Article states that high-frequency oscillation (HFO), classified as ripples (80-240 Hz) and fast ripples (240-500 Hz), is regarded as a promising biomarker of epilepsy. The authors presented an integrated, multi-layered procedure capable of automatically rejecting HFOs from a variety of common false positives, such as motion, background signals, and sharp transients.

Article aims to propose ways to assess workplace digital adaptation needs for individuals with autism and a framework for communicating these needs to employers. In this study, participants responded to semi-structured interview questions identifying advantages and risk factors associated with remote work for this specific group of employees.

Article describes how kudzu produces both O- and C-glycosylated isoflavones, with puerarin (C-glucosyl daidzein) as an important bioactive compound. The authors go on to explain how expression of recombinant UGTs in Escherichia coli and candidate C-glycosyltransferases in Medicago truncatula were used to explore substrate specificities, and gene silencing of UGT and key isoflavone biosynthetic genes in kudzu hairy roots employed to test hypotheses concerning the substrate(s) for C-glycosylation.

Article analyzing dispersion of sound in a solid-fluid layered structure and found a flex point on the isofrequency curve where D vanishes for given direction of propagation and frequency. Nonspreading propagation is experimentally observed in a water steel lattice of 75 periods (~1 meter long) and occurs in the regime of anomalous dispersion and strong acoustic anisotropy when the effective mass along periodicity is close to zero. Under these conditions the incoming beam experiences negative refraction of phase velocity leading to backward wave propagation. The observed effect is explained using a complete set of dynamical equations and our effective medium theory.

This article describes the recent re-design of the code and the new features and improvements in performance of PAOFLOW, a software tool that constructs tight-binding Hamiltonians from self-consistent electronic wavefunctions by projecting onto a set of atomic orbitals.

We report on atomic layer deposition of an {approx} 2-nm-thick ZnO layer on the inner surface of ultralow-density ({approx} 0.5% of the full density) nanoporous silica aerogel monoliths with an extremely large effective aspect ratio of {approx} 10{sup 5} (defined as the ratio of the monolith thickness to the average pore size). The resultant monoliths are formed by amorphous-SiO{sub 2}/wurtzite-ZnO nanoparticles which are randomly oriented and interconnected into an open-cell network with an apparent density of {approx} 3% and a surface area of {approx} 100 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}. Secondary ion mass spectrometry and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging reveal excellent uniformity and crystallinity of ZnO coating. Oxygen K-edge and Zn L{sub 3}-edge soft x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy shows broadened O 2p- as well as Zn 4s-, 5s-, and 3d-projected densities of states in the conduction band.

In modern 2D and 3D PIC simulations relevant to National Ignition Facility (NIF) parameters, the low frequency magnetic fields associated with the localized fast electron currents generated by Stimulated Raman Scatter have been identified. We consider electron plasma densities from 0.1 to 0.2 of critical density (n{sub c}) and electron plasma temperatures (T{sub e}) from a few keV to over 10 keV in simulations with space scales corresponding to a laser speckle in modeling with our massively parallel PIC code 23. These magnetic fields are {approx} 1 MG, Then the electrons accelerated by the Raman process are magnetized with their Lamor radii on the order of a speckle width. The transport of these hot electrons out of the speckle then becomes a more complex process than generally assumed.

Results from a series of shock trajectory measurements in planar liquid deuterium targets will set the pulse shape they use for ignition capsules at the National Ignition Facility. They discuss outstanding issues for this concept, in particular, ideas for certifying that the drive on a planar sample is the same as on a spherical capsule.

Void coalescence and interaction in dynamic fracture of ductile metals have been investigated using three-dimensional strain-controlled multi-million atom molecular dynamics simulations of copper. The correlated growth of two voids during the coalescence process leading to fracture is investigated, both in terms of its onset and the ensuing dynamical interactions. Void interactions are quantified through the rate of reduction of the distance between the voids, through the correlated directional growth of the voids, and through correlated shape evolution of the voids. The critical inter-void ligament distance marking the onset of coalescence is shown to be approximately one void radius based on the quantification measurements used, independent of the initial separation distance between the voids and the strain-rate of the expansion of the system. The interaction of the voids is not reflected in the volumetric asymptotic growth rate of the voids, as demonstrated here. Finally, the practice of using a single void and periodic boundary conditions to study coalescence is examined critically and shown to produce results markedly different than the coalescence of a pair of isolated voids.

We present a preliminary investigation of damage localization as a model problem for adaptive sampling. The fine-scale material response involving void nucleation and growth is computed on the fly as needed at the coarse scale.

A numerical procedure for calculating the equilibrium thickness distribution of a thin layer of deuterium and tritium on the inner surface of an indirect drive target sphere ({approx} 2.0 mm in diameter) is described. Starting with an assumed uniform thickness layer and with specified thermal boundary conditions, the temperature distribution throughout the capsule and hohlraum (including natural convection in the hohlraum gas) is calculated. Results are used to make a first estimate of the final non-uniform thickness distribution of the layer. This thickness distribution is then used to make a second calculation of the temperature distribution with the same boundary conditions. Legendre polynomial coefficients are evaluated for the two temperature distributions and the two thickness profiles. Final equilibrium Legendre coefficients are determined by linear extrapolation. From these coefficients, the equilibrium layer thickness can be computed.

