Reactive fluid flow and geochemical transport in unsaturated fractured rocks has received increasing attention for studies of contaminant transport, groundwater quality, waste disposal, acid mine drainage remediation, mineral deposits, sedimentary diagenesis, and fluid-rock interactions in hydrothermal systems. This paper presents methods for modeling geochemical systems that emphasize: (1) involvement of the gas phase in addition to liquid and solid phases in fluid flow, mass transport and chemical reactions, (2) treatment of physically and chemically heterogeneous and fractured rocks, (3) the effect of heat on fluid flow and reaction properties and processes, and (4) the kinetics of fluid-rock interaction. The physical and chemical process model is embodied in a system of partial differential equations for flow and transport, coupled to algebraic equations and ordinary differential equations for chemical interactions. For numerical solution, the continuum equations are discretized in space and time. Space discretization is based on a flexible integral finite difference approach that can use irregular gridding to model geologic structure; time is discretized fully implicitly as a first-order finite difference. Heterogeneous and fractured media are treated with a general multiple interacting continua method that includes double-porosity, dual-permeability, and multi-region models as special cases. A sequential iteration approach is used to …

We have performed a complete moment tensor analysis of the seismic event, which occurred on Monday August 6, 2007 at 08:48:40 UTC 21 km from Mt.Pleasant, Utah. In our analysis we utilized complete three-component seismic records recorded by the USArray, University of Utah, and EarthScope seismic arrays. The seismic waveform data was integrated to displacement and filtered between 0.02 to 0.10 Hz following instrument removal. We used the Song et al. (1996) velocity model to compute Green's functions used in the moment tensor inversion. A map of the stations we used and the location of the event is shown in Figure 1. In our moment tensor analysis we assumed a shallow source depth of 1 km consistent with the shallow depth reported for this event. As shown in Figure 2 the results point to a source mechanism with negligible double-couple radiation and is composed of dominant CLVD and implosive isotropic components. The total scalar seismic moment is 2.12e22 dyne cm corresponding to a moment magnitude (Mw) of 4.2. The long-period records are very well matched by the model (Figure 2) with a variance reduction of 73.4%. An all dilational (down) first motion radiation pattern is predicted by the moment tensor …

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the salamanderfamily Salamandridae are investigated using nearly 3000 nucleotide basesof newly reported mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the mtDNA genicregion spanning the genes tRNALeu-COI. This study uses nearlycomprehensive species-level sampling to provide the first completephylogeny for the Salamandridae. Deep phylogenetic relationships amongthe three most divergent lineages in the family Salamandrina terdigitata,a clade comprising the "True" salamanders, and a clade comprising allnewts except S. terdigitata are difficult to resolve. However, mostrelationships within the latter two lineages are resolved with robustlevels of branch support. The genera Euproctus and Triturus arestatistically shown to be nonmonophyletic, instead each contains adiverse set of lineages positioned within the large newt clade. The genusParamesotriton is also resolve as a nonmonophyletic group, with the newlydescribed species P. laoensis constituting a divergent lineage placed ina sister position to clade containing all Pachytriton species and allremaining Paramesotriton species. Sequence divergences between P.laoensis and other Paramesotriton species are as great as those comparingP. laoensis and species of the genera Cynops and Pachytriton. Analyses oflineage diversification across the Salamandridae indicate that, despiteits exceptional diversity, lineage accumulation appears to have beenconstant across time, indicating that it does not represent a truespecies radiation.

The objective of this project is to design, develop and demonstrate methods for the chemical stimulation of candidate EGS reservoirs as well as the chemical treatment of mineral-scaled wellbores. First, a set of candidate chemical compounds capable of dissolving calcite was identified. A series of tests was then performed on each candidate in order to screen it for thermal stability and reactivity towards calcite. A detailed analysis was then performed on each compound that emerged from the screening tests in order to characterize its decay kinetics and reaction kinetics as functions of temperature and chemical composition. From among the compounds emerging from the laboratory studies, one compounds was chosen for a field experiment in order to verify the laboratory predictions.

