) neutron counters, in which the neutrons are detected by their interaction with the specific filling of the chamber to yield an ionizing particle, require special gas mixtures containing /sup 3/He or BF/sub 3/, an alternative approach is to coat the inner surface of the cathode with a boron or lithium compound; (3) proportional counters are used if there is any need to discriminate between different types of radiation incident on the chamber by the magnitude of the ionizing energy retained within the sensitive volume of the counter; (4) proportional counters can operate at higher speeds than Geiger counters, typically up to 10/sup 7/ cts/sec versus less than 10/sup 5//sec for the Geiger counters; and (5) Geiger counters produce very large uniform pulses which can be scaled by very simple electronics, hence, they are often used in survey meters and other portable monitoring instruments.

In Part I of this report the results of Task III are presented and discussed. The subject of Task III is the study and identification of secondary and primary mineral assemblages in basalts of the Pasco Basin of southeastern Washington. In particular, we have determined the relative amounts, crystallization sequence, and compositions of secondary minerals found lining vesicle and fracture surfaces. This information, together with data on the chemical composition of primary minerals and the extent to which they have undergone dissolution, has been used in theoretical simulations of mass transfer which is the subject of Part II (Task IV) of this report.

So that energy policy by state government may be formulated within the constraints imposed by policy determined at the national level - yet reflect the diverse interests of its citizens - large quantities of data and sophisticated analytic capabilities are required. This report presents the design of an energy-information/analytic system for New York State, the data for a base year, 1976, and projections of these data. At the county level, 1976 energy-supply demand data and electric generating plant data are provided as well. Data-base management is based on System 2000. Three computerized models provide the system's basic analytic capacity. The Brookhaven Energy System Network Simulator provides an integrating framework while a price-response model and a weather sensitive energy demand model furnished a short-term energy response estimation capability. The operation of these computerized models is described. 62 references, 25 figures, 39 tables.

The Structure In Media (SIM) Code determines the response of a structure, embedded in soil/rock media, to a specified dynamic disturbance in the media. The structure is modeled as a series of lumped mass, elastic beams which may be interconnected with elastic springs. The disturbance in the free field is specified in terms of an accelerogram, the scale of which may vary with depth. Soil/structure interaction is treated in two parts. The first determines the interaction forces developed at the base of the structure while the second evaluates the interaction forces developed along the side walls of the structure. Details of the model are discussed.

A series of calculated energy balances were made on alternate thermal processes for Al and Al-Si production. The computer modeling program was checked for validity by modeling low shaft Si production and comparing to known commercial conditions. Burden materials ground to -65 mesh prior to agglomeration compared favorably to -200 mesh grinds. Ball forming agglomeration was developed for bauxite-clay-coke mixes. The balls produced had higher strength and abrasion resistance than extrusions made from the same formulations. It was determined that Neutron Activation Analysis for Al, Si, Fe and oxygen combined with the analysis of Ti by atomic absorption and carbon by combustion provided the best analytical procedure for reactor metal samples. A series of induction heated runs were made. Continuous, steady-state operation produced significant quantities of coalesced metal alloy; individual metal yields for Al, Si, Fe and Ti ranged from 64 to 93%. The mechanical Auger was successfully operated to minimize burden bridging during the induction heated runs. Revisions were made to burden support grate-liner assembly, the tuyere to shell seals and the Auger design, improving reliability of reactor operation. Extensive phase analyses were completed on metal product samples by optical microscope techniques, resulting in identification of phases and understanding …

The goal of the Piqua, Ohio District Heating and Cooling Demonstration Project is to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of using cogenerated thermal energy from the City's Municipal Power Plant to provide residential, commercial and industrial space heating and cooling and satisfy other community energy needs as appropriate. Progress in four tasks within this project is reported. These tasks include: development of team work plan resource allocation; identification of thermal energy source market; analysis of energy market; and planning of power plant retrofits. (LCL)

Information is provided on the solar heating system installed at the Lutz-Sotire Partnership Executive East Office Building, Stamford, Connecticut. The information consists of description of system and components, operation and maintenance manual, as-built drawings and manufacturer's component data. The solar system was designed to provide approximately 50 percent of the heating requirements. The solar facility has 2,561 sq. ft. of liquid flat plate collectors and a 6000 gallon, stone lined, well-insulated storage tank. Freeze protection is provided by a 50 percent glycol/water mixture in the collector loop. From the storage tank, solar heated water is fed into the building's distributed heat pump loop via a modulating three-way valve. If the storage tank temperature drops below 80/sup 0/F, the building loop may be supplied from the existing electrical hot water boilers. The Executive East Office Building is of moderate size, 25,000 sq. ft. of heated space in 2 1/2 stories. The solar system makes available for other users up to 150 KVA of existing electrical generating capacity.