Cryogenic X-ray spectrometers operating at temperatures below 1 K combine high energy resolution with broadband efficiency for X-ray energies up to 10 keV. They offer advantages for chemical state analysis of dilute samples by fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in cases where conventional Ge or Si(Li) detectors lack energy resolution and grating spectrometers lack detection efficiency. We are developing soft X-ray spectrometers based on superconducting Nb-Al-AlOx-Al-Nb tunnel junction (STJ) technology. X-rays absorbed in one of the superconducting electrodes generate excess charge carriers in proportion to their energy, thereby producing a measurable temporary increase in tunneling current. For STJ operation at the synchrotron, we have designed a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) with a cold finger that holds a 3 x 3 array of STJs inside the UHV sample chamber at a temperature of {approx}0.1 K within {approx}15 mm of a room temperature sample. Our STJ spectrometer can have an energy resolution below 10 eV FWHM for X-ray energies up to 1 keV, and has total count rate capabilities above 100,000 counts/s. We will describe detector performance in synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence experiments and demonstrate its use for XAS on a dilute metal site in a metalloprotein.

We are studying the feasibility of utilizing K{alpha} x-ray sources in the range of 20 to 100 keV as a backlighters for imaging various stages of implosions and high areal density planar samples driven by the NIF laser facility. The hard x-ray K{alpha} sources are created by relativistic electron plasma interactions in the target material after a radiation by short pulse high intensity lasers. In order to understand K{alpha} source characteristics such as production efficiency and brightness as a function of laser parameters, we have performed experiments using the 10 J, 100 fs JanUSP laser. We utilized single-photon counting spectroscopy and x-ray imaging diagnostics to characterize the K{alpha} source. We find that the K{alpha} conversion efficiency from the laser energy at 22 keV is {approx} 3 x 10{sup -4}.

The fate and transport of iodine in the environment is of interest because of the large production and release of {sup 129}I from anthropogenic sources. {sup 129}I has a long half-life (1.57 x 10{sup 7} years) and exhibits complex geochemical behavior. The main source of {sup 129}I in the environment is from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities; about 2,600 kg from facilities in England and France. During 1944-1972, the Hanford Site in Washington state released about 260 kg {sup 129}I. Iodine has a unique and complex chemistry in the environment, and its fate and transport in aqueous environments is dictated by its chemical speciation. In reducing environments, aqueous iodine usually occurs as the highly mobile iodide anion (I{sup -}). Under more oxidizing conditions, iodine may be present as the more reactive iodate anion (IO{sub 3}{sup -}), which could lead to retarded transport through interaction with clays and organic matter. Co-existing iodine species (I{sup -}, IO{sub 3}{sup -}, I{sub 2}, and organoiodine compounds), in different proportions, has been reported in various terrestrial environments. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the environmental behavior of the different types of inorganic iodine and few publications on organic iodine compounds. This work examines the sorption and …

As an explosion develops in the collapsed core of a massive star, neutrino emission drives convection in a hot bubble of radiation, nucleons, and pairs just outside a proto-neutron star. Shortly thereafter, neutrinos drive a wind-like outflow from the neutron star. In both the convective bubble and the early wind, weak interactions temporarily cause a proton excess (Y{sub e} {approx}> 0.50) to develop in the ejected matter. This situation lasts for at least the first second, and the approximately 0.05-0.1 M{sub {circle_dot}} that is ejected has an unusual composition that may be important for nucleosynthesis. Using tracer particles to follow the conditions in a two-dimensional model of a successful supernova explosion calculated by Janka, Buras, and Rampp (2003), they determine the composition of this material. most of it is helium and {sup 56}Ni. The rest is relatively rare species produced by the decay of proton-rich isotopes unstable to positron emission. In the absence of pronounced charged-current neutrino capture, nuclear flow will be held up by long-lived waiting point nuclei in the vicinity of {sup 64}Ge. The resulting abundance pattern can be modestly rich in a few interesting rare isotopes like {sup 45}Sc, {sup 49}Ti, and {sup 64}Zn. The present calculations …

This paper presents an overview of recent safety efforts in both magnetic and inertial fusion energy. Safety has been a part of fusion design and operations since the inception of fusion research. Safety research and safety design support have been provided for a variety of experiments in both the magnetic and inertial fusion programs. The main safety issues are reviewed, some recent safety highlights are discussed and the programmatic impacts that safety research has had are presented. Future directions in the safety and environmental area are proposed.