Increased resolution of NMR spectrometry will require the use of very high field Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting magnets. Here we report the results of our investigation into mechanical and temperature effects on internal-Sn superconductors similar to those proposed for use in a 900 MHz, 21 T NMR magnet system. Thermal precompression was found to be about 0.225%, and the irreversible strain was about 0.8%. Fatigue degradation was not observed at cyclic intrinsic strains below 0.575%. Additions of reinforcing steel in cable conductors was found to reduce the critical current by as much as 50% compared to similar, unreinforced cables. Reduction of the testing temperature to 2.3 K did not increase the critical current in steel-reinforced cables to a level significantly above that of unreinforced samples. 4 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

This report discusses the following topics: the symmetric toroidal array (STAR) spectrometer facility; investigation of the N {yields} {Delta} transition; Hyperon production in the (e, e{prime}k) reactions; investigation of few-body systems with the (e, e{prime}p) reaction; nuclear structure studies with the (e,e{prime}pp) reaction; Measurement of G{sub Em} in a recoil polarimetry measurement; parity violation measurements; and STAR design and performance.

Fluoride materials display specific properties applicable for use as active and passive optical elements for advanced laser programs. Generally, these materials exhibit low values of n/sub 2/ and high ultraviolet transmission. Nd:YLF is a very promising laser fusion oscillator element operating in conjunction with phosphate and fluoroberyllate systems. New materials possessing high concentrations of terbium and cerium - KTb/sub 3/F/sub 10/, RbTb/sub 3/F/sub 10/ and potassium cerium compounds, display high magneto-optical rotatory power, high Verdet's constant, for use as Faraday rotators. Nd:YLF, operating at 1.047 ..mu..m or 1.053 ..mu..m has been identified as the most promising oscillator material for phosphate and fluoroberyllate systems. The new materials investigation included crystal growth and phase study of KTb/sub 3/F/sub 10/. KTb/sub 3/F/sub 10/ displays one of the highest figures of merit of any known material. Preliminary growth studies of other potential rotator materials included the RbF-Tb/sub 3/F/sub 10/ and the KF-CeF/sub 3/ systems. Compounds of both systems are expected to display high Verdet's constants.

The success of ITER relies on aggressive design of the superconducting magnet systems. This design emphasized high radiation-damage tolerance, acceptance of high nuclear heat loads, and high operational stresses in the Toroidal Field (TF) magnets. The design of the Central Solenoid (CS) magnets, although they will be well shielded from the plasma, is equally aggressive due to the need for very high magnetic fields (14 T) and long term operation at high cyclic stresses. Success of these magnet designs depends, in part, on sound selection and fabrication of materials for structural, superconducting, and insulating components. Here we review the design of ITER and the selection of structural materials for some of the systems that will operate at cryogenic temperatures. In addition we will introduce some of the data that the materials selection is based on and suggest opportunities for future research in support of ITER. 10 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs.

Primary effort to date involves modifications and additions to the vacuum system in order to produce films of InP by the plasma-induced deposition process.

This study of the technology required for producing large high-field coils has shown that, with some extensions to our present technological base, feasible designs are achievable. The resulting magnets could well make a paramount contribution to the national mirror-fusion endeavor.

A large glove-box facility for handling reactive metal tritides was decommissioned. Major sections of the glove box were decontaminated and disassembled for reuse at another tritium facility. To achieve the desired results, decontamnation required repeated washing, first with organic liquids, then with water and detergents. Worker protection was provided by simple ventilation combined with careful monitoring of the work areas and employees. Several innovative techniques are described.

