Irradiation experiments were performed with the two beam Nd:YAG glass laser systems, Janus(approximately less than 40 J/100 psec, approximately 0.4 TW), Cyclops (approximately less than 70 J/100 psec, approximately 0.7 TW), and Argus (approximately less than 70 J, 35 psec, approximately 2 TW). Two classes of targets have been used, glass microshells (approximately 40 to 120 ..mu..m diameter x approximately 0.75 ..mu..m wall thickness) filled with an equimolar DT mixture and disks (approximately 160 to 600 ..mu..m diameter x approximately 10 ..mu..m thick) of several compositions. The targets were supported in vacuum (pressure approximately less than 10/sup -5/ Torr) by thin glass stalks. This paper reports results related to the propagation, absorption and scattering of laser light by both spherical and planar targets. The absorption measurements cannot be explained using only inverse Bremsstrahlung. The scattered light and the plasma energy are polarization dependent, which is evidence of resonance absorption. The x-ray spectra are characterized by a thermal and a suprathermal distribution. The ''temperature'' of the hot x-rays is given by theta/sub H/ approximately equals I./sup 3/-./sup 4/ depending on the target material. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the laser radiation pressure is producing density steepening in the region …

The feasibility of using ammonia as an intermediate heat exchange fluid, i.e. between the power plant and the dry cooling tower was studied. Information is included on the advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia, design criteria for such a dry cooling system, and a comparative cost projection for the components and overall system. The results showed that the ammonia heat exchange system could save half the cost of transporting the coolant as compared with a conventional indirect cooled dry system, that the heat exchanger cost would be 20 percent less, and the tower would be smaller and cheaper. The condenser/reboiler would be more expensive. Overall a 25 percent saving in total system capital cost and $500 K/yr. in operating costs are projected as compared with wet/dry deluge system of identical capability. Also there are no freezing problems with the ammonia system. It is recommended that: a demonstration unit be designed; performance testing on components be undertaken; a design optimization code for dry/wet systems be developed; and that a test loop be constructed and operated. (LCL)

The incentive for high density operation of a tokamak reactor was discussed. It is found that high density permits ignition in a relatively small, moderately elongated plasma with a moderate magnetic field strength. Under these conditions, neutron wall loadings approximately 4 MW/m/sup 2/ must be tolerated. The sensitivity analysis with respect to impurity effects shows that impurity control will most likely be necessary to achieve the desired plasma conditions. The charge exchange sputtered impurities are found to have an important effect so that maintaining a low neutral density in the plasma is critical. If it is assumed that neutral beams will be used to heat the plasma to ignition, high energy injection is required (approximately 250 keV) when heating is accompished at full density. A scenario is outlined where the ignition temperature is established at low density and then the fueling rate is increased to attain ignition. This approach may permit beams with energies being developed for use in TFTR to be successfully used to heat a high density device of the type described here to ignition.

The Livermore 15 psec x-ray streak camera has been used in conjunction with 6 ..mu..m diameter pinholes to record well resolved implosion histories of DT filled laser fusion targets. The space-time compression data provide clearly identified implosion velocities, typically 3 x 10/sup 7/ cm/sec for two-sided clamshell irradiation of a 70 ..mu..m/sup D/, .5 ..mu..m wall DT filled glass microshell. Single-sided irradiation results show hydrodynamic convergence at the target center, followed by an asymmetric but two-sided target disassembly. These experiments were performed at the two arm Janus Laser facility, which typically delivered a total of 0.4 TW in a 70 psec pulse for these experiments.

The temporal signature of kilovolt x-ray emission from laser compressed fusion targets has previously been described as displaying structure identifiable with distinct heating and compression phases. In this paper quantitative measures of this temporal structure are correlated with neutron yields and laser performance.

