The 3d4f levels in the spectrum of triply ionized vanadium, V IV, were located by L. Iglesias. She located these levels by identifying transitions from the 3d{sup 2} ground configuration to the 3d4p levels, then to the 3d4d levels and finally to the 3d4f levels. She also identified the transitions from the 3d4d levels to the 3d5p levels, continued up to the 3d5d levels, then back down to the 3d4f levels. Though the 3d4f levels were well established by two routes, the direct transitions from the ground state were not observed, being beyond her experimental range which stopped at 675 {angstrom}. We have photographed the spectrum of vanadium in the region of 190-650 {angstrom} and the direct transitions from 3d{sup 2} to 3d4f have been observed. The spectrum was excited with a vacuum sliding-spark discharge between vanadium metal electrodes separated by a quartz spacer as described previously. Peak discharge current was 1000 {angstrom}. The spectrum was photographed on Kodak SWR plates using the 10 {center_dot} 7 m grazing incidence spectrograph at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. The plate factor in the region of interest is about 0.27 {angstrom}/mm. The plates were measured on a Grant comparator. Lines …

Although progressive restrictions on the use of fresh water for power plant cooling and the growing use of dry cooling is anticipated in many regions of the country, the transition to this form of cooling will occur slowly unless improved technology leads to lower cost systems. The need for supplemental power during periods of warm weather contribute to the high cost of dry cooling and have led to greater emphasis on combined dry and wet cooling. Experimental and demonstration programs are underway at several locations in the U.S. to develop new systems which will hopefully reduce the cost of dry and wet/dry systems and/or the need for supplemental power. If any of the projected improvements of these advanced systems can be developed to the point of commercial availability, the use of dry cooling would be greatly increased and many of the secondary benefits will be realized. These include greater freedom to take advantage of existing transmission corridors, multiple plants on presently water-limited sites and mine mount sites in water-limited regions. The more promising advanced concepts under study are reviewed and appraised as to their likelihood of having a significant impact on the future use of dry (including dry/wet) cooling.

A classic fluid mechanics boundary layer problem, flow over a sharp leading edge flat plate, was used to study the effect of a heated surface on combustion in lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The velocity and density profiles of the boundary layer have been measured with laser Doppler velocimetry and Rayleigh scattering, respectively. Preliminary measurements on a silicon dioxide ''non-catalytic'' surface indicate neither boundary layer nor surface combustion for wall temperatures up to 1250/sup 0/K. Measurements on a platinum catalytic surface indicate that, at a surface temperature of 1000/sup 0/K, not only is there significant surface combustion but that homogeneous combustion in the boundary layer is induced by active species generated at the catalytic surface.

A computer program has been developed to solve the boundary layer equations for laminar flow over a heated plate with H/sub 2//air combustion. The objectives are to investigate the importance of homogeneous as opposed to catalytic surface reactions during the combustion process, and to determine the roles of heat and mass transfer and their effect on combustion. Results are presented for combustion of H/sub 2//air at an equivalence ratio of 0.1 for flow over a noncatalytic plate at a surface temperature of 1100/sup 0/K. A detailed mechanism involving 8 chemical species and 13 reactions has been used to describe the kinetics. The reactions leading to the initiation of combustion and the effect of the large diffusivity of hydrogen are discussed. The boundary conditions for catalytic surface and a simplified model to account for catalytic wall reaction are formulated. Results are presented for combustion over a catalytic surface and compared with the non-catalytic case.

Estimates of the charged-particle production to be expected at Isabelle are given intended as a rough guide for planning experiments. The limitations of these estimates are set forth. Differential cross sections and luminosity for some inclusive pp interactions are found. (JFP)

Recent work in the field of probability density estimation has included the introduction of some new methods, such as the polynomial and spline methods and the nearest neighbor method, and the study of asymptotic properties in depth. This earlier work is summarized here. In addition, the computational complexity of the various algorithms is analyzed, as are some simulations. The object is to compare the performance of the various methods in small samples and their sensitivity to change in their parameters, and to attempt to discover at what point a sample is so small that density estimation can no longer be worthwhile. (RWR)

Some of the computer graphics capabilities at Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories are discussed. Computer graphics philosophy, hardware systems, and software utilized by the Computers and Information Systems Section staff are described in an overview. Subsequent sections detail specific applications of these capabilities to research areas in which Battelle is involved. Use of computer graphics in cartography, decision making, and resource assessment is documented.