We are preparing progestins and androgens, labeled with the single photon emitters technetium-99m and rhenium-186 and the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18. In both cases, ligands selected have very high affinity for the respective receptor, low affinity for blood and non-specific binders and to be reasonably resistant to metabolism: The progestins will be derivatives of the potent progestins ORG2058, norgestrel, RU486, and an unusual retroprogestin and the androgens will be derivatives of the high affinity analogs of natural and synthetic androgens. Radiometal labeling will involve carefully designed steroid conjugates with N[sub 2]S[sub 2] or related chelates, or novel metal linkages, and metal complexes that themselves mimic a steroid. Fluorine substitution will be made at positions where bulk and polarity are tolerated and metabolic defluorination is minimal. In vitro competitive binding studies will be performed on the unlabeled analogs to determine their binding characteristics towards a series of steroid receptors and blood binding proteins, and Log P values will be estimated from BPLC. Tissue distribution studies with the radiolabeled progestins will be done in estrogen-primed rats using the uterus as a target, and with the radioandrogens in estrogen-treated rats using the prostate as a target. Ultimately, in collaborative studies, these radiopharmaceuticals are to …

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target designs are considered which may have very high gains (approximately 1000) and low power requirements (< 100 TW) for input energies of approximately one megajoule. These include targets having very low density shells, ultra thin shells, central ignitors, magnetic insulation, and non-ablative acceleration.

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Objective is to determine the relationships between the shale characteristics, hydrocarbon gas contents, and well location, for assessing the productive capacity of the Eastern Devonian Gas Shale deposits and guiding research, development, and demonstration projects to enhance the recovery of natural gas from the shale deposits. One well was sampled during this reporting period. Another well from Monongalia County, WV (M-1) was cored in April. 31 samples were obtained for Battelle with additional 55 samples canned for other DOE contractors. Characterization tasks on shale samples from R-146 (Mason County, WV.) and M-1 wells (Monongalia) have been completed. In the preliminary analysis correlations were observed between the hydrocarbon gas contents and can pressure, propane content, well location, oxygen content CO/sub 2/ content, bulk density and carbon contents. Higher pressures are attributed to higher hydrocarbon gas contents. For high gas pressures, propane content is an important indication of hydrocarbon gas content. At low gas pressure, butane contents more accurately predict the hydrocarbon gas contents. High CO/sub 2/ and carbon contents indicate high hydrocarbon gas values, whereas oxygen contents are inversely related to hydrocarbon gas contents. Analysis of the limited wire-line log data shows that correlations between the laboratory and well log data …

This progress report discusses activities at Hanford Engineer Works for the month of July, 1944. The organization size increased rapidly in July, jumping from 1384 to 1886, an increase of 502 employees. Shortages existed on special lines such as electricians, instrument mechanics, and power operators. The opportunities to interview and employ Construction personnel improved as the Construction, organization moved past its peak employment figure. 269 houses were completed in Richland and 370 occupancies were reported, reducing the backlog of empty houses due to slow furniture movements. A total of 1530 houses or 35.6% of the village is now occupied. The overall canning yield increased from 63% to 75% while production leveled off at approximately two-thirds of design capacity. The metal machining operation and the test pile operated on a one shift-six day per week basis. The portion of the 100-B Area from the pump house through the filter plant and including the Power House was taken over by Operations on July 25. The Power House in the 200-W Area was started and flushing of process lines with water and steam got under way in the canyon. A new department was formed to control the Protection activities of the plant.

Smoothing of data by averaging is suggested in order to study the maximum. The maximum of the smoothed data is approximated by that of a Gaussian sample, and thus is more robust against outliers.

This document discusses a meeting held to inform members of the Biology Division of the status of P-10 problems, to exchange ideas on methods of attacking these problems, and to consider new problems.