A versatile, large angle spectrometer system is described which is capable of performing a variety of sensitive searches for new heavy particles which may emerge from the main ring on doubler collisions. Searches for long-lived heavy particles should be capable of reaching cross sections comparable to limits obtained in ISR experiments but would be sensitive to masses up to a factor of 10 larger. It seems likely that at least two high luminosity colinear intersections will be needed in order to perform the W-search and heavy particle search experiments early in the collider program. (SDF)

The direct conversion to electrical energy of the energy carried by the leakage plasma from a fusion reactor and by the ions that are not converted to neutrals in a neutral-beam injector is discussed. The conversion process is electrostatic deceleration and direct particle collection as distinct from plasma expansion against a time-varying magnetic field or conversion in an EXB duct (both MHD). Relatively simple 1-stage plasma direct converters are discussed which can have efficiencies of about 50 percent. More complex and costly (measured in $/kW) 2-, 3-, 4-, and 22-stage concepts have been tested at efficiencies approaching 90 percent. Beam direct converters have been tested at 15 keV and 2 kW of power at 70 +- 2 percent efficiency, and a test of a 120-keV, 1-MW version is being prepared. Designs for a 120-keV, 4-MW unit are presented. The beam direct converter, besides saving on power supplies and on beam dumps, should raise the efficiency of creating a neutral beam from 40 percent without direct conversion to 70 percent with direct conversion for a 120-keV deuterium beam. The technological limits determining power handling and lifetime such as space-charge effects, heat removal, electrode material, sputtering, blistering, voltage holding, and insulation design, …

A versatile and highly adaptable computer controlled x-ray diffraction system, capable of multi-sample unattended operation, is described. This system, operated from a terminal at the instrument site on a 24 hour-per-day basis, is a tool currently in use for both routine sample analysis and research purposes. Interfacing between the computer and the instrument was accomplished through CAMAC, an internationally standardized, nonproprietary modular technique. System controlling software was developed by Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company personnel and was written in FORTRAN. The diffraction system is discussed from the aspects of hardware (the instrument, CAMAC, and the computer) and from software, (system considerations, data acquisition, instrument control, and data reduction). User control and adaptability are emphasized as the prime advantages of the system. Planned future enhancements are briefly described to illustrate these advantages.

A system model of the mirror hybrid reactor has been developed. The major components of the model include (1) the reactor description, (2) a capital cost analysis, (3) various fuel management schemes, and (4) an economic analysis that includes the hybrid plus its associated fission burner reactors. The results presented describe the optimization of the mirror hybrid reactor, the objective being to minimize the cost of electricity from the hybrid fission-burner reactor complex. We have examined hybrid reactors with two types of blankets, one containing natural uranium, the other thorium. The major difference between the two optimized reactors is that the uranium hybrid is a significant net electrical power producer, whereas the thorium hybrid just about breaks even on electrical power. Our projected costs for fissile fuel production are approximately 50 $/g for /sup 239/Pu and approximately 125 $/g for /sup 233/U.

The first successful demonstration of high resolution, tomographic imaging of a laboratory plasma using coded imaging techniques is reported. ZPCI has been used to image the x-ray emission from laser compressed DT filled microballoons. The zone plate camera viewed an x-ray spectral window extending from below 2 keV to above 6 keV. It exhibited a resolution approximately 8 ..mu..m, a magnification factor approximately 13, and subtended a radiation collection solid angle at the target approximately 10/sup -2/ sr. X-ray images using ZPCI were compared with those taken using a grazing incidence reflection x-ray microscope. The agreement was excellent. In addition, the zone plate camera produced tomographic images. The nominal tomographic resolution was approximately 75 ..mu..m. This allowed three dimensional viewing of target emission from a single shot in planar ''slices''. In addition to its tomographic capability, the great advantage of the coded imaging technique lies in its applicability to hard (greater than 10 keV) x-ray and charged particle imaging. Experiments involving coded imaging of the suprathermal x-ray and high energy alpha particle emission from laser compressed microballoon targets are discussed.