A survey of the effects that can be studied using photoelectron spectrometry is presented, and examples are cited to illustrate the current state of knowledge in this area. 32 refs.

The exact amount of kepone released into the environment since production begin in Hopewell, Virginia, in 1966 is not known. It has been estimated, however, that roughly one hundred thousand pounds of the chemical were released during the period 1966 to 1975 from the Allied Chemical Corporation semi-works plant and the Life Sciences Products Company. This total resulted from the continuous release of kepone-saturated wastewaters, particulate emissions, and bulk disposal of waste batches of the chemical. In April 1977 a study was initiated to determine the feasibility of removing kepone from the James River. One aspect of this research involved a field sampling program designed to establish the extent of kepone deposition in and around the City of Hopewell. Emphasis was placed on identifying specific areas of high kepone concentration which could potentially serve as continuing sources of contamination to the James River system. This paper presents a summary of the data collected during 1977 over five months of the sampling program.

Plutonium is one of the principal materials of both commercial and military nuclear power. It is produced primarily in fission reactors that contain uranium fuel, and its importance arises from the fact that a large portion of the plutonium produced is fissile: like uranium 235, the mass 239 and 241 isotopes of plutonium can be caused to fission by neutrons, including those with low energy. Because such fission events also release neutrons, substantial amounts of energy can be extracted from plutonium in a controlled or an explosive nuclear chain reaction. Now that commercial nuclear reactors provide a noticeable fraction of United States (and world) electrical energy, these reactors account for most plutonium production. For the most part, this material now remains in the irradiated fuel after removal from reactors, but should this fuel be reprocessed, the plutonium could be recycled to provide part and even most of the fissile content of fresh fuel. For the current generation of water-cooled reactors, the amount of plutonium to be recycled is substantial. In fast breeder reactors, designed to produce more fissile material than they destroy, considerably larger quantities of plutonium would be recycled. In other types of advanced reactors, particularly those which depend …

The design and construction of a medical imaging system for the rapid, accurate, three-dimensional imaging of positron-labeled compounds in the human body are described. Our medical research goals include quantifying blood flow and metabolism in human heart muscle and brain. The system consists of a large gantry containing lead shielding and a ring of 280 NaI(Tl) detectors that completely encircles the patient; 280 photomultiplier tubes, preamplifiers and timing discriminators; circuits that determine whenever a crystal has detected a gamma ray in time coincidence (i.e., within 12 nsec) of any of the opposing 105 crystals and determine the addresses of the crystals involved; 120K words of 12 bit memory for the simultaneous acquisition of data from eight portions of the cardiac cycle; and a hardwired image reconstructor capable of filtering and backprojecting data from 140 views to form a 210 x 210 computed transverse section image in less than 2 sec.

Austenitic stainless steels used for in-core structural components, piping, valves, and the intermediate heat exchanger in Liquid-Metal Fast-Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) are subjected to sodium at elevated temperatures and to complex stress conditions. As a result, the materials can undergo compositional and microstructural changes as well as mechanical deformation by creep and cyclic fatigue processes. Information is presented on the creep-rupture and low-cycle fatigue behavior of Types 304 and 316 stainless steel in the solution-annealed condition and after long-term exposure to flowing sodium. The nonmetallic impurity-element concentrations in the sodium were controlled at levels similar to those in EBR-II primary sodium. Strain-time relationships developed from the experimental creep data were used to generate isochronous stress-creep strain curves as functions of sodium-exposure time and temperature. The low-cycle fatigue data were used to obtain relationships between plastic strain range and cycles-to-failure based on the Coffin-Manson formalism and a damage-rate approach developed at ANL. An analysis of the cyclic stress-strain behavior of the materials showed that the strain-hardening rates for the sodium-exposed steels were larger than those for the annealed material. However, the sodium-exposed specimens showed significant softening, as evidenced by the lower stress at half the fatigue life. Microstructural information obtained from the …