This document discusses a production test which was written when the piles were operating under a graphite temperature limit of 410 C. Operation was controlled by as-read temperatures of the originally installed G thermocouples, by thermocouples installed on vertical safety rod thimbles, and by thermocouples in graphite cylinders installed in the C test holes. Since the thimble thermocouples were to be removed under the Ball 3X program, it was planned to install thermocouples in some of the process tube channels to help monitor the graphite temperatures. In order to ensure maximum production levels based on graphite temperatures, the proper temperature relationships between the channel thermocouples and the G and/or C test hole thermocouples were needed. The expected maximum allowable channel thermocouple temperature reading would be higher than the burnout temperature limit of the graphite in the-pile.

X-ray diffractometry provides much useful information on LANA alloys that complements data obtained by SEM and Electron Microprobe Analysis. Accurate measurements of the hexagonal lattice parameters of the primary LaNi{sub 5-y}Aly phase reveal the aluminum content (y) and allow the prediction of desorption pressures for the hydrogen isotopes. A study of the broadening of x-ray diffraction lines of the LaNi{sub 5-y}Aly primary phase caused by cyclic absorption and desorption of hydrogen suggests that substitution of aluminum for nickel stabilizes the primary phase with respect to formation of antistructure defects that could cause undesirable trapping of hydrogen isotopes. Correlation of XRD with SEM and EMPA results has helped identify secondary phases, determine their abundances in volume percent, and reveal how they react with hydrogen and the atmosphere. Characterizations of LANA alloys used in process development has provided the bases for development of specifications for alloys to be used in the Replacement Trittium Facility. 28 refs., 4 tabs., 12 figs.

Often the tasks of a parallel job compute sets of values that are reduced to a single value or gathered to build an aggregate structure. Since reductions may introduce dependencies, most languages separate computation and reduction. For example, Fortran 90 and HPF provide a rich set of predefined reduction functions but only for extant arrays. Sisal 1.2 is unique in that it supports seven reduction operations as a natural consequence of loop expressions. These reductions are limited and cannot express the variety of reduction operations found in parallel programs. In this paper, the authors present compilation techniques that recognize pairs of computation-reduction expressions in Sisal 1.2 and fuse them into single parallel loops. This optimization overlaps computation and reduction, reduces runtime overhead, and reduces storage requirements. They describe an implementation and they present performance numbers that demonstrate the utility of their techniques.

We report progress in an effort to develop and demonstrate a refuelable zinc/air battery for fleet electric vehicle applications. A refuelable module consisting of twelve bipolar cells with internal flow system has been refueled at rates of nearly 4 cells per minute refueling time of 10 minutes for a 15 kW, 55 kWh battery. The module is refueled by entrainment of 0.5-mm particles in rapidly flowing electrolyte, which delivers the particles into hoppers above each cell in a parallel-flow hydraulic circuit. The concept of user-recovery is presented as an alternative to centralized service infrastructure during market entry.

From the history of the Commission, it began with a large number of members. It was found that it was difficult to gain agreement by correspondence between such a large group. A smaller group was elected to operate by correspondence and make decisions. It operated successfully for a half century in this manner. With funding available, the Commission membership grew larger but they.discussed all matters face to face at Commission meetings. Subcommittees were appointed to pursue specialized topics and members reported and discussed their subcommittee results directly to the Commission at the face to face meetings. With the change in the bylaws, future face to face meetings will no longer be an option for the members of the Commission and its subcommittees, unless all members provide their own funds or those of their host institutions. The funding and membership restrictions are all serious topics, which require a thorough discussion.

The objective of this report is to discuss the degree of sorption and desorption of {sup 137}Cs and {sup 60}Co that may be associated with the granite bedrock and the ''popcorn'' cement drain system that underlie the Maine Yankee Containment Foundation. The purpose is to estimate how much retardation of these two radionuclides takes place in groundwater that flows in the near-field of the Containment Foundation, specifically with respect to contamination originating at the PAB Test Pit. Specific concerns revolve around the potential for the contamination originating near the PAB to create a radioactive dose to a hypothetical ''resident farmer'' using a well intercepting this water to exceed 4 millirems/yr.