Non-radiative losses due to OH fluorescence quenching of the Nd{sup 3+} {sup 4}F{sub 3/2} state are quantified over a range of OH concentrations from 4 x 10{sup 18}/cm{sup 3} to 4 x 10{sup 20}/cm{sup 3} and Nd doping levels from 0.4 to 9 x 10{sup 20}/cm{sup 3} in two K{sub 2}O-MgO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-P{sub 2}O{sub 5} metaphosphate glasses having different K/Mg ratios ({approx}1/1 and 2/1). The quenching rate is found to vary linearly with the Nd and OH concentrations as predicted by Forster-Dexter theory. However, in contrast to theory the OH quenching rate extrapolates to a non-zero value at low Nd{sup 3+} doping levels. It is proposed that at low Nd{sup 3+} concentrations the OH is correlated with Nd sites in the glass. The quenching strength of OH on a per ion basis is found to be weak compared to other common transition metal impurities (e.g. Fe{sup 2+}, Co{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+}). Nevertheless, OH dominates the Nd quenching in phosphate glass because under most processing conditions OH is present at concentrations 10{sup 2} to 10{sup 3} greater than transition metal ion impurities. A correlation of the quenching strength of OH and common metal impurity ions with the degree of …

The transition of the World Wide Web from a paradigm of static Web pages to one of dynamic Web services provides new and exciting opportunities for bioinformatics with respect to data dissemination, transformation, and integration. However, the rapid growth of bioinformatics services, coupled with non-standardized interfaces, diminish the potential that these Web services offer. To face this challenge, we examine the notion of a Web service class that defines the functionality provided by a collection of interfaces. These descriptions are an integral part of a larger framework that can be used to discover, classify, and wrapWeb services automatically. We discuss how this framework can be used in the context of the proliferation of sites offering BLAST sequence alignment services for specialized data sets.

A computer program is really nothing more than a virtual machine built to perform a task. The program`s source code expresses abstract constructs using low level language features. When a virtual machine breaks, it can be very difficult to debug because typical debuggers provide only low level machine implementation in formation to the software engineer. We believe that the debugging task can be simplified by introducing aspects of the abstract design into the source code. We introduce OODIE, an object-oriented language extension that allows programmers to specify a virtual debugging environment which includes the design and abstract data types of the virtual machine.

On April 26, 1986 the world's worst nuclear power plant accident occurred at the Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in the USSR. This paper presents a discussion of the design of the Chernobyl Power Plant, the sequence of events that led to the accident and the damage caused by the resulting explosion. The structural design features that contributed to the accident and resulting damage will be highlighted. Photographs and sketches obtained from various worldwide news agencies will be shown to try and gain a perspective of the extent of the damage. The aftermath, clean-up, and current situation will be discussed and the important lessons learned for the structural engineer will be presented. 15 refs., 10 figs.

A fusion materials irradiation facility is required for the timely and cost-effective development of economical fusion power. Our conceptual machine provides sufficient neutron fluence for accelerated lifetime material tests in a time span of 1--2 y while producing less than 1 MW of fusion power. Neutral deuterium beams at 150 keV are injected into the center of a high-density warm tritium plasma housed in a 12-m-long cylindrical vessel. Superconducting magnets hold the plasma, which transfers the power to each end of the solenoid. The stainless steel end sections absorb the beam power and are externally cooled by high-pressure water to maintain the plasma-side wall temperature below 740 K. A service loop separates tritium from deuterium in the plasma effluent. Tritium is reinjected at each end. 9 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

The experimental observations of the 3p/sup 6/ 3d/sup 9/ /sup 2/D - 3p/sup 5/ 3d/sup 10/ /sup 2/p transitions of the Co-like ions and 3p/sup 6/ 3d/sup 8/ /sup 3/F/sub 4/ - 3p/sup 5/ 3d/sup 9/ /sup 3/F/sub 3/ of the Fe-like ions have recently been extended to highly charged ions of heavy elements up to uranium (Z = 92). A comparison between the observed energies and calculated values from the Dirac-Fock model indicated persistent discrepancies of 3 to 4 eV for all ions. Systematic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations for these transitions have been carried out with emphases on the effects of electron correlation. The previously found discrepancies theory and experiment have mostly removed after the inclusion of the electron-electron correlation effects in the theoretical calculations. 13 refs.

Using data from the TMX-U diagnostic system, the production of sloshing ions has already been verified and the formation of electron thermal barriers is presently being investigated on the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The TMX-U diagnostics are made up of the earlier TMX complement of diagnostics that determine confinement, microstability, and low-frequency stability, plus diagnostic instrumentation that measures electron parameters associated with mirror-confined electrons. This paper describes the three subsystems within the TMX-U diagnostic system: (1) the diagnostic facility (shot leader console, data cable system, and diagnostic timing system); (2) the individual diagnostic instruments that measure plasma and machine parameters; and (3) the data-acquisition and -analysis computer.

Some diagnostics techniques applied to current laser fusion target experiments are reviewed. Specifically, holographic interferometry of target plasmas, coded aperture imaging of thermonuclear alpha-particles and neutron energy spectrum measurements are discussed.