Potential estimates, like reserves, are limited by the information on hand at the time and are not intended to indicate the ultimate resources. Potential estimates are based on geologic judgement, so their reliability is dependent on the quality and extent of geologic knowledge. Reliability differs for each of the three potential resource classes. It is greatest for probable potential resources because of the greater knowledge base resulting from the advanced stage of exploration and development in established producing districts where most of the resources in this class are located. Reliability is least for speculative potential resources because no significant deposits are known, and favorability is inferred from limited geologic data. Estimates of potential resources are revised as new geologic concepts are postulated, as new types of uranium ore bodies are discovered, and as improved geophysical and geochemical techniques are developed and applied. Advances in technology that permit the exploitation of deep or low-grade deposits, or the processing of ores of previously uneconomic metallurgical types, also will affect the estimates.

Well-type Ge(Li) detectors have been evaluated for low-level gamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical analyses. The detectors were found to have good resolution, high peak-to-Compton ratios and low backgrounds. The use of an anticoincidence shield further improves the detector performance. The detector efficiencies and backgrounds are compared with those obtained with other Ge(Li) detector systems. The well detectors were found to have better detection efficiencies and as low backgrounds as either large coaxial detectors or opposed detector systems. Sum-coincidence effects are more pronounced in the well detector and use of this feature is discussed. Applications which utilize the low-energy response of the detector are described. Minimum detectable activity levels were determined for several nuclides.

Experimental measurements of the production of H/sup -/ from surfaces bombarded with hydrogen are reviewed. Some measurements of H/sup +/ and H/sup 0/ production from surfaces are also discussed with particular emphasis on work which might be relevant to ion source applications.

This paper presents some first results from ongoing experimental work to compare effects of light ion and fusion neutron damage on tensile yield strengths of Ni and Nb. Comparisons of these results with calculated damage energy values are discussed, and the significance of such measurements evaluated.

Results of three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent Hartree--Fock (TDHF) calculations are presented. The assumptions used in the calculations are summarized. The first reaction considered is /sup 16/O + /sup 16/O at 105 MeV (lab); isodensity contours integrated perpendicular to the reaction plane are shown for several impact parameters as a function of time. Trajectories are also shown, and the kinetics of the reaction is discussed; several other energies were also examined. Most of the deeply inelastic scattering seems to come from small impact parameters. Density contours and trajectories are next shown for /sup 40/Ca + /sup 40/Ca at 278 MeV (lab). Finally, density contours are shown for asymmetric systems: /sup 4/He + /sup 16/O at l = 5 h-bar and 50 MeV (lab) and /sup 16/O + /sup 40/Ca at l = 20, 40, 60, 80 h-bar and 315 MeV (lab). The light fragment seems to maintain the same average number of nucleons with which it started. 25 figures. (RWR)

Heavy-ion nuclear reactions with projectile energies up to 2.1 GeV/A are reviewed. The concept of ''rapidity'' is elucidated, and the reactions discussed are divided into sections dealing with target fragmentation, projectile fragmentation, and the intermediate region, with emphasis on the production of light nuclei in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Target fragmentation experiments using nuclear emulsion and AgCl visual track detectors are also summarized. 18 figures. (RWR)

High-density ceramics with high-strength microstructure were achieved by explosive compaction. Well-characterized Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, AlN, and boron powders were explosively compacted in both cylindrical and flat plate geometries. In cylindrical geometries compacted densities between 91 and 98 percent of theoretical were achieved. Microhardness measurements indicated that the strength and integrity of the microstructure were comparable to conventionally fabricated ceramics, even though all samples with densities greater than 90 percent theoretical contained macrocracks. Fractured surfaces evaluated by SEM showed evidence of boundary melting. Equation of state data for porous Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ were used to calculate the irreversible work done on the sample as a function of pressure. This was expressed as a percentage of the total sample which could be melted. Calculations show that very little melting can be expected in samples shocked to less than 3 GPa. Significant melting and grain boundary fusion can be expected in samples shocked to pressures greater than 8 GPa. Hydrodynamic modeling of right cylinder compaction with detonation at one end was attempted by using a two-dimensional computer code. The complications of this analysis led to experiments using plane shock waves. Flat-plate compaction assemblies were designed and analyzed by 2-D hydrodynamic codes. The use …