Costs for programs written by the Mid-American Solar Energy Center staff and which are to be implemented by or through the center are given. The programs are separated into four market sectors: buildings, industrial process heat, agriculture and utilities. Each market sector is subdivided by four categories: industrial infrastructure development, market development, institutional and legal barriers, and product definition. Each program is further classified by technology including the following categories: active, passive, woody biomass, hot water biomass, thermal, wind, synthetic fuels, and a category including all the technologies which are relevant to the particular market sector. Costs are given for the years 1980 to 1985. (LEW)

Routine failure events in selected solar thermal power system designs are examined, and their rates of occurrence estimated. The results are used to compare and rank the systems considered. Modules of 1 to 100 MWe are developed based on reference or other near-term designs. Technologies used include parabolic trough, parabolic dish, and central tower focusing; central and distributed power generation; and proximate and independent siting of power modules. Component counts and failure rates estimated include heat transfer system leaks, sensor failures, and mechanical and electrical component failures, such as pumps, motors, and wire and cable. Depending on the technology chosen, leak rates can approach 1000 per year per 100 MWe system capacity, while component failure rates can be several times that level. Within categories of failures, the various technologies can have rates differing by a factor of 1000 or more. A uniform weighting for the consequences of the various failure types is proposed. Under this weighting, central tower systems are most favored, followed by parabolic trough, parabolic dishes with dispersed power generation, and parabolic dishes with central power generation. This weighting does not account for possible variations in the technologies. A sensitivity analysis is used to bound the relative hazards …

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is currently installing an improved liner in its Bevatron. The new liner will be capable of producing a vacuum of 2 x 10/sup -8/ N/M/sup 2/ (1.5 x 10/sup -10/ Torr) and a temperature on the order of 12K. There has been concern for quite some time about possible damage to the liner in the event of a beam line window breaking allowing atmospheric air to rush into the vacuum. The installation of the new more fragile liner has heightened this concern. This effort is an attempt to characterize the pressure loading on the cryopanel in the event of a beam window rupture. Also of interest is the time it would take the inrushing atmospheric air to reach the tangent tank where the fragile cryopanels are located. Fast acting values placed between sections D and E at the beam line tangent tank junction are being considered as a precaution.

The Phase I Identification and Assessment Study was aimed at surveying the State of Wisconsin to identify potential sites for a district heating system and evaluating these sites in terms of their technical, institutional and economic merits. Specific objectives of the study were to: identify candidate plants and service areas and to perform an energy market analysis for selected areas; identify and evaluate plant retrofit and distribution alternatives for the selected service areas; identify and evaluate institutional problems within the infrastructure; and perform an economic analysis for the candidate sites. The overall approach consisted of surveying the State of Wisconsin to identify all existing intermediate and base-loaded electric generating facilities. Once identified, screening criteria were developed to narrow the list to the three most promising sites. For each of the three sites, an extensive market analysis was performed to identify and characterize thermal loads and survey potential users on their views and concerns on the concept. Parallel to this effort, each of the three sites was evaluated on its technical and institutional merits. The technical evaluation centered on identifying and evaluating utility plant retrofit schemes and distribution system alternatives to service the identified thermal market. The institutional analysis evaluated potential …