Measurements of the properties of subnanosecond, quenched NE111 plastic scintillators with various concentrations of acetophenone and benzophenone are presented. These quenching agents have been found to very significantly decrease the NE111 decay time. Measurements are made using UV and laser produced x-ray radiations. The scintillations are detected using a visible streak camera with 10 ps resolution. Measurements of: (1) 10-90 percent rise time, (2) FWHM, (3) decay time, (4) relative scintillator efficiencies, and (5) amplitudes vs. time measurements of the long decay component are presented. All temporal measurements are obtained from a gold cathode ultrafast x-ray streak camera, and the detailed x-ray energy spectrum above 1 keV is also measured using an array of x-ray PIN diodes equipped with the appropriate K-edge filters. Details of the experimental measurements are discussed and anticipated applications are included.

Holographic interferometry at 2660 A has been used to study plasma blowoff from 80 micron diameter laser fusion targets. Scale lengths of 11 microns, measured with 1 micron spatial resolution, are recorded at 7 x 10/sup 20/ e/cc after 800 psec of hydrodynamic expansion. These results suggest much steeper density gradients at peak irradiation intensity. The observed fringe pattern is strongly dependent on interferometric imaging, as expected for strong transverse gradient refractive media. Significant interpretive errors, which might occur in a single image classical interferometer, are avoided with this holographic technique.

The RTNS-II Facility at Livermore was authorized in the FY76 ERDA budget. This facility will house two 4 x 10/sup 13/ n/s sources of 14-MeV neutrons for materials damage experimentation. RTNS-II will be the first of DCTR's dedicated neutron source facilities. Initial operation is currently scheduled for March 1978. Engineering design of buildings and neutron sources started in March 1976 with construction scheduled to begin in August 1976. Design of the 150 mA D/sup +/ accelerators is based upon LLL experience with the MATS-III ion source and with the ICT accelerator of the RTNS-I source. Hardware design for the 50 cm, 5000 rpm tritium-in-titanium targets was guided by computer modeling of the target system now in use on RTNS-I. The final design of neutron sources and building layout will be discussed.

The fast-rabbit facilities of the ORRR were used to irradiate 1- to 10-..mu..g samples of /sup 235/U for 1, 10, and 100 s. Released power is observed using nuclear spectroscopy to permit separate observations of emitted ..beta.. and ..gamma.. spectra in successive time intervals. The spectra were integrated over energy to obtain total decay heat and the ..beta..- and ..gamma..-ray results are summed together. 10 fig, 2 tables. (DLC)

This study describes studies being conducted to quantify dry removal rates of air pollutants by natural surfaces. Processes involved are discussed in a resistance model framework. Values from the literature and results of current field tests relating to rates of dry removal are summarized for selected gases and particles, and the experimental accuracy of particulate sulfur deposition values is discussed.

Much of the target diagnostics data from the ARGUS laser are acquired through a CAMAC interface system, including equipment on a CAMAC serial highway. A scheme has been developed which allows a very general capability for dynamically defining the experimental configuration such that the serial highway is invisible to the controlling program. High level language software compiles the existence of each experimental entity in the system. As the position and description of each module is defined, a software structure is built, with each entry containing the information to be provided to the CAMAC handlers during operation of the equipment. Provision is made to allow tight loops at the lowest software level for critical high speed data acquisition. Currently, the serial highway is operated at a one megabit rate, allowing 24 bit CAMAC words to be transferred at a 5 KHz rate.

To increase the reliability of the criticality monitoring system in a diagnostic chemistry area and to reduce the number of false alarms, a new monitoring system was built using a fast-neutron detector. This paper outlines the design requirements, describes the plastic scintillation detector system as it was built, and reports on the results of several months of operation. The new monitor has proven much more useful than the gamma-detector system it replaced.

Problems involved in assessing health effects of chronic low-level exposures to environmental contaminants are reviewed. This problem is illustrated by a study of health effects of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation at Hanford. Hanford was established in the early forties as an installation for plutonium production. Since this time, over 33,000 workers have been employed, many in jobs involving some exposure to radiation. Yearly records of this exposure, as well as occupational data, are maintained for all such employees. The yearly exposures are measured in rems of ionizing radiation able to reach critical organs of the body. Even for those who routinely work in radiation zones, yearly readings seldom exceed one or two rems. Methods for assessing directly the health effects of continuing relatively small doses of radiation over a number of years are discussed that should be applicable to evaluating exposures to other industrial and environmental contaminants.