Heavy-ion collisions are studied by the use of two different approaches, depending upon whether the bombarding energy per nucleon yields collective velocities that are small or large compared to the nuclear sound speed. In low energy collisions the primary emphasis is on such fundamental aspects of nuclei as the nuclear potential energy of deformation, the nuclear inertia tensor, and the mechanism for nuclear dissipation. In high energy collisions the primary emphasis is on the nuclear equation of state, the fundamental relation specifying how the pressure depends upon density and internal energy. Some results are shown for differential cross sections and fragment elongation versus distance between mass centers. (JFP)

To simplify the calculation of potential long-distance environmental impacts, an overall average population exposure coefficient (P.E.C.) for the entire contiguous United States was calculated for releases to the atmosphere from Hanford facilities. The method, requiring machine computation, combines Bureau of Census population data by census enumeration district and an annual average atmospheric dilution factor (anti chi/Q') derived from 12-hourly gridded wind analyses provided by the NOAA's National Meteorological Center. A variable-trajectory puff-advection model was used to calculate an hourly anti chi/Q' for each grid square, assuming uniform hourly releases; seasonal and annual averages were then calculated. For Hanford, using 1970 census data, a P.E.C. of 2 x 10/sup -3/ man-seconds per cubic meter was calculated. The P.E.C. is useful for both radioactive and nonradioactive releases. To calculate population doses for the entire contiguous United States, the P.E.C. is multiplied by the annual average release rate and then by the dose factor (rem/yr per Ci/m/sup 3/) for each radionuclide, and the dose contribution in man-rem is summed for all radionuclides. For multiple pathways, the P.E.C. is still useful, provided that doses from a unit release can be obtained from a set of atmospheric dose factors. The methodology is applicable to any …

The interactions of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) with the four 5{prime}-deoxyribonucleotides were probed using absorption spectra of the charge transfer bands and {sup 1}H and {sup 13}C NMR spectra of nucleotide-NQO mixtures. Applying a Benesi-Hildebrand type equation to the spectral data yielded equilibrium constants (K(dpG:NQO) = 16 M{sup -1} K(dpA:NQO) = 12 M{sup -1}, K(dpT:NQO) = K(dpC:NQO) = 4 M{sup -1}) which suggest the preference of NQO for the guanine residue in a DNA. From {sup 13}C and {sup 1}H NMR data, a structure for the dpG:NQO complex is proposed.

Glass wall-coated open tubular column chromatography has been used for the separation of organic components in fresh and saline waters after treatment with chlorine at concentrations approximating those in power plant cooling waters. Examination of the organic constituents isolated from water samples using an XAD-2 resin column has revealed that a complex mixture of electron-capturing components is produced by chlorination. The analytical scheme for the study of halogenated components consists of clean up steps performed by high speed liquid chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatography on glass WCOT columns using flame ionization and electron capture GC detectors. Capillary GC/MS was also employed, using electron impact and chemical ionization techniques. Significant problems arose with respect to retaining the identity of hundreds of component peaks as they emerged from different chromatographic columns in different instruments using the different detection systems. Therefore, it was necessary to use procedures for ensuring the reproducibility of retention times in different GC detection modes, and where this was not possible, to develop intercalibration techniques. Concentrations of nonpolar and presumably lipophylic, halogenated components formed by the chlorination of relatively uncontaminated natural waters appear to be very low (in the ng/1 range), with the exception of the haloforms.

This article discusses K-shell x-rays of selected elements from Nb through Gd for incident protons and alpha particles from 0.6 to 2.4 MeV.