This report is an environmental evaluation of the impacts of proposed borehole drilling activities at the Hanford Site, northwest of Richland, Washington. The proposed action is to drill six research boreholes ranging in depth from 137 to 1372 meters (m) (250 to 4500 +- feet (ft)). In addition, an existing borehole (DC-7) will be extended from 1249 to 1524 m (4099 to 5000 +- ft). The purpose of the US Department of Energy's (DOE) borehole drilling activities is to collect data on in situ rock formations that are considered potentialy suitable for nuclear waste repositories. The technical program efforts necessary to identify and qualify specific underground waste facility sites in candidate rock formations include geologic and hydrologic studies (seismicity and tectonics, rock structure and stratigraphy, lithology, etc.). Borehole drilling is an integral part of the geological studies and is essential to a thorough understanding of potentially suitable geologic formations. The purpose of the proposed drilling activities is to obtain data for evaluating Columbia River basalts that are being evaluated by the National Waste Terminal Storage (NWTS) Program to determine their suitability potential for nuclear waste repositories. Unavoidable impact to the environment is limited primarily to the clearing of land needed …

After a brief profile of the Mid-American region and characterization of the residential and commercial markets and the industry of the region, a short description is given of a regional planning meeting held for the purpose of preparing input for the Mid-American section of the National Program for the Accelerated Commercialization of Solar Energy (NPAC) Implementation plans. For each of thirty-eight programs, the objective, rationale, task statement/description, evaluation measures, and implementor are given. The programs are in these areas: public education/awareness; education/training; legislative/regulatory; performance/analysis; design/planning;demonstrations; state interface; technology; information dissemination; legal and regulatory; analysis and assessment; and regional coordination. Two policy statements are included - one on cratering a solar society and the other recommending the expansion of the commercialization to encompass and include the concepts of utilization and popularization in the plan for the advancement of solar energy. (LEW)

The water chemistry activities carried out in support of the Few Tube Test are described. This test was conducted to provide design confirmation data for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project (CRBRP) steam generators. Proposed CRBRP chemistry was followed; all volatile treatment (AVT) of water was carried out with on-line monitoring capability.

The overall objective of this program is to obtain AM1 efficiencies in the range of 10% with electrochemical cells utilizing thin film electrodes. The system currently being investigated is the CdSe/aqueous sulfide-polysulfide system. This report presents the results to date of the initial CdSe deposition parameter study. The key finding has been that the ratio of Se and Cd in the as deposited film has marked effect on the film's chemical, microstructural, optical, and electrical properties as well as I-V performance. In addition, it has been found that electrolyte concentration and compostion can have a strong effect on the I-V performance of a given electrode.

The mirrors used on concentrating solar systems must be able to withstand severe and sustained environmental stresses for long periods of time if they are to be economically acceptable. Little is known about how commercially produced wet process silvered second surface mirrors will withstand the test of time in solar applications. Field experience in existing systems has shown that the performance of the reflective surface varies greatly with time and is influenced to a large extent by the construction details of the mirror module. Degradation of the reflective layer has been seen that ranges from non-observable to severe. The exact mechanisms involved in the degradation process are not well understood from either the phenomenological or microanalytical points of view and are thus subject to much debate. The three chapters of this report summarize the work recently performed in three general areas that are key to understanding and ultimately controlling the degradation phenomena. These areas are: a survey of the present commercial mirroring industry, the microanalytical examination of numerous degraded and nondegraded mirrors, and an investigation of several novel techniques that might be used to extend the life of heliostat mirrors. Appendices include: (a) list of mirror manufacturers and (b) recommended …

Results are presented of the test of a regional scale assessment model using four modes of precipitation hourly, 6 hourly, average turned on and off with the natural frequency and average precipitation. The test cases were carried out for a release of SO/sub 2/ with transformation to SO/sub 4/ at three different sites in the United States for July 1974. The results indicated that the use of average precipitation turned on and off with the natural frequency could be used instead of hourly precipitation for long-term assessments.

Geothermal exploration and development in the Philippines are reviewed. The geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of the Tongonan geothermal field are described. The well drilling, power development, and plans for a 112 MW power plant are included. (MHR)

The feasibility analysis and evaluation of the Piqua, Ohio District Heating and Cooling Demonstration program is being conducted by the Piqua Municipal Power Co., the Piqua Law Dept., the Public Works Dept., a firm of economic analysts, and the Georgia Tech Engineering Dept. This volume contains information on the organization and composition of the demonstration team; characterization of the Piqua community; and the technical, environmental, institutional; financial, and economic assessments of the project. (LCL)