The current interest in fast ions has prompted the design of a new time-of-flight ion spectrometer which measures the high energy ions from a laser produced plasma. A magnet was used to separate the ions from the intense background of electrons, x-rays and scattered light. The design of the instrument is wide band so that ions with energies 0.03 to 3000 keV/amu can be measured. Results from target experiments on the LLL ARGUS laser facility will be presented. The fast ion spectrum is dovetailed with the spectrum of the slower ions collected by Faraday cups and thus provides a measurement for the total energy carried by ions. The charge to mass ratio of the ions can be calculated from the spectrometer output.

The SHIVA laser is a 20 beam Nd-doped glass laser designed to provide various irradiation geometries for fusion pellets. The general objective of the SHIVA laser is to achieve significant thermonuclear burn or about 1 percent of scientific breakeven by isentropic compression. Descriptions are given of the laser system, physical configuration, alignment system, and the computer control system. (MOW)

A study is presented of electron density fluctuations in the ATC using both microwave and CO/sub 2/ laser scattering. Fluctuations with wavelength between 2 cm and 0.3 mm and with frequencies up to 1.5 MHz was observed. Their amplitude n/sub e//anti n/sub e/ is of the order of 10/sup -2/. Local measurements of the safety factor q and Z/sub eff/ are reported. The value of q was obtained from the shifts of injected ion orbits relative to the magnetic surfaces; Z/sub eff/ was obtained from the scattering rate of radially localized injected ions. Both these measurements indicate a peaking of Z/sub eff/ on axis. Measurements are presented of the parallel and anti-parallel fast neutral spectra which indicate very different profiles for T/sub i parallel/ and T/sub i anti-parallel/.

An extensive data acquisition and analysis system has been implemented for experiments on the ARGUS laser. The system is based upon a PDP-11/40 minicomputer and CAMAC interfaces. Highspeed transient digitizers, calorimeter digitizing modules and time integrated data are interfaced through CAMAC over a fiber optic serial highway. The system allows for dynamic definition of the experimental environment by an operator, automatic data acquisition during a shot. Two interactive graphics terminals allow experimenters real-time access to target shot data.

A brief outline of existing medical heavy-ion facilities is given. The beam specifications for future dedicated medical ion accelerators are discussed. Machines capable of delivering dose rates of approximately 1 krad/min in volumes of a few liters are shown to represent existing technology. A cost and performance analysis shows the synchrotrons to be the most economical source for the heavier ions while conventional cyclotrons seem optimal for an exclusive proton facility. It is seen that the incorporation of additional capabilities such as neutron generation or radioisotope production can be achieved at modest incremental costs. In addition to the accelerators, feasible layouts of hypothetical facilities are discussed, and three-dimensional beam scanning is shown to allow the irradiation of large volumes without sacrificing the precise dose localization capabilities of heavy-ion beams. Concepts of quality-controlled engineering and modern computer technology are introduced as a means to obtain the desired high degree of reliability and ease of operation and maintenance.

Double differential cross sections have been measured for high energy p,d,t, /sup 3/He, and /sup 4/He particles emitted from uranium targets irradiated with /sup 20/Ne ions at 250, 400, and 2100 MeV/nucleon and /sup 4/He ions at 400 MeV/nucleon. By using the shape and yield of the proton energy spectra, the shape and yield of the d, t, /sup 3/He, and /sup 4/He energy spectra can be deduced at all measured angles for all incident projectile energies assuming that they are formed by coalescence of cascade nucleons. Finally, it is found that the overall features of the proton inclusive spectra are fit without any adjustable parameter by a proposed nuclear fireball model. In this model the nucleons which are mutually swept out from the target and projectile form a hot quasi-equilibrated fireball which decays as an ideal gas.